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threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
It is PPT by swapnil lahane on biodiversity
for any one .
It is information about worlds biodiversity and indian Ecosystem.
That PPT useful for students of Engg. and Medical for their projects.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth.
Biodiversity provides -food, shelter, medicine and industrial raw materials.
Biodiversity maintains the health of the earth and its people.
Biodiversity is an ecological asset to human beings.
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global, national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
It is PPT by swapnil lahane on biodiversity
for any one .
It is information about worlds biodiversity and indian Ecosystem.
That PPT useful for students of Engg. and Medical for their projects.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth.
Biodiversity provides -food, shelter, medicine and industrial raw materials.
Biodiversity maintains the health of the earth and its people.
Biodiversity is an ecological asset to human beings.
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity – biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global, national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations. The historic Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits. In a follow-up, the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa, 190 countries pledged their commitment to achieve by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and local levels
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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2. There are more than
20,000 species of ants,
3,00,000 species of beetles,
28,000 species of fishes
and nearly 20,000 species of orchids.
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3. Definition- Biodiversity can be defined as
the totality of genes, species and ecosystems
of a given region.
This term was coined by EDWARD WILSON
Diversity ranges from macromolecules to
biomes.
Biodiversity can be studied at-
1. Genetic diversity
2. Species diversity
3. Ecological/Ecosystem diversity
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For Good books for reference click on the picture
Or else see slide 52
4. 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
Greater the genetic diversity among organisms of a species, more
sustenance it has against environmental perturbations.
Genetically uniform populations are highly prone to disease harsh
environment.
Rauwolfia vomitoria shows genetic variation in terms of concentration
and potency of chemical reserpine
There are more than 50,000 varieties of rice and nearly 1000 varieties of
mangoes.
5. 2. SPECIES DIVERSITY
Important measures-
1. Species richness: It refers to the number of
species per unit area.
2. Species Evenness: It refers to the relative
abundance with which each species is
represented in an area.
The variety and number of individuals
determine the level of diversity of an ecosystem.
The Western Ghats have a greater diversity of
amphibian species than the Eastern Ghats.
8. 3. ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Ecological Diversity is related to species diversity.
India has greater ecosystem diversity than any other
Scandinavian country.
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alidhar-shingri
9. India has several biomes like alpine meadows,
rain forests, deserts, wetlands, mangroves…etc..
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16. GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY:
According to the IUCN(2004) the total number
of plant and animal species is about 1.5
million.
More than 70% of the species recorded are
animals and plants account for about 22%;
70% of the animals are insects.
A more conservative and
scientifically sound
estimate has been made by
Robert May ;
it puts the global species
diversity at about seven
million.
International Union for Conservation of
Nature
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17. These estimates do not give any figure for
prokaryotes for the following reasons:
1.The conventional taxonomic methods are not
sufficient for identifying these microbial species
2. Many of these species cannot be cultured
under laboratory conditions.
3. Biochemical and molecular biology techniques
would put their diversity into millions.
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18. BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
• India is one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the
world.
• India has only 2.4% of the land area of the world, it has 8.1%
of the global species biodiversity.
• There are about 45,000 species of plants and about 90,000-
1,00,000 species of animals.
• New species are yet to be discovered and named.
• Applying Robert May’s global estimate, only 22% of the total
species have been recorded,
India has probably more than 1,00,000 species of plants and
3,00,000 species of animals to be discovered and described.
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19. PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is not uniform throughout the world but
varies with latitude and altitude.
Favourable environmental conditions favour
speciation and make it possible for a larger number of
species to exist there , i.e., biodiversity is more in such
areas than the others.
1. Latitudinal Gradients
2. Species-Area Relationship
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20. 1.Latitudinal Gradients
Species diversity decreased from equator towards poles.
The tropics harbor more species than temperate and polar
regions.
Example- Colombia (near equator) has 1400 species of birds
whereas New York(41° N) has 105 species, Greenland(71 °
N) has 56 species and India(equator region) has 1200
species.
21. VARIATION OF SPECIES WITH LATITUDE
The number of species of vascular plants in tropics is about
ten times more than that of temperate forests.
Amazonian Rainforest has the greatest biodiversity on
earth.
It has more than 40000 species of plants, 1,25,000 species of
insects, 300 species of fish, 427 of amphibian and 378 of
reptiles, 1300 species of birds and 427 of mammals.
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22. 2.Species-Area Relationship
Alexander Von Humboldt has
observed that within a region,
species richness gets increased when
explored area is increased, but only
up to a limit.
The relationship between species
richness and area for a number of
taxa like angiospermic plants, fresh
water fishes and birds is found to be
a rectangular hyperbola.
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23. Graph showing Species-Area
Relationship
The equation is described
by log S = log C + Z log A
S – Species Richness
Z – Slope of the line
(regression coefficient)
A – Area
C – y-intercept
• Ecologists have found that Z value ranges between 0.1 &
0.2 irrespective of the taxonomic group or the region.
• In very large area like continents, Z value ranges between
0.6 & 1.2.
For example, for frugivorous (fruit-eating) birds and
mammals in the tropical forests of different continents, the
slope is found to be 1.15. muralishingri@gmail.com
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24. IMPORTANCE OF SPECIES DIVERSITY TO
ECOSYSTEM
Ecologists believe that communities with more
species tend to be more stable than those with less
species.
Attributes of a stable community-
1. It shall not show too much of variations in the
year-to-year productivity.
2. It must be either resistant or resilient to seasonal
disturbances.
3. It must be resistant also to alien species.
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25. Feature of David Tilman’s ecology
experiments-
1. The plots with more species showed
less year-to-year variation in the total
biomass.
2. Plots with increased diversity showed
higher productivity.
Hence, we realize that species richness
and diversity are essential for
ecosystem health as well as survival of
human race on earth.
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26. One might ask Does it really matter to us
if a few species become extinct?
Would Western Ghats ecosystems be less
functional if one of its tree frog species is
lost forever?
How is our quality of life affected if, say,
instead of 20,000 we have only 15,000
species of ants on earth?
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27. There are no direct answers to such
näive questions but we can develop a
proper perspective through an analogy
(the ‘rivet popper hypothesis’) used by
Stanford ecologist Paul Ehrlich.
The rivet popper hypothesis:
In an airplane (ecosystem) all parts are joined together by
thousands of rivets (species).
If every passenger starts popping a rivet to take home
(species extinct),
it may not affect flight safety initially but as more and more
rivets are removed the plane becomes dangerously weak.
Further more which rivet is removed may also be
critical.Loss of rivets on the wings (key species) is obviously
a more serious threat to flight safety than loss of a few rivets
on the seats or windows inside the plane.
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28. Caused by Population, Urbanisation and
Industrialisation.
The colonisation of tropical Pacific Islands by
human has led to the extinction of more than
2000 species of native birds.
15,500 species are facing the threat all around.
At now 31% gymnosperms, 32%amphibians,
12% bird species and 23% of mammals face
the threat.
LOSS OF BIO-DIVERSITY
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29. Loss of bio-diversity in a region leads to or Effect
of biodiversity loss:
(1) Decrease in plant production.
(2) Less resistance to environmental disturbances
such as droughts.
(3) increases variability in ecosystem processes
like plant productivity, water use, pest and
disease cycles etc.
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For Good books for reference click on the picture
Or else see slide 52
30. Recent extinctions:
The IUCN Red List
(2004) documents the
extinction of 784
species.
Recent extinction
includes:
Dodo (Mauritius).
Quake (Africa)
Thylacine (Australia)
Stiller’s sea cow
(Russia)
Dugong resembling
the steller’s sea cow
32. Since the origin and diversification of life on earth there were five episodes
of mass extinction of species.
The sixth mass Extinctions in progress now.
How the’ sixth Extinction’ is different from the previous five extinctions.
The current extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times faster.
All others are pre-human period, this one is anthropogenic
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33.
34. CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSSES.
The present loss is all due to human activity
(anthropogenic)
There are four major causes (“The Evil Quartet”
is the sobriquet used to describe them) are as
follows:
1. Habitat loss and fragmentation
2. Over-exploitation
3. Alien species invasion
4. Co-extinction
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35. I. HABITAT LOSS AND FRAGMENTATION
• Destruction of habitat is the primary cause of extinction of
species.
• The tropical rainforests initially covered 14% of land but
now only 6%.
• The Amazonian rain forest is called as ‘lungs of the planet‘
is being cut cleared for cultivating soya beans.
• When large sized habitats are broken or fragmented due to
human settlements, buildings of roads, digging of canals
etc.., animals requiring large territories and some animals
with migratory habitats are badly affected.
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36. II. OVER-EXPLOITATION
• When ‘need’ turns to ‘greed’ it leads
to over-exploitation of natural
resources.
• Many species extinctions in the last
500 years (Stiller’s cow, passenger
pigeons) were due to over-
exploitation.
• Many marine fish populations
around the world are over harvested.
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37. •The alien species became
invasive and cause decline or
extinction of indigenous species.
•Nile perch introduced into
Lake Victoria in east Africa led
to extinction of 200 species of
cichlid fish in the lake.
III. ALIEN SPECIES INVASIONS.
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38. •Parthenium, (carrot
grass), Lantana, and
water hyacinth
(Eichornia) posed a
thread to indigenous
species.
•African cat fish
Clarias gariepinus for
aquaculture purposed
is posing a threat to
indigenous catfishes in
our rivers.
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40. IV. CO-EXTINCTIONS
•When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal
species associated with it an obligatory way also become
extinct.
•Extinction of Host species leads to extinction of the
parasite also.
•Co-evolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction
of one invariably lead to the extinction of the other.
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41. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION:
Why should we conserve Biodiversity?
Reason for conservation biodiversity is
grouped into three categories.
1. Narrowly utilitarian.
2. Broadly utilitarian.
3. Ethical
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42. 1. Narrowly utilitarian
•Human derive countless direct economic benefits from
nature like Food (cereals, pulses, fruits), firewood, fiber,
construction material.
•Industrial products (tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins,
perfumes)
•Products of medicinal importance.
•More than 25% of the drugs are derived from plants and
more than 25,000 species of plants are used by natives for
medicine
•Bioprospecting: exploring molecular genetic and species-
level diversity for products of economic importance.
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43. 2. Broadly utilitarian
Biodiversity plays an important role
in maintaining and sustaining supply
of goods and services.
•Amazonian forest along produce
20% of oxygen during
photosynthesis.
•Pollinator layer:
bees, bumblebees, birds and bat that
pollinate the plant without which
seed cannot be produced by plants.
•Aesthetic pleasure we get from the
biodiversity.
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44. 3.Ethical
• There are thousands of
plants, animals and microbes
on this earth which are not
useless.
• Each one has some intrinsic
value even if it is not of any
economic value to us.
• It is therefore our moral duty
to ensure well-being of all the
living creatures for the
utilization.
45. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY /
How do we conserve biodiversity?
There are two basic approaches towards conservation of bio
diversity:
• In situ conservation
• Ex situ conservation
46. I. In situ conservation:
When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its
biodiversity at all level is protected – we save the entire
forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on
site) conservation.
Hot spot in biodiversity is also regions of accelerated habitat
loss.
a) Biosphere reserves: Out of 425 biosphere reserves in the
world, 14 are in India.
Biodiversity hot spot:
regions with very high levels of species richness and high
degree of endemism.(species confined to that region and not
found anywhere else)
There are 34 hot spots in the world, of which three are in
India; namely Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma
and Himalaya.
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47. b) National parks and wildlife sanctuaries: India has 90
nationals parks and 448 wildlife sanctuaries.
c) Sacred groves: These are forest patches which were
venerated and given total protection. It includes a
number of rare, endangered and endemic species. Ex.
Western Ghats, Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya.
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49. II. Ex situ conservation:
Threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural
habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and
given special care.
•Zoological Park, Botanical garden and Wildlife safari.
•Conservation of sperms, eggs, animal cells, tissues and embryos can
be stored for long period by cryopreservation technique (-196o C).
•Plants are propagated by using tissue culture methods called
micropropagation.
•Genetic strains are preserved in seed bank.
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50. Convention on Biodiversity:
•“The earth Summit” held in Rio de Jeneiro in 1992 called
upon all nations to take appropriate measures for
conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of
its benefits.
World Summit on Sustainable development held in 2002
in Johannesburg, South Africa, 190 countries pledged
their commitment to achieve by 2010 a significant
reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global,
regional and local level.
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