The document discusses various aspects of spectroscopy, including its types and applications, such as UV, infrared, and mass spectrometry. It explores the toxicity of heavy metals and nanomaterials, emphasizing their unique properties and effects on environment and plant growth. Additionally, it addresses the factors affecting seed germination and the potential of edible plants as protein sources while examining the impact of heavy metal contamination on crop production.

1. SPECTROSCOPY
Presented by:
Ms. V. REVATHI AMBIKA,
Lecturer in Physics

3. SPECTROSCOP
Y
 Color can be related to spectroscopy.
 It is the study of the interaction between matter
and radiated energy.
 It is the study of visible light dispersed according
to its wavelenth or frequency.

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
 Examples: X rays, microwaves,
radio waves, visible light, IR, and
UV.
Chapter 12
 Frequency and wavelength are
inversely proportional.
 c = λν , where c is the speed of
light.
 Energy per photon = hν, where h
is Planck’s constant.
4

5. VARIETIES OF
SPECTROSCOPY
UV XRD RAMAN

6. VARIETIES OF SPECTROSCOPY
 Optical spectroscopy,
 Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, FT-NIRS),
 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Magnetic
resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI)
and
 Mass spectrometry and Electron spin resonance
spectroscopy

7. SPECTROSCOPY

8. FOURIER TRANSFORM
SPECTROSCOPY
 Has better sensitivity.
 Less energy is needed from source.
 Completes a scan in 1-2 seconds.
 Takes several scans and averages
them.
 Has a laser beam that keeps the
instrument accurately calibrated

9. X-RAY SCATTERING TECHNIQUES

10. HOW DO UV SPECTROMETERS WORK?
Rotates, to achieve scan
Matched quartz cuvettes
Sample in solution at ca. 10-5 M.
System protects PM tube from
stray light
D2 lamp-UV
Tungsten lamp-Vis
Double Beam makes it a
Two photomultiplier difference technique
inputs, differential
voltage drives amplifier.

11. USE OF IR SPECTRA
 Identification of functional groups
 Spectral
matching - by computer
software and library spectra
 Quantitative analysis

12. ANALYTICAL
ATOMIC
SPECTROMETRY
• Aim:
• To identify Elements and
Quantify their Concentrations,
• Inductively Coupled Plasma-
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
(ICP-AES) is one of Several
techniques available in analytical
atomic spectroscopy.

13. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
(SEM)
• It is a type of electron microscope that
images a sample by scanning it with a
high-energy beam of electrons in a
raster scan pattern.
• The electrons interact with the atoms
• The sample producing signals
• Contain information about topography,
composition, and electrical conductivity.

14. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
(TEM)
 It is a microscopy technique,
 A beam of electrons is transmitted,
 An image is formed from the
interaction,
 The image is magnified and
focused onto an imaging device,
such as:
 a fluorescent screen,
 on a layer of photographic film,
or
 to be detected by a sensor such
as a CCD camera.

15. TOXICITY

16. HEAVY METAL - INTRODUCTION

17. PROPERTIES OF HEAVY METALS

18. • Study of the toxicity of nanomaterials.
• Quantum size effects and large surface area to
volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique
properties compared with their larger
counterparts.
• Nanomaterials, even when made of inert elements
like gold, become highly active at nanometer
dimensions.
• Sub-specialty of particle toxicology.
• Nanoparticles (particles <100 nm diameter) which
appear to have toxicity effects that are unusual
and not seen with larger particles.

19. • It is the process in which
GERMINATION a plant or fungus
emerges from a seed or
spore, respectively, and
begins growth.
• The most common
example of germination is
the sprouting of a
seedling from a seed of an
angiosperm or
gymnosperm.

20. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND SEED
GERMINATION
Water, Light,
Temperature,
Oxygen, Smoke

21. SEED GERMINATION

22. FACTORS AFFECTING SEED
GERMINATION
• Various plants require different
variables
• It depends on the individual seed
variety
• It is closely linked to the
ecological conditions of a plant's
natural habitat.
• Future germination is affected by
environmental conditions during
seed formation; most often these
responses are types of
seed dormancy.

23. EDIBLE PLANTS

24. EDIBLE PLANTS PROTEIN
STUDY
• Plants are one of the major sources of proteins. Potentially, plants
provide a cheap source of industrial enzymes, and biopharmaceuticals.
• Proteins have considerable technological importance since they affect the
stability and sensory quality of plant foods.
• Research on bioactive peptide/proteins has been increasing including
work on the development of pathogen resistant and antimicrobial
compounds
• The plants Arum maculatum, Portulaca oleracia Semicarpus
anacardium, Carissa karandus, Cordia myxa, Solanum indicum and
Chlorophytum comosum are widely available in the wild in many regions
of Iran. These are consumed as fruits and vegetables.

25. EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON SEED
GERMINATION
 Light can promote or inhibit germination.
 Sensitivity to light is important to seed banks and
other ecological responses, providing a mechanism for
optimal timing of seedling establishment.
 The photoreceptor for most types of seed responses is
phytochrome

26. HIGH PROTEIN
IN NUTS & SEEDS
 Peanut butter, 2 Tablespoons - 8
grams protein
 Almonds, ¼ cup – 8 grams
 Peanuts, ¼ cup – 9 grams
 Cashews, ¼ cup – 5 grams
 Pecans, ¼ cup – 2.5 grams
 Sunflower seeds, ¼ cup – 6 grams
 Pumpkin seeds, ¼ cup – 8 grams
 seeds – ¼ cup – 8 gram

28.  Heavy metal
contamination of soils is
the major global
environmental problem.
 It has increased
considerably in last
several years and a part is
responsible for limiting
the crop production.

29.  Essential (Co and Ni) and non-essential (Pb, Cd and Cr).
 Cd and Pb are considered as the most toxic metals.
 Plants are affected by the increasing levels of these
metals in the soil environment.

30. OUR AIM
 The aim of this present study is to assess the tolerance of
pollutant elements (Co, Ni, Cd, Cr and Pb) on visible foliar
symptoms, tissue concentration and some biochemical
parameters in sunflower or groundnut plants.