Biological diversity' means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY Genetic diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

1. Seminar
on
BIODIVERSITY: AN OVERVIEW
Seminar In charge:-
Dr. Lalji Singh
HoD, Dept. of Forestry,
CoA, Raipur
Speaker:-
Jaimangal Tirkey
M.Sc. Forestry (previous)
dept. of forestry, CoA , Raipur

3. Biodiversity
Bio =
Diversity = Variety

4. • “Biological diversity' means the variability
among living organisms from all sources
including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and
other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they are a
part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.”
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992

5. Genetic diversity
Species Diversity
 Ecosystem Diversity

6.  Includes the differences
in DNA composition
among individuals
within a given species.
 Adaptation to particular
environmental
conditions may weed out
genetic variants that are
not successful.
 But populations benefit
from some genetic
diversity, so as to avoid
inbreeding or disease
epidemics.

7. Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty
species = a particular type of organism; a population or group of
populations whose members share certain characteristics and
can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
› Species diversity = the number or variety of species in a
particular region
› Species richness = number of species
› Evenness, or relative abundance = extent to which numbers of
different species are equal or skewed

8.  Includes diversity above
the species level.
Biologists have viewed
diversity above the
species level in various
ways. Some alternative ways to categorize it
include:
 Community
diversity
 Habitat diversity
 Landscape
diversity

9. Consumptive value:
Food/Drink
Fuel
Medicine
Batter crop varieties
Industrial Material
Non-Consumptive Value:
Recreation
Education and Research
Traditional value
Ecological services:
Balance of nature
Biological productivity
Regulation of climate
Degradation of waste
Cleaning of air and water
Cycling of nutrients
Control of potential pest and
disease causing species
Detoxification of soil and
sediments
Stabilization of land against
erosion
Carbon sequestration and
global climate change
Maintenance of Soil fertility

10.  Hot Spot concept- British ecologist, Norman
Myers (1988)
 Criteria for designating an area as hotspot
(i) richness in endemic species-1500 endemic plant
species,0.5% of global total.
(ii) impact by human activities- must have lost more
than 70% of its original habitat.
 25 major hotspots together represent 1.4 % of the earth's
land area, they contain 44% of all plant species and 35% of
all terrestrial vertebrate species in the world.
 Recently added 9 Hotspot.
 And now 34 hotspot in the world.

11. No of Hotspots in India-3
1. Indo-Burma ( earlier Eastern
Himalayas )
2. Western Ghats and
Sri Lanka.
3. Himalayas.
(Newly added)

14.  It has 7.3% of the global fauna and 10.88% of global flora as per the
data collected by Ministry of Environment and forest.
 It has 350 different mammals, 1200 species of birds- 453 different
reptiles, 182 amphibians and 45,000 plants spices.
 It has 50,000 known species of insects which include 13,000
butterflies and moths.
 It has 10 different bio-geographical regions and 25 biotic provinces
having varieties of lands and species.
 In addition to geographical distribution, geological events in the land
mass provide high level of biological diversity.

15. BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
Thar desert - The climate and vegetation
in this area
is a contrast to the Himalayan region.
Western Ghats - One of the two
biodiversity hotspots in India.
Sunder bans - The largest mangrove
forest in India.
Chilika - This wetland area is protected
under the Ramsar convention.
Himalayas - This majestic range of
mountains is the home of a diverse range
of flora and fauna. Eastern Himalayas is
one of the two biodiversity hotspots in
India.
Source: earthtrends.wri.org

16. Comparative statement of recorded number of animal
species in India and the World
Taxa World India % of India to the world
Protista 31259 2577 8.24
Mollusca 66535 5070 7.62
Arthropoda 987949 68389 6.9
Other Invertebrates 87121 8329 9.56
Protochordata 2106 119 5.65
Pisces 21723 2546 11.72
Amphibia 5150 209 4.06
Reptilia 5817 456 7.84
Aves 9026 1232 13.66
Mamalia 4629 390 8.42
Source: MoEF 2002.

17.  Narrow geographical area
 population
 Natural disasters
 Human Activities and
Loss of Habitat
 Deforestation

18. Pollution
Hunting
Global warming and
climate change
Agriculture
Domino effect

19.  Some 75 per cent of the genetic diversity of crop
plants been lost in the past century.
 Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour
are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year.
 Roughly one-third of the world’s coral reef systems have been
destroyed or highly degraded.
 About 24 per cent of mammals and 12 per cent of bird
species are currently considered to be globally threatened.
 More than 50 per cent of the world’s wetlands have been
drained, and populations of inland water and wetland species
have declined by 50per cent between 1970 and 1999.

20.  Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats-
• In situ conservation
• Ex situ conservation
 Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA
Bank
Gene Bank
zoo
Bandhavgarh National Park

21.  Restoration of Biodiversity
 Imparting Environmental Education
 Enacting, strengthening and enforcing
Environmental Legislation
 Population Control
 Reviewing the agriculture practice
 Controlling Urbanization
 Conservation through Biotechnology

23. Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost
at this rate then in near future, the survival of
human being will be threatened. So, it is our moral
duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our
Environment. Long-term maintenance of species
and their management requires co-operative
efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity
should be dealt with at scale of habitats or
ecosystems rather than at species level.