The document is a thesis submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses the design of an energy harvester that converts the vibration of railway tracks caused by passing trains into electricity. The harvester is intended to power trackside equipment requiring up to 100 Watts of power, making railroads less reliant on national power grids. The harvester uses a mechanical motion rectifier to efficiently convert the bidirectional vibration of the track into unidirectional rotational motion. Bench testing showed the prototype harvester can achieve up to 71% mechanical efficiency and produce a large amount of power.
power generation from railway track in an advanced technology by which the power can be generated with help of motion of the rail and can be stored in the form of generators or can reuse.
System and method for generating electric powershalsub
The document describes a system and method for generating electric power from the movement of rails. It uses a variable capacitor system comprising two capacitor plates that are driven together and apart by the passing of vehicles on the rail. This changes the capacitance between the plates and allows energy to be extracted from the power source and converted to electrical energy. The system is intended to power remote railway equipment without needing to run power lines to those locations.
The document proposes a system to generate electricity from railway tracks. It uses a generator powered by a variable capacitor that is primed by a power source. As trains pass over the tracks, the changing capacitance extracts significant electrical energy. Circuit diagrams show components like a reservoir, power tie line, motor, generator and processor that condition the power and control generation. Mathematical calculations demonstrate how capacitance and electrical potential vary based on factors like dielectric thickness and plate distance. The conclusion states that this approach economically produces sufficient power by increasing the capacitor's electrical energy by 2400 times through movements on the rail system.
This document describes a project to generate electricity from railway tracks. A train model with a magnet passes over coils attached to the tracks, inducing voltage in the coils. This alternating current is rectified and stored in a battery. A charge controller protects the battery from overcharging. An inverter converts the direct current to alternating current that can power devices. The project aims to help address electricity shortages by generating power from passing trains without fuel inputs.
This document presents a design for generating electricity from railway tracks. It introduces the concept of converting rotational energy from trains passing over tracks into electrical energy. The objectives are to use dynamos connected to the tracks to generate a voltage that can be used to charge lead-acid batteries. Some advantages are that a high electrical output can be achieved by increasing the gear ratio between the tracks and generators. The generated power could be used for applications like charging mobile phones and powering displays, lights, and equipment at train stations. It suggests implementing this system at entry and exit points of busy railway stations.
The document summarizes electric traction systems used for railways. It discusses the types of electric traction which include DC traction using direct current from overhead lines or third rails, and AC traction using alternating current from overhead lines. It describes the components of electric locomotives like transformers, rectifiers, inverters, traction motors. It also discusses track electrification systems like single catenary construction and compound catenary construction. The document provides an overview of the key elements of electric traction systems used for rail transport.
This presentation outlines a project that aims to generate electricity from railway tracks. When a train passes over the track, it causes a flap to deflect downwards, activating a rack and pinion drive mechanism. This mechanism converts the reciprocating motion into rotational motion powering a generator through a flywheel and chain drive system. Testing showed voltage outputs ranging from 35 to 90 volts depending on flap deflection. The system provides a solution for energy crises by tapping energy from passing trains without additional fuel inputs. Future applications could include installing the system on footpaths and buildings.
power generation from railway track in an advanced technology by which the power can be generated with help of motion of the rail and can be stored in the form of generators or can reuse.
System and method for generating electric powershalsub
The document describes a system and method for generating electric power from the movement of rails. It uses a variable capacitor system comprising two capacitor plates that are driven together and apart by the passing of vehicles on the rail. This changes the capacitance between the plates and allows energy to be extracted from the power source and converted to electrical energy. The system is intended to power remote railway equipment without needing to run power lines to those locations.
The document proposes a system to generate electricity from railway tracks. It uses a generator powered by a variable capacitor that is primed by a power source. As trains pass over the tracks, the changing capacitance extracts significant electrical energy. Circuit diagrams show components like a reservoir, power tie line, motor, generator and processor that condition the power and control generation. Mathematical calculations demonstrate how capacitance and electrical potential vary based on factors like dielectric thickness and plate distance. The conclusion states that this approach economically produces sufficient power by increasing the capacitor's electrical energy by 2400 times through movements on the rail system.
This document describes a project to generate electricity from railway tracks. A train model with a magnet passes over coils attached to the tracks, inducing voltage in the coils. This alternating current is rectified and stored in a battery. A charge controller protects the battery from overcharging. An inverter converts the direct current to alternating current that can power devices. The project aims to help address electricity shortages by generating power from passing trains without fuel inputs.
This document presents a design for generating electricity from railway tracks. It introduces the concept of converting rotational energy from trains passing over tracks into electrical energy. The objectives are to use dynamos connected to the tracks to generate a voltage that can be used to charge lead-acid batteries. Some advantages are that a high electrical output can be achieved by increasing the gear ratio between the tracks and generators. The generated power could be used for applications like charging mobile phones and powering displays, lights, and equipment at train stations. It suggests implementing this system at entry and exit points of busy railway stations.
The document summarizes electric traction systems used for railways. It discusses the types of electric traction which include DC traction using direct current from overhead lines or third rails, and AC traction using alternating current from overhead lines. It describes the components of electric locomotives like transformers, rectifiers, inverters, traction motors. It also discusses track electrification systems like single catenary construction and compound catenary construction. The document provides an overview of the key elements of electric traction systems used for rail transport.
This presentation outlines a project that aims to generate electricity from railway tracks. When a train passes over the track, it causes a flap to deflect downwards, activating a rack and pinion drive mechanism. This mechanism converts the reciprocating motion into rotational motion powering a generator through a flywheel and chain drive system. Testing showed voltage outputs ranging from 35 to 90 volts depending on flap deflection. The system provides a solution for energy crises by tapping energy from passing trains without additional fuel inputs. Future applications could include installing the system on footpaths and buildings.
The document discusses electric traction systems. It begins by defining electric traction as a locomotion system where the driving force is obtained from an electric motor. It then covers major classifications of traction systems including non-electric and electric examples. The document also outlines requirements of an ideal traction system and discusses merits and demerits of electric traction. It provides details on different electric traction supply systems and speed variation considerations.
OPTIMIZING ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH A LOW/INTERMITTENT WIND RESOURCE David Parker
This document describes a senior project to design and develop maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and load control electronics for a small 40-watt vertical axis wind turbine to optimize energy production from a low or intermittent wind resource. It will involve building a 2.5 ft by 3.3 ft vertical axis wind turbine based on an existing design, coupling it to an axial flux permanent magnet generator, and developing power electronics to rectify the AC output, perform DC-DC conversion, implement MPPT, and provide overspeed protection. The goal is to extract more energy from the wind resource by ensuring the turbine operates at its maximum power point compared to an unregulated system.
The key components of an AC electric locomotive include:
1) An overhead contact wire that supplies 25kV AC power to the locomotive.
2) A pantograph that maintains contact between the overhead wire and the locomotive circuits to collect current as the train moves.
3) A circuit breaker that disconnects the locomotive equipment in the event of a fault and opens when the train passes between electrified zones.
This document discusses electric locomotives. It begins with an introduction defining an electric locomotive and providing a brief history of electric trains in India starting in 1925. It then describes the main traction systems used in electric locomotives including DC, single phase AC, and three phase AC systems. Key parts of an AC electric locomotive are outlined such as the pantograph, transformer, rectifier and inverter. India's first high-powered electric locomotive assembled in Bihar is highlighted with details about its horsepower, speed and IGBT-based propulsion technology. Advantages and future scope of electric locomotives in India are presented.
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
The document discusses electric traction systems used in railways. It describes the different types of electric traction including DC and AC systems. It covers the components of an AC locomotive and the types of traction motors used like DC series motors and three phase induction motors. Some key advantages of electric traction are faster acceleration, better braking, and no pollution. Long distance railways typically use 25kV AC overhead lines while suburban railways use 1500V DC. Battery powered locomotives are suitable for mines with explosive gases.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Sanjeet Kumar on the topic of electric traction. It includes declarations by the candidate and supervisor certifying the work. The abstract provides an overview of electric traction, including its history, development factors like safety and speed, and how materials like steel improved tracks. It also notes the standardization of track gauges. The report contains sections on the introduction, components of AC locomotives, and conclusions. It is intended to partially fulfill the requirements for a BTech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Traction refers to the mechanism that drives a vehicle forward. Traction systems can be classified as non-electric or electric. Electric traction systems use electrical power to drive railways, trams, and trolleys. Electric traction is cleaner and more cost-effective than diesel traction. It provides high starting torque and regenerative braking that feeds energy back. While expensive initially, electric traction requires no coal and has lower maintenance costs than steam systems. Common electric systems include AC at various voltages and DC at 600V, 1200V, and 3000V. Thyristor control and separately excited DC motors allow efficient control of AC electric locomotives.
The document provides details about the winter vocational training conducted by 8 students at the South Eastern Railway workshop in Kharagpur. It discusses the EMU shop, power house shop, train lighting shop, and AC shop visited by the students. The EMU shop repairs and maintains electric multiple units. The power house supplies electricity to the workshop and division. The train lighting shop contains components that generate electricity on trains. The AC shop's compact air conditioning unit was also examined.
The permanent magnet synchronous generator uses permanent magnets on the rotor instead of an external excitation source. It has a simpler design without slip rings or brushes. These generators are commonly used with wind turbines, gas turbines, and hydro turbines. They have higher efficiency than generators with electromagnetic excitation due to not having excitation losses. However, large high power permanent magnet synchronous generators can be more expensive than other types.
In the present scenario power has becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lack of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
Electrical machines for renewable energy converters keynoteozikeysan
The document summarizes electrical machines and power conversion technologies for renewable energy applications such as wind, wave, and tidal energy. It discusses challenges including low generator speeds, variable prime movers, and the need for direct drive or single stage gearboxes. Solutions presented include transverse flux and air-cored machines, novel support structures, switched reluctance machines, and high temperature superconducting generators. A comparative design process for evaluating different permanent magnet machine topologies is also outlined.
EE6801 - Electric Energy Generation Utilisation and Conservationrmkceteee
This document provides information about electric drives and traction. It defines electric drives as systems that employ electric motors for supplying mechanical energy for motion control. It lists the main parts of electric drives and their applications. It discusses various types of duty cycles for electric drives and different methods of electric drive operation and speed control of DC and induction motors. It also covers topics like regenerative braking, traction systems, energy consumption factors and braking methods.
Magnetic components used in train pantograph to reduce arcingSaurabh Mishra
This document discusses using magnetic components to reduce arcing between train pantographs and overhead lines. The objectives are to reduce arcing, improve power quality, and optimize magnetic forces. A literature review found arcing causes overvoltage and harmonics. The methodology uses neodymium magnets to attract the overhead line using magnetic properties. Experimental results showed reduced current fluctuations and contact losses with magnets. An artificial neural network can further optimize magnetic forces needed at different speeds.
This document provides an overview of electric locomotives, including their main components and systems. It discusses how electric locomotives are classified and divided based on their power source. The key systems of an electric locomotive are then described, including the transmission system consisting of the pantograph and circuit breaker, the transformer, rectifier, DC link, and Arno converter. It also outlines the main traction components like the traction motors. In conclusion, it notes the advantages of electric locomotives in terms of efficiency and potential for renewable power sources.
This document presents a project to generate electricity from train wheels on railway tracks. The system uses a rack and pinion assembly, chain drive, flywheel, and DC generator. As a train passes over the track, the wheel deflects a flap which converts the motion to rotational energy through the drive components. This rotation powers the generator to produce electricity which can be stored in a battery and used to power railway equipment. The system provides a solution for energy crises by tapping energy from passing trains without additional fuel. It is a non-conventional and eco-friendly way to generate power.
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION FROM TRAFFIC
This is a mini project slide done by EEE students of calicut university institute of engineering and technology 2013-2017
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the North Western Railway power system. It discusses the introduction of Indian Railways and describes the North Western Railway zone. It then summarizes the key components of the railway power house including the electrical power house, repair shop, and control room. It describes the equipment used in substations such as circuit breakers, transformers, and insulators. It also discusses the control room layout and the different train lighting, refrigeration, and air conditioning systems used on Indian Railways.
Maxon presentation sizing drive systems with low power dc motors 02-2014Electromate
This document provides an overview and agenda for a drive seminar hosted by maxon motor. The seminar will cover topics related to selecting drive components for low power DC motor systems, including:
- Typical performance characteristics of DC motors and their significance in drive systems
- Selecting appropriate drive components like motors, gearheads, and controllers
- Applying drive systems in dynamic applications
The agenda outlines presentations and activities that will help participants: get an overview of servo drive system parts and their interaction; learn how to read motor and gearhead datasheets; and know how to select the correct DC or EC motor system for an application. The document includes examples of motor selection processes.
Two industrial designers from China and Italy developed a device called the T-box that can generate power from wind energy. The T-box utilizes a unique form of wind power through a design that is efficient to install and maintain. It requires less space than traditional wind farms and can help supplement wind power generation around the world.
This document provides information about key components of a steam power plant, including boilers, steam turbines, condensers, and condensate pumps. It describes the basic operation and essential elements of steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines. It also lists some advantages of steam turbines over reciprocating engines, such as higher thermal efficiency and not requiring internal lubrication. The document is an informative overview of a steam power plant and the main equipment involved in the steam cycle.
The document discusses electric traction systems. It begins by defining electric traction as a locomotion system where the driving force is obtained from an electric motor. It then covers major classifications of traction systems including non-electric and electric examples. The document also outlines requirements of an ideal traction system and discusses merits and demerits of electric traction. It provides details on different electric traction supply systems and speed variation considerations.
OPTIMIZING ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH A LOW/INTERMITTENT WIND RESOURCE David Parker
This document describes a senior project to design and develop maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and load control electronics for a small 40-watt vertical axis wind turbine to optimize energy production from a low or intermittent wind resource. It will involve building a 2.5 ft by 3.3 ft vertical axis wind turbine based on an existing design, coupling it to an axial flux permanent magnet generator, and developing power electronics to rectify the AC output, perform DC-DC conversion, implement MPPT, and provide overspeed protection. The goal is to extract more energy from the wind resource by ensuring the turbine operates at its maximum power point compared to an unregulated system.
The key components of an AC electric locomotive include:
1) An overhead contact wire that supplies 25kV AC power to the locomotive.
2) A pantograph that maintains contact between the overhead wire and the locomotive circuits to collect current as the train moves.
3) A circuit breaker that disconnects the locomotive equipment in the event of a fault and opens when the train passes between electrified zones.
This document discusses electric locomotives. It begins with an introduction defining an electric locomotive and providing a brief history of electric trains in India starting in 1925. It then describes the main traction systems used in electric locomotives including DC, single phase AC, and three phase AC systems. Key parts of an AC electric locomotive are outlined such as the pantograph, transformer, rectifier and inverter. India's first high-powered electric locomotive assembled in Bihar is highlighted with details about its horsepower, speed and IGBT-based propulsion technology. Advantages and future scope of electric locomotives in India are presented.
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
The document discusses electric traction systems used in railways. It describes the different types of electric traction including DC and AC systems. It covers the components of an AC locomotive and the types of traction motors used like DC series motors and three phase induction motors. Some key advantages of electric traction are faster acceleration, better braking, and no pollution. Long distance railways typically use 25kV AC overhead lines while suburban railways use 1500V DC. Battery powered locomotives are suitable for mines with explosive gases.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Sanjeet Kumar on the topic of electric traction. It includes declarations by the candidate and supervisor certifying the work. The abstract provides an overview of electric traction, including its history, development factors like safety and speed, and how materials like steel improved tracks. It also notes the standardization of track gauges. The report contains sections on the introduction, components of AC locomotives, and conclusions. It is intended to partially fulfill the requirements for a BTech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Traction refers to the mechanism that drives a vehicle forward. Traction systems can be classified as non-electric or electric. Electric traction systems use electrical power to drive railways, trams, and trolleys. Electric traction is cleaner and more cost-effective than diesel traction. It provides high starting torque and regenerative braking that feeds energy back. While expensive initially, electric traction requires no coal and has lower maintenance costs than steam systems. Common electric systems include AC at various voltages and DC at 600V, 1200V, and 3000V. Thyristor control and separately excited DC motors allow efficient control of AC electric locomotives.
The document provides details about the winter vocational training conducted by 8 students at the South Eastern Railway workshop in Kharagpur. It discusses the EMU shop, power house shop, train lighting shop, and AC shop visited by the students. The EMU shop repairs and maintains electric multiple units. The power house supplies electricity to the workshop and division. The train lighting shop contains components that generate electricity on trains. The AC shop's compact air conditioning unit was also examined.
The permanent magnet synchronous generator uses permanent magnets on the rotor instead of an external excitation source. It has a simpler design without slip rings or brushes. These generators are commonly used with wind turbines, gas turbines, and hydro turbines. They have higher efficiency than generators with electromagnetic excitation due to not having excitation losses. However, large high power permanent magnet synchronous generators can be more expensive than other types.
In the present scenario power has becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lack of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
Electrical machines for renewable energy converters keynoteozikeysan
The document summarizes electrical machines and power conversion technologies for renewable energy applications such as wind, wave, and tidal energy. It discusses challenges including low generator speeds, variable prime movers, and the need for direct drive or single stage gearboxes. Solutions presented include transverse flux and air-cored machines, novel support structures, switched reluctance machines, and high temperature superconducting generators. A comparative design process for evaluating different permanent magnet machine topologies is also outlined.
EE6801 - Electric Energy Generation Utilisation and Conservationrmkceteee
This document provides information about electric drives and traction. It defines electric drives as systems that employ electric motors for supplying mechanical energy for motion control. It lists the main parts of electric drives and their applications. It discusses various types of duty cycles for electric drives and different methods of electric drive operation and speed control of DC and induction motors. It also covers topics like regenerative braking, traction systems, energy consumption factors and braking methods.
Magnetic components used in train pantograph to reduce arcingSaurabh Mishra
This document discusses using magnetic components to reduce arcing between train pantographs and overhead lines. The objectives are to reduce arcing, improve power quality, and optimize magnetic forces. A literature review found arcing causes overvoltage and harmonics. The methodology uses neodymium magnets to attract the overhead line using magnetic properties. Experimental results showed reduced current fluctuations and contact losses with magnets. An artificial neural network can further optimize magnetic forces needed at different speeds.
This document provides an overview of electric locomotives, including their main components and systems. It discusses how electric locomotives are classified and divided based on their power source. The key systems of an electric locomotive are then described, including the transmission system consisting of the pantograph and circuit breaker, the transformer, rectifier, DC link, and Arno converter. It also outlines the main traction components like the traction motors. In conclusion, it notes the advantages of electric locomotives in terms of efficiency and potential for renewable power sources.
This document presents a project to generate electricity from train wheels on railway tracks. The system uses a rack and pinion assembly, chain drive, flywheel, and DC generator. As a train passes over the track, the wheel deflects a flap which converts the motion to rotational energy through the drive components. This rotation powers the generator to produce electricity which can be stored in a battery and used to power railway equipment. The system provides a solution for energy crises by tapping energy from passing trains without additional fuel. It is a non-conventional and eco-friendly way to generate power.
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION FROM TRAFFIC
This is a mini project slide done by EEE students of calicut university institute of engineering and technology 2013-2017
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the North Western Railway power system. It discusses the introduction of Indian Railways and describes the North Western Railway zone. It then summarizes the key components of the railway power house including the electrical power house, repair shop, and control room. It describes the equipment used in substations such as circuit breakers, transformers, and insulators. It also discusses the control room layout and the different train lighting, refrigeration, and air conditioning systems used on Indian Railways.
Maxon presentation sizing drive systems with low power dc motors 02-2014Electromate
This document provides an overview and agenda for a drive seminar hosted by maxon motor. The seminar will cover topics related to selecting drive components for low power DC motor systems, including:
- Typical performance characteristics of DC motors and their significance in drive systems
- Selecting appropriate drive components like motors, gearheads, and controllers
- Applying drive systems in dynamic applications
The agenda outlines presentations and activities that will help participants: get an overview of servo drive system parts and their interaction; learn how to read motor and gearhead datasheets; and know how to select the correct DC or EC motor system for an application. The document includes examples of motor selection processes.
Two industrial designers from China and Italy developed a device called the T-box that can generate power from wind energy. The T-box utilizes a unique form of wind power through a design that is efficient to install and maintain. It requires less space than traditional wind farms and can help supplement wind power generation around the world.
This document provides information about key components of a steam power plant, including boilers, steam turbines, condensers, and condensate pumps. It describes the basic operation and essential elements of steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines. It also lists some advantages of steam turbines over reciprocating engines, such as higher thermal efficiency and not requiring internal lubrication. The document is an informative overview of a steam power plant and the main equipment involved in the steam cycle.
power generated from URINE SEMINAR REPORTMAHESH294
This seminar report discusses generating electricity from urine. Urine is passed through an electrolytic cell which produces hydrogen gas through electrolysis. The hydrogen gas is purified and stored before being fed into a generator to produce electricity. Some key advantages are that urine is readily available, production is pollution-free without greenhouse gases, and the system can generate more electricity than gasoline generators using less fuel. The report compares urine power generation in different countries and discusses applications in public facilities.
Analsis of very fast transient over voltages in gas insulated substationseSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the opening or closing of circuit breakers and disconnect switches in Gas Insulated Substations (GIS), Very Fast Transient Over-voltages (VFTO) are generated. This paper describes the 500 kV and 750 kV GIS of power system. The variations of VFTO magnitudes at different points in 500 kV and 750 kV GIS during different switching operations have been calculated and compared by using Matlab/Simulink. In this paper the effective factors on the level of VFTO is investigated and the beneficial approaches for the industry to finding the optimum approaches for VFT mitigation is presented. These factors are included residual charges, resistance, spark resistance and entrance capacitance of transformer. Index Terms: Gas Insulated Substation, Very Fast Transient Over voltages, Matlab/Simulink.
2003 09-08 joeck icefa fuse protection in transformer pole substationRemigiusz Joeck
This document summarizes the use of fuses to protect transformer pole substations in Poland. It discusses how expulsion fuses are commonly used on the medium-voltage side for transformers up to 400 kVA when short-circuit currents do not exceed 3.15 kA. Current-limiting fuses are used for larger transformers or higher short-circuit currents. On the low-voltage side, fuses with a time-current characteristic of gG or gF are typically used. The document also provides guidelines on properly selecting and coordinating fuses on both the MV and LV sides of transformer substations for effective protection against overloads and short-circuits.
This document discusses estimating the costs for a pole mounted substation. It defines estimating and lists the essential elements as specifying materials, knowing current market costs, calculating material and labor costs, and understanding purchasing systems. It describes substations as receiving high voltage energy and reducing it for distribution. Outdoor pole mounted substations have advantages over indoor types as they require less construction materials and equipment is easier to view and access for fault detection. The document provides an example estimate for components of an 11kV/440V pole mounted outdoor substation.
This document describes the design of a security alarm system using various sensors and an 8051 microcontroller. The alarm can monitor temperature, unauthorized access, and infrared detection. It has inputs to arm and disarm the alarm and outputs to control a siren and auto-dialing system. The microcontroller filters sensor signals and only passes new signals that remain for 30ms to processing. Up to 5 sensors can be connected and must be normally closed. The system can dial programmed phone numbers to alert users even if they are away. It uses regulated 5V power supply from a step-down transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulators.
This document provides an introduction and overview of gas insulated substations (GIS). It discusses the advantages of GIS over conventional substations, including their compact size, reliability, and maintenance benefits. It also outlines some challenges with GIS, such as the generation of very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs) during switching operations. These VFTOs can cause flashovers and insulation issues. The document examines the factors that influence VFTO magnitudes, including contact speed and system voltage. It also discusses the potential effects of VFTOs on transformers connected to GIS systems.
NTTF – an ISO 9001 certified educational foundation established in 1963, is the living symbol of Indo-Swiss cooperation venture aimed at promoting purposeful technical education for the youth of India.
This document provides an overview of the typical components found in a gas insulated substation (GIS), including: enclosures made of aluminum alloy; conductors made of aluminum alloy; SF6 gas used for insulation and sealing; insulators that act as gas barriers; SF6 accessories like density sensors, valves, and pressure relief; circuit breakers; disconnectors; earthing switches; current and voltage transformers; and surge arresters. It also mentions gas insulated lines/bus and references further topics like GIS construction, maintenance, and its role in electric grid applications.
ppt of automatic room light controller and BI directional counterMannavapremkumar
This document is a project presentation for an automatic room light controller. It includes the objective, introduction, block diagram, circuit diagram, advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications. The block diagram shows the components used including IR transmitters and receivers, timers, counters and a relay to control the room light. The circuit diagram provides more details of the electronic components and connections used to automatically turn the light on when motion is detected and off when the room is empty.
This document is a project report for an automatic room light controller with a bidirectional visitor counter. It includes certificates signed by the project supervisors and head of department certifying the completion of the project by the students. It also includes an acknowledgment, abstract, preface, table of contents, and introduction describing the objective of the project to count the number of people entering and leaving a room and control the room lights accordingly. The block diagram and its description are provided, outlining the main components including a power supply, entry and exit sensors, microcontroller, and relay driver circuit.
The document discusses refrigeration and refrigeration cycles. It provides details on:
1) The basic components and process of a refrigerator, which uses ammonia as a refrigerant to draw heat from the freezer and fridge compartments via a compression and evaporation cycle.
2) Refrigeration cycles in general work by using a refrigerant to move heat from one place to another through evaporation and condensation.
3) The vapor compression refrigeration cycle involves compressing, condensing, expanding, and evaporating stages to transfer heat from the evaporator to the condenser.
This project report describes a security alarm circuit that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to detect intruders. When light falling on the LDR is interrupted, a monostable multivibrator circuit uses an IC 555 timer chip to activate a relay switch for 5-55 seconds, triggering an alarm. The circuit aims to provide inexpensive home protection and could also be used for novel applications at festivals.
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
1) The document discusses linear motors used in maglev trains. Maglev trains use magnetic levitation to move along a track without touching the surface.
2) There are two main types of linear motors for maglev train propulsion: linear induction motors and linear synchronous motors. Linear induction motors use induction to generate a repulsive force that pushes the train along four individual linear motors.
3) Linear synchronous motor speed is determined by the frequency of alternating current powering the magnetic field, which can be reversed for braking without friction.
This is all about the whole system which is capable the count the entry of threats to a particular secured area.
The final product will be the model of "laser security alarm". The project model consists of mainly two parts-
1. laser security alarm
2. person counter
Laser security alarm will notify that someone has trespassed secured area and analog counter will give the count that how many persons have trespassed that particular area.
This project will give us effective protected area to us. Once this protected area will be breached, the alarm will sound.
We made the laser security in low budget. It had been protect in full security. Laser security systems are a high tech technology that used to be a part of home security only available to the wealthy. It is manually switch dependent sensors and a basic alarm unit.
Laser has several advantages as compared to other light sources like cheap, less manpower; efficient, easily available, design is quite easy.
Bidirectional Visitor Counter using IR sensors and Arduino Uno R3Abhishekvb
The aim of our project is to make a controller which can sense if any person enters the room and it lights up the room automatically and also counts how many person are entering the room or going out of it.
Automatic room light controller with bidirectional visitor counterNiladri Dutta
This document describes a student project to create an automatic room light controller with a bi-directional visitor counter. The project uses sensors to detect when people enter or exit a room and a microcontroller to count visitors and control the room lights accordingly. When the first person enters, the light turns on and the counter increments by one. When the last person exits, the light turns off and the counter resets to zero. The project aims to automatically control room lighting and count visitors to prevent wasted electricity in places like schools, offices, and homes. It discusses the components used, the circuit diagram, working principle, advantages like low cost and automatic operation, and potential applications.
This document is a project report on a microcontroller based traffic light controller. It describes the development of a traffic light controller that uses a microcontroller and LEDs to automatically control traffic lights on a centralized basis. The microcontroller is programmed to adjust the timing and phasing of the traffic signals to meet changing traffic conditions. The circuit uses basic electronic components like an LED for the traffic lights and a microcontroller for automatic signal changing after a preset time interval. It aims to provide a reliable and cost-effective traffic light control solution.
IRJET- Electrical Vehicle Charging by Electromagnetic Induction Via Loosely C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed method for wirelessly charging electric vehicles using electromagnetic induction through loosely coupled coils. The system would involve large buses traveling along highways and roads that are equipped with transmitting coils that can inductively charge receiving coils in electric vehicles as they pass by or follow the bus. The document outlines the basic components and design of such a wireless charging system, including transmitter and receiver circuits that use resonant magnetic coupling between coils tuned to the same frequency to transfer power over short distances. It also reviews some of the benefits of wireless charging systems and opportunities for further research on electric vehicle charging applications.
Enhanced DC to DC Converter using Photovoltaic Micro InverterIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed enhanced DC to DC converter using a photovoltaic micro inverter. The system includes a solar panel that provides DC power to a boost converter. The boost converter increases the voltage and provides power to an H-bridge inverter that converts the DC to an AC waveform. The AC power is then filtered and can be connected to the electric grid. The document outlines the components of the system, provides simulation results of the converter and inverter, and discusses the hardware prototype. It is concluded that the micro inverter design can effectively increase the input voltage from the solar panel and interface with the grid to provide backup or supplemental power.
The document summarizes the design and implementation of a solar integrated smart street lighting system. It includes:
1. An introduction to smart street lighting systems and their benefits over traditional systems like energy savings.
2. Details of the primary electrical components required like solar panels, batteries, LED lights, and circuits for light detection and power control.
3. Explanations and diagrams of the implementation of the control circuits for charging, light detection, alternative power supply, and voltage regulation.
4. A conclusion that such smart solar street lighting systems are more efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional systems and have promising applications for the future.
This project report summarizes the design of an electric vehicle charger. It discusses the hardware components used in the charger, including batteries, a dual-boost semi-bridgeless PFC converter, and a PFC boost inductor. The report also describes the operation of electric vehicles and considerations for charger design such as high power factor, efficiency, and accommodating different battery voltages. The goal of the project is to design a high-performance electric vehicle charger that can efficiently charge lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
Wireless power transmission via resonance coupling.Xûbåįr Kakar
this slides give you idea about the recent research on Wireless power transmission.
compiled by Muhammad Xubair (BS-Electronic engg) at BUITEMS Quetta Pakistan.
HIGH EFFICIENT BRIDGELESS BOOST RECTIFIER FOR LOW VOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING A...IAEME Publication
A single phase ac-dc bridgeless boost rectifier for low voltage energy harvesting applications is proposed in this paper. The conventional bridge type boost converters for low voltage energy harvesting requires more components hence they suffer from high power loss and require more number of energy storage components like inductors and capacitors. Conventional converters can be modeled for boost operation or buck-boost operation alone. The proposed converter overcomes the above mentioned draw backs of conventional converter. Detailed analysis of proposed convertor is also presented under boost, buck-boost mode operations. The proposed converter operation is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment both open loop and closed loop conditions.
This document summarizes a research paper on a proposed wireless charged inverter. The proposed inverter uses wireless power transmission to charge its battery, eliminating power losses during transmission. It consists of an electrical power transmission circuit, electrical power receiving circuit, voltage regulator, and inverter battery. The transmission circuit transmits AC power wirelessly through induction coils to the receiving circuit. This circuit rectifies the induced power and charges the inverter battery. The inverter then converts the DC battery power to a pure sine wave AC output. Advantages include efficient transmission and a backup power solution. Future applications of wireless power transmission technology are also discussed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
“THE PROJECT REPORT ON WIRELESS CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH A...IRJET Journal
This project report summarizes research on a wireless charging station for electric vehicles with solar energy as a backup power source. The report provides an overview of wireless power transfer and reviews different types of solar-powered electric vehicle charging stations. It examines wireless power transmission components like compensation and multiple coil models. The results will depend on factors like efficiency, range, and power transfer capacity. Wireless charging has advantages over wired charging like reduced charging time and ability to charge electric vehicles on the go. While initial costs are high, wireless charging technology is expected to become more affordable and widespread in the future.
This work highlights a modular power conditioning system (PCS) in photovoltaic (PV) applications which consists with a DC-DC converter. The converter is able to regulate and amplify the input DC voltage produced by the PV panal. The implementation of Mosfet as bidirectional switch on the converter yields greater conversion ratio and better voltage regulation than a conventional DC-DC step up converter and PWM resonant converter. It also reduces the switching losses on the output DC voltage of the converter, as the MOSFET switches on primary winding of converter switch on under ZVS conditions. The proposed resonant converter has been designed, with the modification of series resonant converter and PWM boost converter that utilizes the high frequency of AC bidirectional switch to eliminate the weaknesses of used converters. The topology of the proposed converter includes the mode of operations, designing procedure and components selection of the new converter elements. This topology provides a DC output voltage to the inverter at range of about 120Vac-208 Vac.
This document discusses wireless power transmission using microwaves as an alternative to wired power transmission. It describes how microwaves can be used to transmit power over long distances without wires, using a transmitting antenna to broadcast the power and a receiving rectenna to convert it back to electricity. The key components of wireless power transmission systems using microwaves are described, including microwave generators, transmitting antennas, and rectennas. Applications like powering homes and electric vehicles are discussed. Advantages include reduced transmission losses and costs, while concerns relate to efficiency and potential health effects of microwave exposure.
The document discusses solar inverters for on-grid solar energy systems. It explains that solar inverters are necessary to convert the direct current (DC) output of solar panels into alternating current (AC) that can be fed into the electric grid. High efficiency and reliability are important for solar inverters in order to optimize the performance and minimize maintenance costs of solar energy systems. The document also provides an overview of grid-connected solar power systems and how excess power from such systems can be supplied to the electric grid or used to offset on-site electricity consumption.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It outlines a project to generate electricity from exhaust hot gases of an internal combustion engine. The project involves modifying the engine's exhaust system to include a reaction turbine and backward curved turbine connected to an electrical generator. The high pressure exhaust gases will strike the reaction turbine, converting pressure energy to mechanical energy. This will rotate the backward curved turbine to increase exhaust gas discharge rate and the generator shaft to produce electricity. The report includes sections on engine and exhaust systems, the turbines and generator components, design considerations for the mechanical shaft, bearings and casing, and concludes with a summary and references.
Ppt on electricity generation from exhaust hot gasesNitesh Prasad
This document presents a design for generating electricity from exhaust gases. It includes an introduction describing how pressure energy from hot gases can be converted to mechanical work to power an electrical generator. The major components are described as a backward curved turbine, electricity generator, and blower/fan, connected to a single shaft. The working involves installing the system in the exhaust to capture pressure energy from gases to rotate the shaft and generator, producing electricity while also improving engine performance and power. Advantages include low cost electricity production and improved engine output, while disadvantages are potential choking of the turbine and currently low electricity output. Applications proposed are for powering devices in vehicles and charging batteries to enhance vehicle efficiency.
This document presents a pipe inspection robot designed to traverse inside pipes with forward and backward motion. The robot is meant to move through pipes of various diameters. It uses a mechanical design with angled passive wheels that remain parallel to the pipe surface to prevent engaging with walls. The robot has applications in pipe inspection, locating holes, painting pipes from the inside, and material dosing through pipes. Future developments include coupling the robot's hands to prevent wobbling and adding a wireless controller and battery for longer inspections.
This document summarizes a thesis submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It describes the development of a robot for power generation from railway tracks. The robot uses wireless radio communication and sensors to inspect pipes and detect holes or issues. It was tested in a steel pipe and was able to successfully navigate the pipe and find defects using integrated wireless and sensing systems.
Electromagnetic braking system group 14Nitesh Prasad
This document presents an electromagnetic braking system as an alternative to conventional friction-based braking systems. It describes how electromagnetic brakes work by creating a magnetic field within a rotating metal disc that induces eddy currents, generating a torque that opposes the disc's rotation. The key advantages are that electromagnetic brakes do not involve friction or wear, require low maintenance, are quieter and simpler than friction brakes. Potential applications include railway systems, vehicles, aircraft and industrial equipment. The conclusion is that electromagnetic braking is superior to friction braking due to the lack of heat and friction.
Electromagnetic breaking system report, group 14 career point universityNitesh Prasad
This document is a project report on an electromagnetic braking system submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses the objectives, design, working, advantages, and applications of an electromagnetic braking system. The report contains sections on introduction, materials required, types of brakes, construction of electromagnetic brake, working principle, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, applications and future scope. It aims to develop a new braking system using electromagnetic force to reduce accidents and maintenance costs.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
1. 1
A Thesis on
Power Generation from Railway Track
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree
In
Mechanical Engineering
Under the Supervision of
Mr. Aditya Mishra
By
Alok Singh Sisodiya (K10510)
Shakti Sharma (K10210)
Satyanarayan Rathore (K10217)
To
Career Point University, Kota
May, 2016
2. 2
Certificate
This is to certify that Report entitled “Power Generation from Railway Track” which
is submitted by Alok Singh Sisodiya (K10510) Shakti Sharma (K10210)
Satyanarayan Rathore (K10217) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of degree B.Tech. In Mechanical Engineering to Career Point University , Kota is a
record of the candidate’s own work carried out by him under my supervision. The matter
embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree anywhere else.
Date: Supervisor
3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our guide Assistant Professor Mr.
Aditya mishra, Department of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering for his valuable time and
guidance that made the project work a success. They have inspired us such a spirit of
devotion, precision and unbiased observation, which is essentially a corner stone of
technical study.
We are highly grateful to Ms Nikita Jain, Head of the Department of. B.Tech Mechanical
Engineering and our Guide Mr.Aditya mishra, Assistant Professor in Department of
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering, for their kind support for the project work. We thank all
our friends and all those who have helped us carrying out this work directly or indirectly
without whom completion of this project work was not possible.
We would also like to sincerely thank Vice-chancellor of Career Point University for
giving us a platform to carry out the project.
Sincerely yours,
Alok Singh Sisodiya (K10510)
Shakti Sharma (K10210)
Satyanarayan Rathore (K10217)
4. 4
ABSTRACT
An efficient electromagnetic energy harvester featured with mechanical motion rectifier
(MMR) is designed to recover energy from the vibration-like railroad track deflections
induced by passing trains. Trackside electrical infrastructures for safety and monitoring
typically require a power supply of 10-100 Watts, such as warning signals, switches, and
health monitoring systems, while typical existing vibration energy harvester technologies
can only harvest sub-watts or mill watts power. The proposed harvester is designed to
power major track-side accessories and possibly make railroad independent from national
grid. To achieve such a goal we implement the MMR, a patented motion conversion
mechanism which transforms pulse-like bidirectional linear vibration into unidirectional
rotational motion at a high efficiency. The single-shaft MMR design further improved
our previously developed motion mechanism, increased energy harvester efficiency and
expanded power harvesting potential. The proposed new design improved reliability,
efficiency, and provided steadier power output. Bench test of the harvester prototype
illustrated the advantages of the MMR based harvester, including up to 71% mechanical
efficiency and large power output.
5. 5
Contents
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III
ABSTRACT I2
LIST OF FIGURES 3I
LIST OF FLOWCHARTS 7
LIST OF ACRONYMS IX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPONENTS
2.1 Dynamo
2.2 Bride Recirifire
2.3 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
2.4 Switch
2.5 Resistors
2.6 Condensers/Capacitors
2.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
2.7.1 Testing an LED
2.7 Switch
6. 6
2.9Transistors
2.10NPN Transistor
2.11 PNP Transistor
2.12Batteries
2.13Speakers
2.14 ICs (Integrated Circuits
3 Process
3.1 SOLDERING INSTRUCTIONS
3.2 Tips for de-soldering
4 Working
5. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
REFERENCES
ANNEXURE
8. 8
List Of Table
Table 2.1
List of Acronyms
LDR Light Depend Resistance
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
9. 9
1.INTRODUCTION
Rail transportation systems, including freight train, commuter rail and subways, play an
important role in people’s daily life and also provide substantial supports for the
economy. Track-side electric infrastructures are essential for the operation of modern
railroad systems. To make informed decisions and provide safe quality service, railroad
systems rely on track-side electric infrastructures. Warning and signal lights, track
switches, grade crossing signals, track-health monitoring systems, wireless
communication access points, positive train control systems, and etc. reliable and low-
maintenance power supplies are essential prerequisites. Unfortunately, railroad tracks
often exist in remote areas or certain underground regions in which there is little
electrical infrastructure. In these regions, installment of equipment such as warning signal
lights, wireless sensors for railway track monitoring, bridge monitoring, and train
positioning have limited practical deployment due to the lack of a reliable power supply
or low-maintenance battery. Some regions still only use railroad crossing signs at grade
crossings and do not implement flashing lights, moving gates, or whistles. In response to
the growing need for electronically powered trackside devices, it is worthwhile to design
a cost-effective and reliable power supply solution for track-side devices. When a moving
train passes over the track, the track deflects vertically responding to the load exerted by
the train's bogies. The majority of currently existing railway energy harvesting
technologies utilizes the peak-valley nature of the motion and focusing on piezoelectric
and electromagnetic harvesters. Many of these technologies harvest energy in the mill
watt or sub watt range, largely for wireless sensor applications. The technologies include:
tuned vibration harvesters by a British company Perpetual Ltd , coils the at induce
induction currents through passing wheels developed by Zahid F. Main, and basic
piezoelectric and electromagnetic solutions as studied by Nelson et al. At the time,
Nelson et al also looked into motion driven electromagnetic harvesters. Their first
10. 10
prototype produced 0.22 Watts in field test results for a loaded train passing at 11.5 mph.
If the oscillating vertical motion of the track can be directly used to engage and drive a
mechanical energy harvester, the power potential is enormous. The regeneration of power
can be stored and used by trackside accessories. However, there are various challenges.
Firstly, track only oscillates in small displacement in comparison to the amount of power
consumed by track-side equipment. Moreover, another major issues prevalent in
harvesting energy from railroad tracks were usually the irregular pulse-like nature of
railroad track vibrations and low amplitude of displacement of the railroad track . Motion
driven electromagnetic harvester seemed to have the most promise in dealing with these
issues because motion amplification or rectifiers can be designed to directly deal with
these issues. Otherwise, one would rely heavily on electric signal processing and
rectification . Although simple induction, piezoelectric, and tuned mass energy solutions
are viable and effective for low-power sensor applications, the focus of our studies aims
toward efficiently harvesting a larger amount of power from the rail. We intend to power
the track side equipment which has power ratings of up to 100 Watts, including safety
light, warning devices, and possibly even switching devices and crossing gates if
combined with power storage systems. To accomplish this goal, a motion driven
electromagnetic based harvester would be more appropriate.
11. 11
2. Components
2.1 Dynamo
An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy,
generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other source of
mechanical energy.
2.2 Bride Recirifire
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally, it is
used here to convert any polarity to required polarity
2.3 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another. They are used as
indicator devices. Example: LED lit equals machine on. The general purpose silicon
diode emits excess energy in the form of heat when conducting current. If a different
semiconductor material such as gallium, arsenide phosphide is used, the excess energy
can be released at a lower wavelength visible to human eye. This is the composition of
LED. They come in several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared Light which
cannot be seen by the human eye.
2.4 Switch
This is a mechanical part which when pressed makes the current to flow through
12. 12
It. If the switch is released the current stops flowing through it. This helps to control a
circuit.
A rechargeable battery or storage battery is a group of one or more
electrochemical cells. They are known as secondary cells because their electrochemical
reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different
shapes and sizes, ranging anything from a button cell to megawatt systems connected to
stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of chemicals
are commonly used, including: lead-acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride
(NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than
disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as
disposable types. Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost, but can be recharged
very cheaply and used many times.
2.5 Resistors
This is the most common component in electronics. It is used mainly to
control current and voltage within the circuit. You can identify a simple
resistor by its simple cigar shape with a wire lead coming out of each end. It
uses a system of color coded bands to identify the value of the component
(measured in Ohms) *A surface mount resistor is in fact mere millimeters in
size but performs the same function as its bigger brother, the simple
assistor. A potentiometer is a variable resistor. It lets you vary the resistance
with a dial or sliding control in order to alter current or voltage on the fly.
This is opposed to the “fixed” simple resistors.
13. 13
Resistor values - the resistor color code
Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega .
1 is quite small so resistor values are often given in k and M .
1 k = 1000 1 M = 1000000 .
Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands.
Each color represents a number as shown in the table.
Most resistors have 4 bands:
• The first band gives the first digit.
• The second band gives the second digit.
• The third band indicates the number of zeros.
• The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor, this
may be ignored for almost all circuits but further details are given below.
Figure 2.1 Resistor
This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 = 270 k .
On circuit diagrams the is usually omitted and the value is written
270K.
Small value resistors (less than 10 ohm)
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show
these small values two special colours are used for the third
14. 14
band:gold which means × 0.1 and silver which means × 0.01. The first
and second bands represent the digits as normal.
For example:
red, violet, gold bands represent 27 × 0.1 = 2.7
blue, green, silver bands represent 56 × 0.01 = 0.56
Tolerance of resistors (fourth band of colour code)
The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the colour
code. Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a
percentage. For example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of ±10% will
have a value within 10% of 390 , between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 +
39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390).
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance:
silver ±10%, gold ±5%, red ±2%, brown ±1%.
If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is ±20%.
Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise resistor
values are rarely required.
15. 15
Resistor values - the resistor colour code
Table 2.1
2.6 Condensers/Capacitors:
Capacitors, or "caps", vary in size and shape - from a small surface mount model
up to a huge electric motor cap the size of a paint can. It storages electrical
energy in the form of electrostatic charge. The size of a capacitor generally
determines how much charge it can store. A small surface mount or ceramic cap
will only hold a minuscule charge. A cylindrical electrolytic cap will store a much
larger charge. Some of the large electrolytic caps can store enough charge to kill
a person. Another type, called Tantalum Capacitors, store a larger charge in a
smaller package.
This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large
capacitance means that more charge can be stored. Capacitance is
measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are
used to show the smaller values.
The Resistor
Colour Code
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
16. 16
Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, µ (micro), n (nano) and p (pico):
• µ means 10-6
(millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F
• n means 10-9
(thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1µF
• p means 10-12
(million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF
Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many
types of capacitor with different labelling systems!
There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two
groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.
Polarized capacitors (large values, 1µF +)
Figure 2.2 Capacitors
Examples: Circuit symbol:
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the
correct way round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -.
They are not damaged by heat when soldering.
There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads
are attached to each end (220µF in picture) and radial where both leads
are at the same end (10µF in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a
little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.
It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are
17. 17
clearly printed with their capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage
rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always be
checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. It the project parts list
does not specify a voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is
greater than the project's power supply voltage. 25V is a sensible
minimum for most battery circuits.
Tantalum Bead Capacitors
Tantalum bead capacitors are polarized and have low voltage ratings
like electrolytic capacitors. They are expensive but very small, so they
are used where a large capacitance is needed in a small size.
Modern tantalum bead capacitors are printed with their capacitance and
voltage in full. However older ones use a colour-code system which has
two stripes (for the two digits) and a spot of colour for the number of
zeros to give the value in µF. The standard colour code is used, but for
the spot, grey is used to mean × 0.01 and white means × 0.1 so that
values of less than 10µF can be shown. A third colour stripe near the
leads shows the voltage (yellow 6.3V, black 10V, green 16V, blue 20V,
grey 25V, white 30V, pink 35V).
For example: blue, grey, black spot means 68µF
For example: blue, grey, white spot means 6.8µF
18. 18
For example: blue, grey, grey spot means 0.68µF
Unpolarised capacitors (small values, up to 1µF)
Figure 2.3 Unpolarised Capacitors
Examples: Circuit symbol:
Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either
way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for
one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at
least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of
these small capacitors because there are many types of them and
several different labelling systems!
Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a
multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier
should be!
For example 0.1 means 0.1µF = 100nF.
Sometimes the multiplier is used in place of the decimal point:
For example: 4n7 means 4.7nF.
Capacitor Number Code
A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is
difficult:
19. 19
• the 1st number is the 1st digit,
• the 2nd number is the 2nd digit,
• the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF.
• Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.
For example: 102 means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF!)
For example: 472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).
Diodes:
Figure 2.4
Diodes are basically a one-way valve for electrical current. They let it flow in one
direction (from positive to negative) and not in the other direction. This is used to
perform rectification or conversion of AC current to DC by clipping off the negative
portion of a AC waveform. The diode terminals are cathode and anode and the
arrow inside the diode symbol points towards the cathode, indicating current flow
in that direction when the diode is forward biased and conducting current. Most
diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and will have a painted line on one
end showing the direction or flow (white side is negative). If the negative side is
on the negative end of the circuit, current will flow. If the negative is on the ositive
side of the circuit no current will flow.
2.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Example: Circuit symbol:
Fig 2.5 LED
20. 20
Function
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
Connecting and soldering
LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be
labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c,
for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat
on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is
the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small
unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for
soldering most LEDs.
2.7.1 Testing an LED
Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!
It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass
through and burn it out.
LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value,
for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your
supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the
correct way round!
Colours of LEDs
21. 21
LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white
LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.
The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the colouring
of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available in uncoloured
packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The
coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent.
Fig 2.6
2.8 Switch
22. 22
Fig 2.7
This is a mechanical part which when pressed makes the current to flow through
it. If the switch is released the current stops flowing through it. This helps to
control a circuit.
2.9 Transistors
Fig 2.8
The transistor performs two basic functions. 1) It acts as a switch turning current
on and off. 2) It acts as a amplifier. This makes an output signal that is a
magnified version of the input signal. Transistors come in several sizes depending
23. 23
on their application. It can be a big power transistor such as is used in
power applifiers in your stereo, down to a surface mount (SMT) and even down
to .5 microns wide (I.E.: Mucho Small!) such as in a microprocessor or Integrated
Circuit.
2.10NPN Transistor:
Bipolar junction perform the function of amplifications where
Fig 2.9
a small varying voltage or current applied to the base (the lead on the left
side of the symbol) is proportionately replicated by a much larger voltage or
current between the collector and emitter leads. Bipolar junction refers to
sandwich construction of the semiconductor, where a wedge of "P" material is
placed between two wedges of "N" material. In this NPN construction a small
base current controls the larger current flowing from collector to emitter (the lead
with the arrow).
24. 24
2.11 PNP Transistor
Fig 2.10
Similar to NPN transistors, PNP's have a wedge of "N" material
between two wedges of "P" material. In this design, a base current regulates the
larger current flowing from emitter to collector, as indicated by the direction of the
arrow on the emitter lead. In CED players, PNP transistors are used less
frequently that the NPN type for amplification functions.
2.12Batteries
25. 25
Fig 2.11
Symbol of batteries shows +ve terminal by a longer line than the –ve terminal.
For low power circuit dry batteries are used.
2.13Speakers:
Fig 2.12
These convert electrical signals to accoustic viberations. It comprises a permanent
magnet and a moving coil (through which electrical signal is passed). This moving coil is
fixed to the diaphram which vibrates to produce sound
26. 26
fig 2.13
2.14 ICs (Integrated Circuits):
Integrated Circuits, or ICs, are complex circuits inside one simple package. Silicon and
metals are used to simulate resistors, capacitors, transistors, etc. It is a space saving
miracle. These components come in a wide variety of packages and sizes.
You can tell them by their "monolithic shape" that has a ton of "pins" coming out Of
them. Their applications are as varied as their packages. It can be a simple Timer, to a
complex logic circuit, or even a microcontroller (microprocessor with a Few added
functions) with erasable memory built inside.
3 Process
3.1 SOLDERING INSTRUCTIONS
Cleaning for soldering:
1. Ensure that parts to be soldered and the PCB are clean and free from dirt or
grease.
2. Use isopropyl alcohol with the help of non-static bristol brush for
27. 27
cleaning.
3. Use lint-free muslin cloth for wiping or alternatively use mild soap
solution followed by thorough rinsing with water and drying.
1.2 Tips for good Soldering:
1. Use 15 to 25 watt soldering iron for general work involving small
joints and for CMOS IC’s, FETS and ASIC’S use temprature controlled
soldering station ensuring that the tip temperature is maintained
within 330-350 deg. centigrade.
2. For bigger joints use elevated temperature as per job.
3. Before using a new tip, ensure that it is tinned and before applying
the tip to the job, wipe it using a wet sponge.
4. Use 60 : 40 (tin : lead) resin core (18-20 SWG) solder.
5. Ensure that while applying the tip to the job, the tip of the soldering
iron is held at an angle such that the tip grazes the surface to be heated and ensure that it
does not transfer heat to other joints/ components in its vicinity at the same time heating
all parts of joint equally.
6. Heat the joint for just the.right amount of time, during which a very short length of
solder flows over the joint and then smoothly withdraw the tip.
7. Do not carry molten solder to the joint.
8. Do not heat the electronic parts for more than 2-4 seconds since most of them are
sensitive to heat.
9. Apply one to three mm solder which is neither too less nor too much and adequate for
a normal joint.
10. Do not move the components until the molten solder, at the joint has cooled.
_
28. 28
3.2 Tips for de-soldering:
1. Remove and re-make if a solder joint is bad or dry.
2. Use a de-soldering pump which is first cocked and then the joint
is heated in the same way as during soldering, and when the
solder melts, push the release button to disengage the pump.
3. Repeat the above operation 2-3 times until the soldered component
can be comfortably removed using tweezers or long nose
pliers.
4. Deposit additional solder before using the de-soldering pump for
sucking it in case of difficulty in sucking the solder if it is too
sparse as this will hasten the de-soldering operation.
5. Alternatively, use the wet de-soldering wick using soldering flux
which is nothing but a fine copper braid used as a shield in coaxial
cables etc. and then press a short length of the wick using
the tip of the hot iron against the joint to be desoldered so that
the iron melts the solder which is drawn into the braid.
6. Do not allow the solder to cool while the braid is still adhering to
the joint.
7. Solder the component again after cleaning by repeating the steps
under sub Para A and B above.
8. Allow it to cool and check for continuity.
29. 29
1.4 Precautions:
1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before soldering.
Follow the circuit description and components details, leads
identification etc. Do not start soldering before making it confirm
that all the components are mounted at the right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short
circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering
4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where
you want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may
damage the components or board.
6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have
a dry or a cold joint.
7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure about the
voltage either dc or ac while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it may
short circuit with the other components. To prevent this use sleeves
at the component leads or use sleeved wire for connections.
9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It may give dry joint. Be sure
that all the joints are clean and well shiny.
30. 30
1.5 Illustrations showing correct/wrong insertion of components
and their soldering:
Corrected assembling and soldering process can provide the product
in the best performance.
32. 32
Fig 3.2
4 Working
An electrical power generation system comprises a variable capacitor and a power
source. The electrical power generation system is configured to generate electric power
via movements of the rail. The power source is used in the form of a generator to prime
the variable capacitor that effectively multiplies the priming energy of the power source
by extracting energy from the passing vehicle.
By alternately priming the variable capacitor using charge from the power source and
discharging it at a later time in a cyclic manner to change the capacitance, a significantly
large amount of electrical energy is produced due to change in capacitance than from the
power source itself.
Traditionally, operation data related to railroad traffic and railroad assets is gathered at
manned junctions, such as a rail yard or a rail depot. By way of example, railroad
workers often inspect rails for damage and loading conditions. As yet another example,
railroad workers often inspect and inventory the incoming and outgoing railcars, to
manage and facilitate the flow of traffic on a railroad network. However, railroad
networks often span thousands of miles and traverse through sparsely populated and
remote regions.
Unfortunately, traditional automated devices generally obtain operating power from an
external power source, which is not generally available in remote areas. That is, the
automated device receives operating power that is generated at a remote location and that
is delivered over a power grid, and coupling the grid to the device can be a costly
proposition, especially in remote areas. In certain instance, local power sources, such as
batteries, have been employed.
In any event, even if a local or external power source is provided, these power sources
may not provide a cost effective mechanism for producing sufficient levels of power.
33. 33
Therefore, there is need for a system and method for improving electric power generation
with respect to rail systems.
As the vehicle passes over the railway track the load acted upon the track or plant setup
is there by transmitted to rack, pinion and chain sprocket arrangements, were the
reciprocating motion of the track is converted into rotary motion. Then this rotatory
motion is then fed on to the gear drives which multiplies its speed. This speed which is
sufficient to rotate the rotor of a generator is fed into the generator were an electro motive
force is produced. The generated power can be used for the lamps near the railway station
or connected to grid and this will be a great boon for the rural villages too. e.g., The
mass of a vehicle moving over the track =57.0 to 69.9 kg/m (assumption ) and Height of
spring to be 20cm, then Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the
spring arrangement for one minute= 4.0875 watts and The Power developed for
60minutes(1hr)=245.25watts.
For railway in India has a number of tracks .By just placing a unit like the
“Power Generation Unit from railway track ”, so much of energy can be tapped. The
utilization of energy is an indication of the growth of a nation. One might conclude that
to be materially rich and prosperous, a nation should concentrate more on conservation
and production of Eco friendly power.
Hardware Requirements:
• Rack and pinion setup
• Generator
• Gear drive
• Battery
34. 34
Advantages
It saves human time.
It is easy to implement.
It produce more energy
No fuel cost and no-pollution
Reliable
First we convert 220V ac to 12 v ac with the help of step down transformer, over project
work in dc supply so we convert 12v ac to 12 v dc, for this we use bridge rectifier, it is
consist with four diode 1N4007, and make a ripples free dc supply with the help of 1000
uf /25 electrolytic capacitor, our both NE555 ics is waiting for input, our first in LDR get
interrupted by vehicle it give signal to first NE555 ic, it become on and give output from
pin-3 to first transistor, it will go the ULTRA BRIGHT LED’S, when vehicle pass throw
second out LDR it give signal to second NE555 ic, it will on and give signal to second
transistor, it become on and give signal to first IC it will become off, and it will also off
the first transistor, if will automatically of the ULTRA BRIGHT LED’S.
35. 35
FIG 4.1
First we convert 220V ac to 12 v ac with the help of step down transformer, over project
work in dc supply so we convert 12v ac to 12 v dc, for this we use bridge rectifier, it is
consist with four diode 1N4007, and make a ripples free dc supply with the help of 1000
uf /25 electrolytic capacitor, our ic NE555 ic is waiting for input, when our LDR get
light it off the NE555 ic, when it will not get light, it will on the NE555 ic, it produce
36. 36
output from pin 3, to relay driver transistor, it will become on, and on the relay also, relay
give 12dc supply to other circuit.
Fig 4.2
37. 37
5. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 SUMMARY
We can generate electricity by pushing one plate of capacitor against another
plate( which is also connected with small power source).Generated electricity is way
more than electricity we supplied with the help of power source.
To produce good amount of electricity significantly we need to stimulate the variable
capacitor using power from external source and discharging it at a later time in a cyclic
manner to change the capacitance.
The key element of this project is a variable capacitor, which can
convert mechanical energy into electrical with the help of work done by an external force
against the electric field formed between the two plates of the capacitor.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Unfortunately, traditional automated devices generally obtain operating power from an
external power source, which is not generally available in remote areas. That is, the
automated device receives operating power that is generated at a remote location and that
is delivered over a power grid, and coupling the grid to the device can be a costly
proposition, especially in remote areas. In certain instance, local power sources, such as
batteries, have been employed.
In any event, even if a local or external power source is provided, these power sources
may not provide a cost effective mechanism for producing sufficient levels of power.
Therefore, there is need for a system and method for improving electric power generation
with respect to rail systems.
38. 38
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
In other words, the gradient of the linear ramp function appearing across the capacitor
can be obtained by using the constant current flowing through the capacitor.
A critical component in any component of a life support device or system whose failure
to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or
system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
• In future the additional power generated can be supplied to the nearby villages.
• In future we can add all details of the vehicle in the RFID tag so it can be helpful to
vehicle security when the vehicle is stolen.
• In future load sensors (piezoelectric sensors) can be installed on the roads and on the
railway tracks for the generation of electricity.
39. 39
REFERENCES
[1] “A method for generating electricity by capturing tunnel induced winds” by REKHI,
Bhupindar, Singh.
[2] C.J. Baker (1986), “Train Aerodynamic Forces and Moments from Moving Model
Experiments”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 24(1986), 227-
251.
[4] Stephane Sanquer, Christian Barre, Marc Dufresne de Virel and Louis-Marie Cleon
(2004), “Effect of cross winds on high-speed trains: development of new experimental
methodology”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 92(2004),
535-545
[5] www.wikipedia.com
[6] www.google.com
40. 40
ANNEXURE
There are 14,300 trains operating daily on 63,000 route kilometers of railway in India.
This technique would be capable of producing 1,481,000 megawatt (MW) of power in
India alone. There are some specially designed wind turbines. Traditionally wind turbines
have three-blade, „open rotor‟ design. A common method of this design is that even small
turbines require a fast wind before they start operating. Small turbines can be used to
generate more power and can be used for commercial applications as we store the
retrieved energy in batteries.
The present technique relates generally to rail based devices and, more specifically, to an
energy co-generation device for generating electric power in response to vehicular traffic
on a rail.
Traditionally, operation data related to railroad traffic and railroad assets is gathered at
manned junctions, such as a rail yard or a rail depot. By way of example, railroad
workers often inspect rails for damage and loading conditions. As yet another example,
railroad workers often inspect and inventory the incoming and outgoing railcars, to
manage and facilitate the flow of traffic on a railroad network. However, railroad
networks often span thousands of miles and traverse through sparsely populated and
remote regions.