SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty,  Masaryk University in Brno
Biomolecular and Cellular Research Devices Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty,  Masaryk University in Brno
Lecture Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
We do not deal with…. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biophysics  and  Biomolecular Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Types of Spectrophotometers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Absorption Spectrophotometers: Lambert-Beer's law ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],A  =   . c.x
Types of Absorption Spectrophotometers ,[object Object],[object Object]
Single-beam spectrophotometer The  light source  (1) is a tungsten lamp. Its polychromatic light passes through a condensor (2) and  reflects from a mirror (3) to the input slit (4) of the  monochromator  (parts 4 to 8, plus 12). The light is collimated (5) onto a  reflection optical grating  (6) which forms a colour spectrum. An almost monochromatic light is projected by an objective (7) onto the  exit slit  (8) of the monochromator.
The grating is rotated by means of a  wavelength selection control  (12) to choose wavelength directed into the exit slit.   The light beam passes through a  cuvette  (9) with the sample. Intensity of the transmitted light is measured by a photodetector (10, 11). Signal from the detector is amplified by an  amplifier  (13). The value of absorbance is displayed (14). Intensity of the light transmitted through the reference solution is always compared with the intensity of the same beam passed through the measured sample. Single-beam spectrophotometer
[object Object],Light of  one selected wavelength  or  whole transmitted spectrum  can be measured NIR = near infrared
UV Absorption spectrophotometry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Absorption spectra of amino acids According :  h ttp://www.gwdg.de/~pdittri/bilder/absorption.jpg Wavelength [nm]
Hypochromic Effect (HE) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypochromic effect in polyglutamic acid. At pH 7 this polypeptide forms random coil (1), at pH 4 it adopts helical structure (2).  Absorption maximum of peptide bonds is lowered due to their spatial arrangement.    is the molar absorption coefficient and  is wavelength of UV light.  [ according Kalous and Pavlíček, 1980]
IR Spectrophotometry ,[object Object],[object Object]
Infrared transmittance spectrum of hexane   http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/edison/IRTutor.html
Raman spectrometry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Raman spectrometry Raman spectrum of giant chromosomes  of a  midge (Chironomus).  At selected wave number values it is possible to run Raman microscopy. Excited by 647.1 nm laser light.  According  to: http://www.ijvs.com/volume2/edition3/section4.htm Signal intensity Wave number [cm -1 ] proteins background
Micrograph in normal white light ( chromosome Chironomus Thummi Thummi) Confocal Raman micrograph showing DNA backbone (vibration at 1094 cm -1 )  Confocal Raman micrograph   showing the presence of aliphatic chains in proteins at 1449 cm -1   according: http://www.ijvs.com/ volume2/edition3/section4.htm
Optical rotation dispersion ,[object Object]
Circular Dichroism (CD) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The figure shows changes of elipticity of a synthetic  polypeptide containing long poly-glu sequences after addition of the trifluoroethanol  (TFE),  which increases percentage of the    -helix. http://www-structure.llnl.gov/cd/polyq.htm Wavelength [nm]
X-ray diffraction Spectrometers   ,[object Object],http://cwx.prenhall.com/horton/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/FG04_02aC.JPG X-ray source Protein crystal Diffracted X-rays
Electron density map of an organic substance calculated from an X-ray crystallogram
The crystallogram of B-DNA obtained in 1952 by Rosalind E. Franklin, on the basis of which Watson and Crick proposed the double-helix model of DNA structure. F W C
Methods based on measurements of mechanical and electrical properties of macromolecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electrophoretic Device http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122628/showpicture.php?ID=0064
Electrochemical properties of colloids ,[object Object],In proteins changes the number of –NH 3 +  and –COO -  groups. Resulting charge Isoelectric point (Ip)
Origin of electric double layer on the surface of colloid particle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Electrophoresis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electrophoretic mobility ,[object Object],[object Object]
Measurement of membrane potentials ,[object Object],[object Object]
Experimental setup for measurement of membrane potential by capillary microelectrodes . When using glass microelectrodes, it is possible to measure also other electrochemical parameters of the cells and membranes ,  e.g., concentrations of some ions .  They can be prepared as ion selective electrodes for  Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , H +   etc . amplifier oscilloscope cell
Patch-clamp Method Some ion channels may be closed or opened in advance, the microelectrode filling may even contain ligands capable of interaction with ion channels, and in general any substances that can affect the function of the membrane. This discovery enabled to examine the activity of the individual or small groups of ion channels.  A blunt glass microelectrode clings to the surface of the cell or an isolated part of the biological or artificial membrane. The opening at the end of the microelectrode is completely sealed by the membrane “patch” and the measured electric voltages or currents thus relate to only a small part of the membrane, in which a small number of ion channels are found.
Author:  Vojtěch Mornstein Content collaboration and language revision:  Viktor Brabec, Carmel J. Caruana Presentation design:  Lucie Mornsteinová Last revision: June 200 9

More Related Content

What's hot

I R spectroscopy & its application
I R spectroscopy & its application I R spectroscopy & its application
I R spectroscopy & its application
Amit Agnihotri
 
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications copy
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications   copyIr spectroscopy nd its applications   copy
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications copy
keshav pai
 
A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)'
A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)' A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)'
A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)'
Sanathoiba Singha
 
Flame emission spectroscopy
Flame emission spectroscopyFlame emission spectroscopy
Flame emission spectroscopy
Geeta Prasad Kashyap
 
Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.
Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.
Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.
Aadhya Medicure Pathlabs Vijayanagar colony.hyderabad
 
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopyatomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
vanitha gopal
 
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopyInfrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopyNida Ashraf
 
UV / VIS
UV / VIS UV / VIS
Flame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopy
Flame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopyFlame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopy
Flame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopy
Himal Barakoti
 
IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy
Ravi Kumar Yadav
 
Fluorescence spectrometry
Fluorescence spectrometryFluorescence spectrometry
Fluorescence spectrometry
Hari Sharan Makaju
 
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. AmsavelFTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
Dr. Amsavel A
 
Deviations from Beers law
Deviations from Beers lawDeviations from Beers law
Deviations from Beers law
Vrushali Tambe
 
IR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
IR and FT-IR SpectroscopyIR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
IR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
chetan jain
 
Flame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahra
Flame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahraFlame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahra
Flame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahra
Mineeta Mahra
 
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopyInfrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Asma Ashraf
 
Components of Optical Instruments
Components of Optical InstrumentsComponents of Optical Instruments
Components of Optical Instruments
mohsen1394
 

What's hot (19)

I R spectroscopy & its application
I R spectroscopy & its application I R spectroscopy & its application
I R spectroscopy & its application
 
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications copy
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications   copyIr spectroscopy nd its applications   copy
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications copy
 
A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)'
A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)' A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)'
A collection of notes for the subject 'Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis (MPA)'
 
Spectrofluorimetry
SpectrofluorimetrySpectrofluorimetry
Spectrofluorimetry
 
Flame emission spectroscopy
Flame emission spectroscopyFlame emission spectroscopy
Flame emission spectroscopy
 
Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.
Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.
Flame photometry Dr. Abhinav Golla MBBS.MD Pathology Assistant Professor.
 
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopyatomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
atomic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy
 
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopyInfrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
 
UV / VIS
UV / VIS UV / VIS
UV / VIS
 
Flame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopy
Flame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopyFlame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopy
Flame emission & atomic absorption spectroscopy
 
IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy
 
Fluorescence spectrometry
Fluorescence spectrometryFluorescence spectrometry
Fluorescence spectrometry
 
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. AmsavelFTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
 
Ir
IrIr
Ir
 
Deviations from Beers law
Deviations from Beers lawDeviations from Beers law
Deviations from Beers law
 
IR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
IR and FT-IR SpectroscopyIR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
IR and FT-IR Spectroscopy
 
Flame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahra
Flame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahraFlame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahra
Flame emission Spectroscopy SlideShare mineeta mahra
 
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopyInfrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
 
Components of Optical Instruments
Components of Optical InstrumentsComponents of Optical Instruments
Components of Optical Instruments
 

Viewers also liked

Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...
Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...
Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC)
 
Role of Chromatin in Cancer
Role of Chromatin in CancerRole of Chromatin in Cancer
Role of Chromatin in Cancer
Rana Das
 
Histone protein
Histone proteinHistone protein
Histone protein
Prakash Pokhrel
 
Histone modification in living cells
Histone modification in living cellsHistone modification in living cells
Histone modification in living cells
Suresh Antre
 
Role of Histone in DNA packaging
Role of Histone in DNA packagingRole of Histone in DNA packaging
Role of Histone in DNA packagingJannat Iftikhar
 
Histone Proteins and Genome Imprinting
Histone Proteins and Genome ImprintingHistone Proteins and Genome Imprinting
Histone Proteins and Genome Imprinting
Anilkumar C
 
8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation
8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation
8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation
Slides | Presentation Design Agency
 

Viewers also liked (7)

Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...
Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...
Brian strahl's 2013 Lecture in the 2013 Summer Course in Biophysics: Case Stu...
 
Role of Chromatin in Cancer
Role of Chromatin in CancerRole of Chromatin in Cancer
Role of Chromatin in Cancer
 
Histone protein
Histone proteinHistone protein
Histone protein
 
Histone modification in living cells
Histone modification in living cellsHistone modification in living cells
Histone modification in living cells
 
Role of Histone in DNA packaging
Role of Histone in DNA packagingRole of Histone in DNA packaging
Role of Histone in DNA packaging
 
Histone Proteins and Genome Imprinting
Histone Proteins and Genome ImprintingHistone Proteins and Genome Imprinting
Histone Proteins and Genome Imprinting
 
8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation
8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation
8 Tips for an Awesome Powerpoint Presentation
 

Similar to Biomolecular andcellularresearchdevices fin

uv -visible spectroscopy
uv -visible spectroscopyuv -visible spectroscopy
uv -visible spectroscopy
yogitamandlik2
 
Uv/visible spectroscopy
Uv/visible spectroscopyUv/visible spectroscopy
Uv/visible spectroscopy
SavitaBhatt2
 
Uv
UvUv
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working
Sabahat Ali
 
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
Prabhakar singh  ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometerPrabhakar singh  ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
Department of Biochemistry, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal Univarsity, Jaunpur
 
UV ray spectrophotometer
UV ray spectrophotometerUV ray spectrophotometer
UV ray spectrophotometer
Goa App
 
Spectroscpy methods.pptx
Spectroscpy methods.pptxSpectroscpy methods.pptx
Spectroscpy methods.pptx
SonaliGadge4
 
12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar
12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar
12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar
DONIKAMARKANDE
 
UV rays
UV rays UV rays
UV rays
Goa App
 
Uv visible spectroscopy
Uv visible spectroscopyUv visible spectroscopy
Uv visible spectroscopy
gracepaulraj
 
Introduction to Spectroscopy
Introduction to SpectroscopyIntroduction to Spectroscopy
Introduction to Spectroscopy
Burdwan University
 
UV Spectroscopy Introduction
UV Spectroscopy IntroductionUV Spectroscopy Introduction
UV Spectroscopy Introduction
Bhakti Desai
 
B.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 Spectroscopy
B.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 SpectroscopyB.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 Spectroscopy
B.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 Spectroscopy
Rai University
 
Chapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptx
Chapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptxChapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptx
Chapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptx
AkshatGoel35
 
Spectroscopy uv visble intro
Spectroscopy uv visble introSpectroscopy uv visble intro
Spectroscopy uv visble intro
UmayalSundariAR
 
Introduction To Spectroscopy
Introduction To SpectroscopyIntroduction To Spectroscopy
Introduction To Spectroscopyguest824336
 
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetry
Prabhakar singh  ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetryPrabhakar singh  ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetry
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetry
Department of Biochemistry, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal Univarsity, Jaunpur
 
UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...
UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...
UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...
abusunabakali
 

Similar to Biomolecular andcellularresearchdevices fin (20)

uv -visible spectroscopy
uv -visible spectroscopyuv -visible spectroscopy
uv -visible spectroscopy
 
Uv/visible spectroscopy
Uv/visible spectroscopyUv/visible spectroscopy
Uv/visible spectroscopy
 
Uv
UvUv
Uv
 
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working
 
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
Prabhakar singh  ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometerPrabhakar singh  ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
 
UV ray spectrophotometer
UV ray spectrophotometerUV ray spectrophotometer
UV ray spectrophotometer
 
Spectroscpy methods.pptx
Spectroscpy methods.pptxSpectroscpy methods.pptx
Spectroscpy methods.pptx
 
12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar
12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar
12 02-09-12-24-23-1390-sampathkumar
 
UV rays
UV rays UV rays
UV rays
 
Uv visible spectroscopy
Uv visible spectroscopyUv visible spectroscopy
Uv visible spectroscopy
 
Introduction to Spectroscopy
Introduction to SpectroscopyIntroduction to Spectroscopy
Introduction to Spectroscopy
 
UV Spectroscopy Introduction
UV Spectroscopy IntroductionUV Spectroscopy Introduction
UV Spectroscopy Introduction
 
Uv visiblr spectroscopy
Uv visiblr spectroscopyUv visiblr spectroscopy
Uv visiblr spectroscopy
 
B.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 Spectroscopy
B.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 SpectroscopyB.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 Spectroscopy
B.Sc Biotech II BAT Unit 1 Spectroscopy
 
Chapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptx
Chapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptxChapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptx
Chapter 8-Spectroscopy.pptx
 
Spectroscopy uv visble intro
Spectroscopy uv visble introSpectroscopy uv visble intro
Spectroscopy uv visble intro
 
Introduction To Spectroscopy
Introduction To SpectroscopyIntroduction To Spectroscopy
Introduction To Spectroscopy
 
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetry
Prabhakar singh  ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetryPrabhakar singh  ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetry
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper-ir spectroscopy & fluorimetry
 
UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...
UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...
UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy.202004201521035685ranvijay_engg_UV_and_VISIBLE_...
 
Presentation2
Presentation2Presentation2
Presentation2
 

More from MUBOSScz

Neuroscience sofia ultimo2
Neuroscience sofia ultimo2Neuroscience sofia ultimo2
Neuroscience sofia ultimo2MUBOSScz
 
BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERS
BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERSBIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERS
BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERSMUBOSScz
 
Captain’s role
Captain’s roleCaptain’s role
Captain’s roleMUBOSScz
 
Tooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
Tooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestineTooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
Tooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestineMUBOSScz
 
Respiratory syst copy
Respiratory syst   copyRespiratory syst   copy
Respiratory syst copyMUBOSScz
 
Practicals 3 digestive system iii
Practicals 3   digestive system iiiPracticals 3   digestive system iii
Practicals 3 digestive system iiiMUBOSScz
 
Epithelium copy
Epithelium   copyEpithelium   copy
Epithelium copyMUBOSScz
 
Cytology copy
Cytology   copyCytology   copy
Cytology copyMUBOSScz
 
Connective tissue proper copy
Connective tissue proper   copyConnective tissue proper   copy
Connective tissue proper copyMUBOSScz
 
Cartilage, bone copy
Cartilage, bone   copyCartilage, bone   copy
Cartilage, bone copyMUBOSScz
 
Cardiovascular system copy
Cardiovascular system   copyCardiovascular system   copy
Cardiovascular system copyMUBOSScz
 
Bone, cartilage copy
Bone, cartilage   copyBone, cartilage   copy
Bone, cartilage copyMUBOSScz
 
Blood development copy
Blood development   copyBlood development   copy
Blood development copyMUBOSScz
 
Tissue processing
Tissue processingTissue processing
Tissue processingMUBOSScz
 
Section a dermatology
Section a dermatologySection a dermatology
Section a dermatologyMUBOSScz
 
Oncology section a
Oncology section aOncology section a
Oncology section aMUBOSScz
 
Section b dermatology
Section b dermatologySection b dermatology
Section b dermatologyMUBOSScz
 
Working and training in the national health service a guide for im gs final
Working and training in the national health service   a guide for im gs finalWorking and training in the national health service   a guide for im gs final
Working and training in the national health service a guide for im gs finalMUBOSScz
 
Histology slide guide
Histology slide guideHistology slide guide
Histology slide guideMUBOSScz
 

More from MUBOSScz (20)

Neuroscience sofia ultimo2
Neuroscience sofia ultimo2Neuroscience sofia ultimo2
Neuroscience sofia ultimo2
 
BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERS
BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERSBIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERS
BIOCHEMISTRY II EXAM ANSWERS
 
Cz uk
Cz ukCz uk
Cz uk
 
Captain’s role
Captain’s roleCaptain’s role
Captain’s role
 
Tooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
Tooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestineTooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
Tooth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
 
Respiratory syst copy
Respiratory syst   copyRespiratory syst   copy
Respiratory syst copy
 
Practicals 3 digestive system iii
Practicals 3   digestive system iiiPracticals 3   digestive system iii
Practicals 3 digestive system iii
 
Epithelium copy
Epithelium   copyEpithelium   copy
Epithelium copy
 
Cytology copy
Cytology   copyCytology   copy
Cytology copy
 
Connective tissue proper copy
Connective tissue proper   copyConnective tissue proper   copy
Connective tissue proper copy
 
Cartilage, bone copy
Cartilage, bone   copyCartilage, bone   copy
Cartilage, bone copy
 
Cardiovascular system copy
Cardiovascular system   copyCardiovascular system   copy
Cardiovascular system copy
 
Bone, cartilage copy
Bone, cartilage   copyBone, cartilage   copy
Bone, cartilage copy
 
Blood development copy
Blood development   copyBlood development   copy
Blood development copy
 
Tissue processing
Tissue processingTissue processing
Tissue processing
 
Section a dermatology
Section a dermatologySection a dermatology
Section a dermatology
 
Oncology section a
Oncology section aOncology section a
Oncology section a
 
Section b dermatology
Section b dermatologySection b dermatology
Section b dermatology
 
Working and training in the national health service a guide for im gs final
Working and training in the national health service   a guide for im gs finalWorking and training in the national health service   a guide for im gs final
Working and training in the national health service a guide for im gs final
 
Histology slide guide
Histology slide guideHistology slide guide
Histology slide guide
 

Recently uploaded

IOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptx
IOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptxIOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptx
IOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptx
Abida Shariff
 
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesSearch and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
Bhaskar Mitra
 
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
Product School
 
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
Product School
 
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
Fwdays
 
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Product School
 
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportEpistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Alan Dix
 
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonConnector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
DianaGray10
 
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdfSmart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
91mobiles
 
ODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User Group
ODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User GroupODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User Group
ODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User Group
CatarinaPereira64715
 
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfKey Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Cheryl Hung
 
Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........
Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........
Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........
Alison B. Lowndes
 
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersEssentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
Safe Software
 
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
James Anderson
 
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
Sri Ambati
 
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Product School
 
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and backKnowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Elena Simperl
 
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
Jeffrey Haguewood
 
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdfFIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
FIDO Alliance
 
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingAccelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Thijs Feryn
 

Recently uploaded (20)

IOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptx
IOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptxIOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptx
IOS-PENTESTING-BEGINNERS-PRACTICAL-GUIDE-.pptx
 
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesSearch and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
 
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
 
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
 
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor Turskyi
 
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
 
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportEpistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
 
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonConnector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
 
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdfSmart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
 
ODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User Group
ODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User GroupODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User Group
ODC, Data Fabric and Architecture User Group
 
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfKey Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
 
Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........
Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........
Bits & Pixels using AI for Good.........
 
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersEssentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
 
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
 
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
 
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
 
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and backKnowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
 
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...
 
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdfFIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
 
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingAccelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
 

Biomolecular andcellularresearchdevices fin

  • 1. Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno
  • 2. Biomolecular and Cellular Research Devices Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Single-beam spectrophotometer The light source (1) is a tungsten lamp. Its polychromatic light passes through a condensor (2) and reflects from a mirror (3) to the input slit (4) of the monochromator (parts 4 to 8, plus 12). The light is collimated (5) onto a reflection optical grating (6) which forms a colour spectrum. An almost monochromatic light is projected by an objective (7) onto the exit slit (8) of the monochromator.
  • 12. The grating is rotated by means of a wavelength selection control (12) to choose wavelength directed into the exit slit. The light beam passes through a cuvette (9) with the sample. Intensity of the transmitted light is measured by a photodetector (10, 11). Signal from the detector is amplified by an amplifier (13). The value of absorbance is displayed (14). Intensity of the light transmitted through the reference solution is always compared with the intensity of the same beam passed through the measured sample. Single-beam spectrophotometer
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Absorption spectra of amino acids According : h ttp://www.gwdg.de/~pdittri/bilder/absorption.jpg Wavelength [nm]
  • 16.
  • 17. Hypochromic effect in polyglutamic acid. At pH 7 this polypeptide forms random coil (1), at pH 4 it adopts helical structure (2). Absorption maximum of peptide bonds is lowered due to their spatial arrangement.  is the molar absorption coefficient and  is wavelength of UV light. [ according Kalous and Pavlíček, 1980]
  • 18.
  • 19. Infrared transmittance spectrum of hexane http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/edison/IRTutor.html
  • 20.
  • 21. Raman spectrometry Raman spectrum of giant chromosomes of a midge (Chironomus). At selected wave number values it is possible to run Raman microscopy. Excited by 647.1 nm laser light. According to: http://www.ijvs.com/volume2/edition3/section4.htm Signal intensity Wave number [cm -1 ] proteins background
  • 22. Micrograph in normal white light ( chromosome Chironomus Thummi Thummi) Confocal Raman micrograph showing DNA backbone (vibration at 1094 cm -1 ) Confocal Raman micrograph showing the presence of aliphatic chains in proteins at 1449 cm -1 according: http://www.ijvs.com/ volume2/edition3/section4.htm
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Electron density map of an organic substance calculated from an X-ray crystallogram
  • 27. The crystallogram of B-DNA obtained in 1952 by Rosalind E. Franklin, on the basis of which Watson and Crick proposed the double-helix model of DNA structure. F W C
  • 28.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.  
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Experimental setup for measurement of membrane potential by capillary microelectrodes . When using glass microelectrodes, it is possible to measure also other electrochemical parameters of the cells and membranes , e.g., concentrations of some ions . They can be prepared as ion selective electrodes for Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , H + etc . amplifier oscilloscope cell
  • 37. Patch-clamp Method Some ion channels may be closed or opened in advance, the microelectrode filling may even contain ligands capable of interaction with ion channels, and in general any substances that can affect the function of the membrane. This discovery enabled to examine the activity of the individual or small groups of ion channels. A blunt glass microelectrode clings to the surface of the cell or an isolated part of the biological or artificial membrane. The opening at the end of the microelectrode is completely sealed by the membrane “patch” and the measured electric voltages or currents thus relate to only a small part of the membrane, in which a small number of ion channels are found.
  • 38. Author: Vojtěch Mornstein Content collaboration and language revision: Viktor Brabec, Carmel J. Caruana Presentation design: Lucie Mornsteinová Last revision: June 200 9