The document describes biodiversity, its three types (genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity), extinction and its causes. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including species, genes, ecosystems and their interactions. The three types of biodiversity are then explained. Extinction and the categories of threatened species are outlined. Causes of extinction include natural causes like climate change and diseases, as well as anthropogenic causes such as habitat destruction and pollution.

2. Objectives:
describe biodiversity;
determine the importance of
biodiversity;
1
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
2

3. Objectives:
Explain the three types of Biodiversity
Understand extinction and know
some causes of Extinction.
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4
Explain the Importance of Biodiversity
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4. biological diversity or biodiversity is the
variety of the earth species or life, the
genes they contain, the ecosystem which
they live, and the ecosystem processes of
energy flow and nutrient cycling that
sustain all life.
BIODIVERSITY

5. Biodiversity and Its Types
GENETIC
DIVERSITY
SPECIES
DIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY

6. BIODIVERSITY & ITS TYPES
Genetic Diversity
It refers to the variations among the genetic
resources of the organisms. Every individual of
a particular species differs from each other in
their genetic constitution.
It pertains to the variation of genes within a
species.

7. Genetic Diversity

8. BIODIVERSITY & ITS TYPES
Species Diversity
Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of species
found in a particular area. It is the biodiversity at the most basic
level. It includes all the species ranging from plants to different
microorganisms.
Species diversity is defined as the number of different species
present in an ecosystem and relative abundance of each of
those species.

9. Species Diversity

10. BIODIVERSITY & ITS TYPES
Ecosystem Diversity
An ecosystem is a collection of living and non-living
organisms and their interaction with each other.
Ecosystem biodiversity refers to the variations in the
plant and animal species living together and
connected by food chains and food webs.

11. Ecosystem Diversity

12. Threatened Species
Any species that is
becoming rare and that may
become in danger of
extinction.

13. Categories of Threatened
Species
1. Critically Endangered Species
2. Endangered Species
3. Vulnerable Species

14. Categories of Threatened
Species
1. Critically Endangered Species

15. Categories of Threatened
Species
2.Endangered Species

16. Categories of Threatened
Species
3.Vulnerable Species

17. Estimated Number of Philippine
Species
14 000 – 15 310
Plants
3 308 – 3 325
Vertebrates
34 940 – 35 000
Invertebrates
6 100+
Others

18. SPECIES RICHNESS
Species richness refers to species numbers

19. ABUNDANCE
Abundance refers to the number of individuals.

20. SPECIES DENSITY
refers to the number of individuals in an area
• Deserts typically have
low species density
compared to other
ecosystems.

21. SPECIES DENSITY

22. You want to survey the density of grass in your backyard. You noticed that there was
only one species of grass, and you counted 97 individuals of that species. Your
backyard is 10 m2. Find the species density of that grass.
Species Richness
1 Species of Grass
Density
Abundance of Grass: 97 individuals of Grass
.

23. You want to survey the density of grass in your backyard. You noticed that there was
only one species of grass, and you counted 97 individuals of that species. Your
backyard is 10 m2. Find the species density of that grass.
Given:
number of individual per species: 97
total unit area: 10 m2.
Write the working equation:
Substitute the values.
Solve for the species density.

24. Area A is 100 m2 and has 300 individuals of an ant species. What is the
species density?

25. Area A is 100 m2 and has 300 individuals of an ant species. What is the species
density?
Species Richness
1 Species of Ant
Density
Abundance of Ant: 300 individuals of Ant.
.

26. Area A is 100 m2 and has 300 individuals of an ant species. What is the
species density?
Given:
number of individual per species: 300
total unit area: 100 m2.
Write the working equation:
Substitute the values.
species density =
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
species density =
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
species density = 3
𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
m2
Solve for the species density.

27. Area A is 100 m2 and has 3 Species. Species A has 40 members, Species
B has 45 members, and Species C has 23 members. What is the species
richness and abundance, and the species density of each?

28. Area A is 100 m2 and has 3 Species. Species A has 40 members, Species B has 45
members, and Species C has 23 members. What is the species richness and
abundance, and the species density of each?
Species Richness
3 Species
Density
Abundance of Species A: 40 members
Abundance of Species B: 45 members
Abundance of Species A: 23 members
.

29. Area A is 100 m2 and has 3 Species. Species A has 40 members, Species
B has 45 members, and Species C has 23 members. What is the species
richness and abundance, and the species density of each?
Given:
number of individual per species: Species A = 40, Species B= 45, Species C= 23
total unit area: 100 m2.
Write the working equation:
Substitute the values.
For specie A species density =
𝟒𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
For species B species density =
𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
For specie C species density =
𝟐𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2

30. Area A is 100 m2 and has 3 Species. Species A has 40 members, Species
B has 45 members, and Species C has 23 members. What is the species
richness and abundance, and the species density of each?
Solve for the species density
For specie A species density =
𝟒𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
0.4
𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
m2
For species B species density =
𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
0.45
𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
m2
For species C species density =
𝟐𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
100 m2
0.23
𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔
m2

31. BIODIVERSITY LOSS
Biodiversity loss refers to the decline or disappearance of
biological diversity, understood as the variety of living things that
inhabit the planet, its different levels of biological organization and
their respective genetic variability, as well as the natural patterns
present in ecosystems.

32. EXTINCTION
Extinction occurs when all of the members of a species
disappears on Earth.
Extinction means that the last individual belonging to a particular
species is gone forever.

33. CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
1. Natural Cause of Extinction
2. Anthropogenic Cause of Extinction

34. Natural Cause of Extinction
1. Extreme Heating and Cooling of the Earth
2. Changes in Landscape
3. Acid Precipitation
4. Diseases/ Epidemic
5. Meteoric Impact/ Cosmic Radiation
6. Spread of Invasive Species.

35. Anthropogenic or Man-made Cause of
Extinction
1. Habitat Destruction
2. Invasive Species
3. Population Growth
4. Pollution
5. Over-exploitation