Solution manual for analysis, synthesis and design of chemical processes, 4th edition jessica w. castillo, richard turton, richard c. bailie, wallace b. whiting, joseph a. shaeiwit sample
Solution manual for analysis, synthesis and design of chemical processes, 4th edition jessica w. castillo, richard turton, richard c. bailie, wallace b. whiting, joseph a. shaeiwit sample
This document discusses crude oil processing and the production of hydrocarbon intermediates. It describes how crude oil is distilled through atmospheric and vacuum distillation to produce simple fractions like naphtha, gas oil, and catalytic cracker gases. These refinery products undergo further processing through thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and steam reforming to produce olefins, diolefins, and aromatics. Key processes mentioned include thermal cracking (steam cracking) to produce ethylene and catalytic reforming to produce BTX aromatics. Delayed coking is also summarized as a thermal cracking process used to upgrade heavy residues into lighter fractions.
Economics of ammonia production from offgasesVK Arora
This document discusses opportunities for producing ammonia from hydrogen-rich off-gas streams from various petrochemical processes. As ethane cracking increases in the US and Middle East, these cracker plants produce large volumes of hydrogen-rich off-gas that can be used to power ammonia plants. Several process options are reviewed for utilizing these off-gases in ammonia production, including PSA, nitrogen wash, and secondary reforming. A case study evaluates the economics of using off-gases from ethane crackers, propane dehydrogenation plants, and methanol plants to power ammonia facilities in the US Gulf Coast and Middle East. Producing ammonia from these off-gases can provide environmental benefits through reduced nitrogen oxide
P & i diagram and tagging philosphy forPrem Baboo
The document discusses Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) which are diagrams used in process industries to show piping, equipment, instrumentation and process flow. It provides details on the components of P&IDs such as abbreviations, instrument symbols and tagging philosophies. It also includes examples of equipment lists and coding systems used for P&IDs.
F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1Rishi Yadav
The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.
The document describes a styrene production plant that uses a two-reactor process to produce styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. A series of distillation columns are then used to separate and purify the styrene, benzene, and toluene products. An economic analysis found that the total capital investment was $27.8 million and the plant would need to sell styrene for $1.003/lb to achieve a 15% rate of return, which is not competitive with larger styrene facilities. Further increasing the scale of the plant by 10 times could potentially make it more competitive.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
The document discusses gas turbines used at an NFL power plant in Vijaipur. It provides details on the models, ratings, and loads of three gas turbine generators (GTGs). It then discusses heavy duty gas turbines from GE in terms of their configurations, frame sizes, speeds, and applications. The rest of the document goes into extensive technical details about the components, workings, inspections, and factors that influence gas turbines, including compressors, combustion systems, turbines, bearings, and more.
This document discusses crude oil processing and the production of hydrocarbon intermediates. It describes how crude oil is distilled through atmospheric and vacuum distillation to produce simple fractions like naphtha, gas oil, and catalytic cracker gases. These refinery products undergo further processing through thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and steam reforming to produce olefins, diolefins, and aromatics. Key processes mentioned include thermal cracking (steam cracking) to produce ethylene and catalytic reforming to produce BTX aromatics. Delayed coking is also summarized as a thermal cracking process used to upgrade heavy residues into lighter fractions.
Economics of ammonia production from offgasesVK Arora
This document discusses opportunities for producing ammonia from hydrogen-rich off-gas streams from various petrochemical processes. As ethane cracking increases in the US and Middle East, these cracker plants produce large volumes of hydrogen-rich off-gas that can be used to power ammonia plants. Several process options are reviewed for utilizing these off-gases in ammonia production, including PSA, nitrogen wash, and secondary reforming. A case study evaluates the economics of using off-gases from ethane crackers, propane dehydrogenation plants, and methanol plants to power ammonia facilities in the US Gulf Coast and Middle East. Producing ammonia from these off-gases can provide environmental benefits through reduced nitrogen oxide
P & i diagram and tagging philosphy forPrem Baboo
The document discusses Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) which are diagrams used in process industries to show piping, equipment, instrumentation and process flow. It provides details on the components of P&IDs such as abbreviations, instrument symbols and tagging philosophies. It also includes examples of equipment lists and coding systems used for P&IDs.
F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1Rishi Yadav
The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.
The document describes a styrene production plant that uses a two-reactor process to produce styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. A series of distillation columns are then used to separate and purify the styrene, benzene, and toluene products. An economic analysis found that the total capital investment was $27.8 million and the plant would need to sell styrene for $1.003/lb to achieve a 15% rate of return, which is not competitive with larger styrene facilities. Further increasing the scale of the plant by 10 times could potentially make it more competitive.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
The document discusses gas turbines used at an NFL power plant in Vijaipur. It provides details on the models, ratings, and loads of three gas turbine generators (GTGs). It then discusses heavy duty gas turbines from GE in terms of their configurations, frame sizes, speeds, and applications. The rest of the document goes into extensive technical details about the components, workings, inspections, and factors that influence gas turbines, including compressors, combustion systems, turbines, bearings, and more.
The document discusses various technologies for producing ethylbenzene and styrene including liquid-phase zeolite-catalyzed and aluminum chloride processes for ethylbenzene production and catalytic dehydrogenation for styrene. It also covers developing technologies like a process using ethane and benzene and Exelus' process using methanol and toluene. The document provides economic analyses of different production routes and supply/demand forecasts for various regions.
The document describes the process for manufacturing ethanol from molasses. Key steps include:
1) Molasses from sugar industries is stored and diluted in storage and dilution tanks.
2) Yeast is cultivated and stored to ferment the molasses into an 8-10% alcohol solution.
3) Distillation processes including beer stills, aldehyde stills, rectifying columns, and anhydrous stills are used to separate and purify the ethanol into 95% and 100% concentrations.
4) Products include ethanol for industrial use, portable ethanol, and denatured ethanol for fuel. Heat integration and energy recovery are important to the efficiency of the process.
This document describes a system for on-site hydrogen production and its use in an internal combustion engine. The system generates hydrogen through the reaction of aluminum and water with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The hydrogen is then filtered, stored, and supplied to a modified internal combustion engine. An alternator coupled to the engine can power loads and a dosing pump to continuously supply reactants to the reaction chamber for on-demand hydrogen production. The system aims to provide a safe and portable way to generate power using hydrogen without high-pressure storage.
04 petrochemical precursor ethylene and propyleneNaveen Choudhary
Petrochemical precursors like ethylene and propylene are important building blocks that are derived from petroleum and natural gas. Ethylene and propylene are two of the most important olefins and are primarily produced through steam cracking of hydrocarbons in oil refineries. Steam cracking involves heating hydrocarbon feeds in the presence of steam to high temperatures to produce olefins and other petrochemicals through pyrolysis. Ethylene and propylene go on to form the backbone of many useful products like plastics, solvents, and fibers through further processing.
This document presents a process design for producing ethanol from sugarcane at a plant in Louisiana. It includes mass and energy balances for the four main processes: milling, juice clarification, fermentation, and distillation. The total equipment cost is $21 million and the projected revenue is $145 million per year. A cash flow analysis over 20 years using a 7% discount rate yields a positive net present value of $60 million.
This document provides information about engine and emission control systems, including specifications, diagrams, component locations, and inspection procedures. It covers the crankcase emission control system, evaporative emission control system, exhaust gas recirculation system, and catalytic converter. Check procedures are described for the accelerator cable, positive crankcase ventilation system, purge control system, and exhaust gas recirculation valve. Specifications and diagrams are provided for reference.
The document summarizes a senior capstone design project for LyondellBasell involving improvements to an existing distillation column and condenser system. A team of 4 chemical engineering students was tasked with increasing the purity of ethylene in the overhead stream and propylene in the bottom stream. Their proposed design involved adding 10 feet of packing to the distillation column and replacing the existing stab-in condenser with a new overhead condenser. The team performed mass balances, determined the minimum number of stages and reflux ratio, and designed the new condenser. An economic analysis found the project would have a positive NPV of $700K and IRR of 38%, indicating the savings from improved reliability would outweigh the costs
This document provides a process description and material and energy balance for producing vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from ethylene and chloride. The process involves three main sections: producing ethylene dichloride (EDC) through direct chlorination or oxychlorination, distilling the EDC, and cracking the EDC to produce VCM. Mass and energy balances were developed to size major equipment and estimate capital and operating costs. The overall annual operating cost to produce 150,000 lb/hr of VCM was estimated to be nearly $2 billion. Safety considerations are also discussed.
The document proposes a plant to produce 150 million kg/year of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through the oxidative carbonylation of methanol with carbon monoxide and oxygen. Technical and economic analyses were conducted assuming a 2-year construction period and 10-year operating time. Key findings include:
1) A single slurry reactor operating at 40 bar and 130°C coupled with distillation columns and a vapor recovery system can produce 99.8% pure DMC at a rate of 4.96 kg/s.
2) Economic analysis using a 12% enterprise rate estimates a $54 million total capital investment, $54 million net present value, 33% return on investment before taxes, and 12.5
The alkylation process combines light iso-paraffins like isobutane with C3-C4 olefins in the presence of a strong acid catalyst like sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid. This produces a high-octane gasoline blending component called alkylate. Alkylation takes place at low temperatures and pressures and produces no aromatics or olefins. Key factors that affect the process include olefin type, isobutane concentration, acid strength, temperature, and space velocity. The goal is to maximize high-octane alkylate production while minimizing undesirable side products and acid consumption.
Radiators are used to cool internal combustion engines by circulating a liquid coolant through the engine and radiator. The radiator consists of tubes surrounded by fins that transfer heat from the coolant to the air. Oil coolers also help control engine oil and transmission oil temperatures. Heater cores use hot coolant to provide heat to the vehicle interior. Air conditioning systems include an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve to cool and dehumidify air inside the vehicle.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
Gasoline is produced from petroleum through fractional distillation and additional chemical processes. Crude oil is fractionally distilled in a refinery to separate it into hydrocarbon fractions with different boiling points, including gasoline. Further cracking and reforming processes convert heavier hydrocarbons into lighter ones to increase the gasoline yield. Finished gasoline is blended with additives and has specifications like octane rating. Gasoline is the fuel used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines, where it is ignited to produce motion, power and heat through a four-stroke cycle.
This document describes a process for preparing polymers or resinous oils from selected steam cracked distillate streams. Specifically, it involves:
1) Distilling the C5 fraction from a steam cracked naphtha stream and thermally treating it to dimerize cyclopentadiene, then separating the dimers.
2) Polymerizing the remaining distillate fraction using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride or boron fluoride at temperatures from -200°F to 150°F to produce resinous oils or resins.
3) The resulting products can be used in paints, varnishes, printing inks, or further modified.
The UVB-1- bitumen unit is designed for the production of anionic and cationic bitumen emulsions, which are used in road construction for the following purposes:
- tack-coating of the old road pavement base before laying new asphalt
concrete;
- preparation of cold asphalt concrete mixes;
- surface treatment of pavements;
- thin protective coatings;
- road top patching;
- dampproofing of buildings and structures;
- soft roofs construction and repairing.
This document discusses the production of styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Key points include:
- Ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene over a potassium promoted iron oxide catalyst at 600°C with steam.
- The main byproducts are toluene and benzene, formed via dealkylation and hydrodealkylation reactions.
- Styrene production facilities include reactors, distillation columns, vessels, pumps and heat exchangers to carry out the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction and separate/purify the products.
- Safety measures like monitoring air quality and educating employees on spill response are important due to styrene's flammable and toxic
This document discusses trends in olefin plant design towards larger capacities. It notes that olefin plant capacities have doubled over the past 15 years to 130 MMtpy currently. Key equipment like cracking furnaces and compressors are also increasing in size to support projected future plant capacities of 1.5-2 MMtpy. Larger equipment presents challenges but also opportunities for improved efficiency. The document provides details on design advances for cracking furnaces now able to process 190 Mtpy and compressor trains able to handle over 700,000 m3/hr of gas flow.
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
This document provides steps for starting up a urea production plant using the Saipem process. It describes conducting sealing tests, purging sections with nitrogen, heating equipment, charging ammonia, and feeding ammonia and carbon dioxide into the reactor while monitoring pressures and temperatures. The goal is to reach stable operating conditions for urea production. Diagrams are included to illustrate the reactor, separators, decomposers, and other key equipment involved in the startup process.
GlobeCore Bitumen Emulsion Plant UVB 8 is especially designed to fulfil the requirements of a specialized road contractor or road and waterproof materials producer for manufacturing volumes of cationic and anionic bitumen emulsion. UVB 8 is available with latex injection unit. Latex makes road and waterproof materials more flexible at low temperatures and resistant to softening in warm conditions.
The document discusses various technologies for producing ethylbenzene and styrene including liquid-phase zeolite-catalyzed and aluminum chloride processes for ethylbenzene production and catalytic dehydrogenation for styrene. It also covers developing technologies like a process using ethane and benzene and Exelus' process using methanol and toluene. The document provides economic analyses of different production routes and supply/demand forecasts for various regions.
The document describes the process for manufacturing ethanol from molasses. Key steps include:
1) Molasses from sugar industries is stored and diluted in storage and dilution tanks.
2) Yeast is cultivated and stored to ferment the molasses into an 8-10% alcohol solution.
3) Distillation processes including beer stills, aldehyde stills, rectifying columns, and anhydrous stills are used to separate and purify the ethanol into 95% and 100% concentrations.
4) Products include ethanol for industrial use, portable ethanol, and denatured ethanol for fuel. Heat integration and energy recovery are important to the efficiency of the process.
This document describes a system for on-site hydrogen production and its use in an internal combustion engine. The system generates hydrogen through the reaction of aluminum and water with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The hydrogen is then filtered, stored, and supplied to a modified internal combustion engine. An alternator coupled to the engine can power loads and a dosing pump to continuously supply reactants to the reaction chamber for on-demand hydrogen production. The system aims to provide a safe and portable way to generate power using hydrogen without high-pressure storage.
04 petrochemical precursor ethylene and propyleneNaveen Choudhary
Petrochemical precursors like ethylene and propylene are important building blocks that are derived from petroleum and natural gas. Ethylene and propylene are two of the most important olefins and are primarily produced through steam cracking of hydrocarbons in oil refineries. Steam cracking involves heating hydrocarbon feeds in the presence of steam to high temperatures to produce olefins and other petrochemicals through pyrolysis. Ethylene and propylene go on to form the backbone of many useful products like plastics, solvents, and fibers through further processing.
This document presents a process design for producing ethanol from sugarcane at a plant in Louisiana. It includes mass and energy balances for the four main processes: milling, juice clarification, fermentation, and distillation. The total equipment cost is $21 million and the projected revenue is $145 million per year. A cash flow analysis over 20 years using a 7% discount rate yields a positive net present value of $60 million.
This document provides information about engine and emission control systems, including specifications, diagrams, component locations, and inspection procedures. It covers the crankcase emission control system, evaporative emission control system, exhaust gas recirculation system, and catalytic converter. Check procedures are described for the accelerator cable, positive crankcase ventilation system, purge control system, and exhaust gas recirculation valve. Specifications and diagrams are provided for reference.
The document summarizes a senior capstone design project for LyondellBasell involving improvements to an existing distillation column and condenser system. A team of 4 chemical engineering students was tasked with increasing the purity of ethylene in the overhead stream and propylene in the bottom stream. Their proposed design involved adding 10 feet of packing to the distillation column and replacing the existing stab-in condenser with a new overhead condenser. The team performed mass balances, determined the minimum number of stages and reflux ratio, and designed the new condenser. An economic analysis found the project would have a positive NPV of $700K and IRR of 38%, indicating the savings from improved reliability would outweigh the costs
This document provides a process description and material and energy balance for producing vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from ethylene and chloride. The process involves three main sections: producing ethylene dichloride (EDC) through direct chlorination or oxychlorination, distilling the EDC, and cracking the EDC to produce VCM. Mass and energy balances were developed to size major equipment and estimate capital and operating costs. The overall annual operating cost to produce 150,000 lb/hr of VCM was estimated to be nearly $2 billion. Safety considerations are also discussed.
The document proposes a plant to produce 150 million kg/year of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through the oxidative carbonylation of methanol with carbon monoxide and oxygen. Technical and economic analyses were conducted assuming a 2-year construction period and 10-year operating time. Key findings include:
1) A single slurry reactor operating at 40 bar and 130°C coupled with distillation columns and a vapor recovery system can produce 99.8% pure DMC at a rate of 4.96 kg/s.
2) Economic analysis using a 12% enterprise rate estimates a $54 million total capital investment, $54 million net present value, 33% return on investment before taxes, and 12.5
The alkylation process combines light iso-paraffins like isobutane with C3-C4 olefins in the presence of a strong acid catalyst like sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid. This produces a high-octane gasoline blending component called alkylate. Alkylation takes place at low temperatures and pressures and produces no aromatics or olefins. Key factors that affect the process include olefin type, isobutane concentration, acid strength, temperature, and space velocity. The goal is to maximize high-octane alkylate production while minimizing undesirable side products and acid consumption.
Radiators are used to cool internal combustion engines by circulating a liquid coolant through the engine and radiator. The radiator consists of tubes surrounded by fins that transfer heat from the coolant to the air. Oil coolers also help control engine oil and transmission oil temperatures. Heater cores use hot coolant to provide heat to the vehicle interior. Air conditioning systems include an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve to cool and dehumidify air inside the vehicle.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
Gasoline is produced from petroleum through fractional distillation and additional chemical processes. Crude oil is fractionally distilled in a refinery to separate it into hydrocarbon fractions with different boiling points, including gasoline. Further cracking and reforming processes convert heavier hydrocarbons into lighter ones to increase the gasoline yield. Finished gasoline is blended with additives and has specifications like octane rating. Gasoline is the fuel used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines, where it is ignited to produce motion, power and heat through a four-stroke cycle.
This document describes a process for preparing polymers or resinous oils from selected steam cracked distillate streams. Specifically, it involves:
1) Distilling the C5 fraction from a steam cracked naphtha stream and thermally treating it to dimerize cyclopentadiene, then separating the dimers.
2) Polymerizing the remaining distillate fraction using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride or boron fluoride at temperatures from -200°F to 150°F to produce resinous oils or resins.
3) The resulting products can be used in paints, varnishes, printing inks, or further modified.
The UVB-1- bitumen unit is designed for the production of anionic and cationic bitumen emulsions, which are used in road construction for the following purposes:
- tack-coating of the old road pavement base before laying new asphalt
concrete;
- preparation of cold asphalt concrete mixes;
- surface treatment of pavements;
- thin protective coatings;
- road top patching;
- dampproofing of buildings and structures;
- soft roofs construction and repairing.
This document discusses the production of styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Key points include:
- Ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene over a potassium promoted iron oxide catalyst at 600°C with steam.
- The main byproducts are toluene and benzene, formed via dealkylation and hydrodealkylation reactions.
- Styrene production facilities include reactors, distillation columns, vessels, pumps and heat exchangers to carry out the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction and separate/purify the products.
- Safety measures like monitoring air quality and educating employees on spill response are important due to styrene's flammable and toxic
This document discusses trends in olefin plant design towards larger capacities. It notes that olefin plant capacities have doubled over the past 15 years to 130 MMtpy currently. Key equipment like cracking furnaces and compressors are also increasing in size to support projected future plant capacities of 1.5-2 MMtpy. Larger equipment presents challenges but also opportunities for improved efficiency. The document provides details on design advances for cracking furnaces now able to process 190 Mtpy and compressor trains able to handle over 700,000 m3/hr of gas flow.
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
This document provides steps for starting up a urea production plant using the Saipem process. It describes conducting sealing tests, purging sections with nitrogen, heating equipment, charging ammonia, and feeding ammonia and carbon dioxide into the reactor while monitoring pressures and temperatures. The goal is to reach stable operating conditions for urea production. Diagrams are included to illustrate the reactor, separators, decomposers, and other key equipment involved in the startup process.
GlobeCore Bitumen Emulsion Plant UVB 8 is especially designed to fulfil the requirements of a specialized road contractor or road and waterproof materials producer for manufacturing volumes of cationic and anionic bitumen emulsion. UVB 8 is available with latex injection unit. Latex makes road and waterproof materials more flexible at low temperatures and resistant to softening in warm conditions.
Structural dynamics theory and applications samplezammok
This single sentence document provides a link to a website where full solution manuals can be purchased. It directs readers to http://solutionmanuals.info to purchase solution manuals for their course materials and textbooks.
Solution manual for mechanics of materials 10th edition hibbeler samplezammok
The document describes a problem involving two hemispherical shells that are pressed together.
1) The required torque to initiate rotation between the shells is 18.2 kip-ft due to overcoming friction.
2) The required vertical force to just pull the shells apart is 18.1 kip in order to overcome the normal force between the shells.
3) The document calculates the normal pressure, friction force, required torque, and required vertical force in detail.
This document contains three problems related to transport phenomena:
1. Determining velocity components for a 2D steady flow given one velocity, and conditions for irrotational and satisfying Navier-Stokes equations.
2. Calculating the steady-state interface height of a liquid in a rotating container, assuming rigid body rotation and neglecting surface tension.
3. Analyzing start-up flow between a suddenly moving flat plate and initially stationary fluid, reducing the Navier-Stokes equation to ordinary differential equation and solving for velocity profile over time.
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe, where it became popular in drinks and confections. The document also notes that modern chocolate production methods were established in the 19th century to allow chocolate to be consumed on a larger scale.
This document discusses various topics related to inventory management including the four types of inventory, ABC classification, economic order quantity (EOQ) model assumptions and calculations, reorder points, cycle counting benefits, and setting appropriate service levels for medical supplies. Key points are:
1) The four types of inventory are raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods, and maintenance, repair, and operating supplies.
2) The ABC classification scheme remains useful for identifying important inventory items despite lower computing costs, as data acquisition costs have not decreased significantly.
3) The EOQ model calculates the optimal order quantity to minimize total inventory costs based on demand, ordering costs, and carrying costs.
4) Cycle counting provides benefits
Similar to Solution manual for analysis, synthesis and design of chemical processes, 4th edition jessica w. castillo, richard turton, richard c. bailie, wallace b. whiting, joseph a. shaeiwit sample
The hydrodealkylation process involves mixing fresh toluene with recycled toluene and hydrogen gas before preheating and introducing the mixture into a heated reactor. The product from the reactor is cooled and separated into hydrogen gas and a liquid stream. The liquid stream is distilled to purify benzene, with unreacted components and byproducts removed. The purified benzene is cooled and stored as the final product, while recycled hydrogen and fuel gases are compressed and returned to the feed.
This document presents the design project for producing styrene. It includes chapters on the introduction and uses of styrene, feasibility study, process selection, process description and equipment list, site considerations, and mass and energy balances. The key points are:
- Styrene is produced via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using steam over a catalyst bed reactor. It is then separated using distillation columns.
- The major markets for styrene are polystyrene, ABS, and unsaturated polyester resins. Asia accounts for over half of global styrene demand.
- Dehydrogenation was selected over alkylation due to lower energy demands and capital costs, though it has a lower conversion rate.
This document provides details for a design project to produce acetone via a process involving isopropanol. The key steps are:
1) Isopropanol feed is heated, vaporized, and reacted in a reactor to produce acetone.
2) The reactor effluent is cooled and separated, with hydrogen as a light gas and remaining components (acetone, isopropanol, water) separating according to vapor pressure.
3) Some acetone is recovered from the vapor stream by absorption, while the liquid stream is distilled to produce pure acetone and waste water, with economic and design specifications provided.
4) Students are tasked with developing an optimal process design using the specified equipment and costs, with
The document summarizes the installation of an S-50 ammonia synthesis converter and waste heat boiler downstream of an existing S-200 converter at an ammonia plant. This is done as part of an energy savings project and is expected to increase conversion per pass by 35.5% compared to 28.3% for the S-200 alone, as well as increase steam generation. The installation included placing the S-50 converter foundation, loading it with catalyst, connecting it via insulated pipelines to the existing system, and commissioning it along with instrumentation and controls. The result is higher efficiency ammonia production and energy recovery from waste heat.
This document provides details for a design project involving the production of acetone. Students are tasked with designing a process to produce 15,000 metric tons per year of acetone via the reaction of isopropanol. The document outlines the process details including feed streams, equipment, costs, and economic analysis. It also specifies the deliverables which include a written report with process flow diagram and stream table, as well as an oral presentation.
Thermodynamics chapter:7 Some Power and Refrigerator Cycle Ashok giri
This document discusses power and refrigeration cycles. It provides classifications of cycles based on whether they produce or absorb work, the working fluid used, and the type of heat supplied. The key components of cycles are identified as the heat source, heat sink, and working fluid. The Brayton cycle is described as a gas turbine cycle consisting of constant pressure heat addition and rejection processes separated by isentropic compression and expansion. Expressions for the efficiency of the Brayton cycle are provided. Internal combustion cycles like the Otto and Diesel cycles are discussed as idealized air-standard cycles with assumptions made about the working fluid. The four processes and efficiency equations for the Otto and Diesel cycles are summarized.
ethanol production from molasses is analysed with AspenSNSEnerji
The document describes a simulation of ethanol production from molasses using Aspen Plus. Ethanol is produced via fermentation of sugars from molasses into ethanol and CO2. The simulation models this process using a fermentation reactor followed by distillation columns to separate and purify the ethanol. Key results from the simulation include the reactor outputs, product compositions from distillation, and effects of temperature on conversion. The simulation provides a close approximation of an actual ethanol production process to analyze process parameters and identify opportunities to increase yield and reduce costs.
1) Naphtha steam cracking is the most important process for producing butenes on an industrial scale.
2) Butadiene is more stable than other C4 compounds under high cracking severity conditions, so its yield increases with severity while total C4 and butenes decrease.
3) Separation of butenes is challenging due to their similar boiling points, and is accomplished through extractive distillation or chemical reactions followed by distillation.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle steam power plant. It describes lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to high temperatures using reheat, increasing the boiler pressure, implementing an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heaters, using closed feedwater heaters, and utilizing cogeneration to make use of waste heat. The key methods discussed are lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, and implementing regenerative feedwater heating to improve the average heat addition and cycle efficiency.
This document summarizes a study on using extractive distillation with calcium chloride to produce hyperazeotropic ethanol from dilute fermented biomass solutions. The process involves a two-stage distillation column, with the top section using calcium chloride to remove the ethanol-water azeotrope. Experimental results from a laboratory column confirmed the viability of the process and the accuracy of the mathematical model. The goal is to reduce the energy requirement compared to conventional processes from 2000 kcal/kg to around 1200 kcal/kg of anhydrous ethanol produced. Further experiments will test using mixtures of salts that can be recycled from the bottom of the column back to fermentation.
Mechanical Maintenance Department-Balance of Power, Adani PowerNemish Kanwar
This document provides an overview of the mechanical maintenance department's balance of plant systems at a power plant. It describes the various systems including the boiler, fuel oil systems, cooling water system, and compressed air system. The boiler section describes the boiler's design and working, including its two passes, partitions, superheaters, and role in heating water to produce supercritical fluid to power the turbine. The fuel oil system provides auxiliary ignition energy to initially fire the boiler before it can sustain combustion from coal alone. The cooling water system circulates water to condense turbine exhaust and cool motor windings.
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The document summarizes the key components and processes of a thermal power plant. It describes how coal is pulverized and mixed with preheated air before being combusted in the boiler to generate steam. The steam then powers turbines which drive generators to produce electricity. After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed back into water in the condenser and deaerator before being pumped back into the boiler via various heat exchangers like the economizer to improve efficiency. The plant has 8 generating units with a total capacity of 1360 MW constructed in 4 stages.
Gas turbines have three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air compressor increases the pressure of air that is mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber and ignited. This powers the turbine, which can generate mechanical power or thrust. There are two main types - open cycle gas turbines that exhaust air to the atmosphere, and closed cycle gas turbines that recirculate the working fluid through a cooler before returning it to the compressor. Methods to improve gas turbine efficiency include intercooling the compressed air between compression stages, reheating the gas before a secondary expansion turbine, and regenerating heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming compressed air.
The document describes the key units and processes within the Naphtha Cracker Unit (NCU) of Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. The NCU cracks naphtha to produce ethylene, propylene, and other hydrocarbons. It has several distillation columns that separate the hydrocarbon components, including demethanizer, deethanizer, depropanizer, debutanizer and associated fractionators. The goal is to produce purified ethylene, propylene and other products for downstream polymer production.
Coal heated at high temperatures produces coke and coke oven gas, which contains benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). Extractive distillation technology uses solvents and multiple distillation columns to separate BTX from the coke oven gas into pure liquid forms. The process involves pressure distillation, extractive distillation using the solvent N-formylmoropholine, solvent recovery, aromatic stripping, and benzene-toluene separation columns to efficiently extract BTX for use in other industries.
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here i have cover below topics
1. introduction
2. Components In Gas Turbine
3. Gas Turbine Working
4. Air Standard Cycle
5. Brayton Cycle
6. Brayton Cycle history
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Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants
Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems
Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems
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Solution manual for analysis, synthesis and design of chemical processes, 4th edition jessica w. castillo, richard turton, richard c. bailie, wallace b. whiting, joseph a. shaeiwit sample
1. Chapter 5
5.1 For ethylbenzene process in Figure B.2.1
Feeds: benzene, ethylene
Products: ethylbenzene, fuel gas (by-product)
5.2 For styrene process in Figure B.3.1
Feeds: ethylbenzene, steam
Products: styrene, benzene/toluene (by-products), hydrogen (by-product), wastewater
(waste stream)
5.3 For drying oil process in Figure B.4.1
Feeds: acetylated castor oil
Products: acetic acid (by-product), drying oil, gum (waste stream)
5.4 For maleic anhydride process in Figure B.5.1
Feeds: benzene, air (note that dibutyl phthalate is not a feed stream)
Products: raw maleic anhydride (Stream 13), off gas (waste stream)
5.5 For ethylene oxide process in Figure B.6.1
Feeds: ethylene, air, process water
Products: fuel gas (by-product), light gases (waste stream), ethylene oxide, waste water
(waste stream)
5.6 For formalin process in Figure B.7.1
Feeds: methanol, air, deionized water
Products: off-gas (waste - must be purified to use as a fuel gas), formalin
5.7 The main recycle streams for the styrene process in Figure B.3.1 are:
ethylbenzene recycle (Stream 29) , reflux streams to T-401 and T-402
5.8 The main recycle streams for the drying oil process in Figure B.4.1 are:
acetylated castor oil (Stream 14) , reflux streams to T-501 and T-502
5-1
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2. 5.9 The main recycle streams for the maleic anhydride process in Figure B.5.1 are:
Dibutyl phthalate (Stream 14), circulating molten salt loop (Steam 15 and 16), and reflux
to T-601 and T-602
5.10 Process description for ethylbenzene process in Figure B.2.1
Raw benzene (Stream 1), containing approximately 2% toluene, is supplied to the
Benzene Feed Drum, V-301, from storage. Raw benzene and recycled benzene mix in
the feed drum and then are pumped by the benzene feed pump, P-301A/B, to the feed
heater, H-301, where the benzene is vaporized and heated to 400C. The vaporized
benzene is mixed with feed ethylene (containing 7 mol% ethane) to produce a stream at
383C that is fed to the first of three reactors in series, R-301. The effluent from this
reactor, depleted of ethylene, is mixed with additional feed ethylene and cooled in
Reactor Intercooler, E-301, that raises high pressure steam. The cooled stream at 380C is
then fed to the second reactor, R-302, where further reaction takes place. The effluent
from this reactor is mixed again with fresh ethylene feed and cooled to 380C in Reactor
Intercooler, E-302, where more high pressure steam is generated. The cooled stream,
Stream 11, is fed to the third reactor, R-303. The effluent from R-303, containing
significant amounts of unreacted benzene, Steam 12, is mixed with a recycle stream,
Stream 13, and then fed to three heat exchangers, E-303 – 305, where the stream is
cooled. The energy extracted from the stream is used to generate high- and low-pressure
steam in E-303 and E-304, respectively. The final heat exchanger, E-305, cools the
stream to 80C using cooling water.
The cooled reactor effluent is then throttled down to a pressure of 110 kPa and sent to the
Liquid Vapor Separator, V-302, where the vapor product is taken off and sent to the fuel
gas header and the liquid stream is sent to column, T-301. The top product from T-301
consists of purified benzene that is recycled back to the benzene feed drum. The bottom
product containing the ethylbenzene product plus diethylbenzene formed in an unwanted
side reaction is fed to a second column, T-302. The top product from this column
contains the 99.8 mol% ethylbenzene product. The bottom stream contains
diethylbenzne and small amounts of ethylbenzene. This stream is recycled back through
the feed heater, H-301, and is mixed with a small amount of recycled benzene to produce
a stream at 500C that is fed to a fourth reactor, R-304. This reactor converts the
diethylbenzene back into ethylbenzene. The effluent from this reactor, Stream 13, is
mixed with the effluent from reactor R-303.
5-2
3. 5.11 Process description of drying oil process in Figure B.4.1
Acetylated castor oil (ACO) is fed to the Recycle Mixing Vessel, V-501, where it is
mixed with recycled ACO. This mixture is then pumped via P-501A/B to the Feed Fired
Heater, H-501, where the temperature is raised to 380C. The hot liquid stream, Stream
4, leaving the heater is then fed to the Drying Oil Reactor, R-501, that contains inert
packing. The reactor provides residence time for the cracking reaction to take place. The
two-phase mixture leaving the reactor is cooled in the Reactor Effluent Cooler, E-501,
where low-pressure steam is generated. The liquid stream leaving the exchanger is at a
temperature of 175C and is passed through one of two filter vessels, V-502A/B, that
removes any gum produced in the reactor. The filtered liquid, Stream 7, then flows to
the ACO Recycle Tower, T-501. The bottom product from this tower contains purified
ACO that is cooled in the Recycle Cooler, E-506, that raises low-pressure steam. This
stream is then pumped via P-504A/B back to V-501 where it is mixed with fresh ACO.
The overhead stream, Stream 9, from T-501 contains the drying oil and acetic acid
produced from the cracking of ACO. This stream is fed to the Drying Oil Tower, T-502,
where the ACO is taken as the bottom product and the acetic acid is taken as the top
product. Both the acetic acid, Stream 11, and the ACO, Stream 12, are cooled (not shown
in Figure B.4.1) and sent to storage.
5-3
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4. 5.12 Process description for ethylene oxide process in Figure B.6.1
Ethylene oxide (EO) is formed via the highly exothermic catalytic oxidation of ethylene
using air. Feed air is compressed to a pressure of approximately 27 atm using a three
stage centrifugal compressor, C-701-3, with intercoolers, E-701 and E-702. The
compressed air stream is mixed with ethylene feed and the resulting stream, Stream 10, is
further heated to a reaction temperature of 240C in the Reactor Preheater, E-703. The
reactor feed stream is then fed to the first of two reactors, R-701. The feed passes
through a bank of catalyst filled tubes submerged in boiler feed water. The resulting
exothermic reaction causes the boiler feed water (bfw) to vaporize and the pressure is
maintained in the shell of the reactor to enable the production of medium pressure steam.
Combustion of the ethylene and ethylene oxide also occur in the reactor. The reactor
effluent is cooled in E-704 and is then recompressed to 30.15 bar in C-704 prior to being
sent to the EO Absorber, T-701. The EO in the feed stream to the absorber, Stream 14, is
scrubbed using water and the bottom product is sent to the EO column, T-703, for
purification. The overhead stream from the absorber is heated back to 240C prior to
being fed to a second EO reactor, R-702 that performs the same function as R-701. The
effluent from this reactor is cooled and compressed and sent to a second EO absorber, T-
702, where the EO is scrubbed using water. The bottom product from this absorber is
combined with the bottom product from the first absorber and the combined stream,
Stream 29, is further cooled and throttled prior to being fed to the EO column, T-703.
The overhead product from the second absorber is split with a purge stream being sent to
fuel gas/incineration and the remainder being recycled to recover unused ethylene.
The EO column separates the EO as a top product with waste water as the bottom
product. The latter stream is sent off-site to water treatment while the EO product is sent
to product storage. A small amount of non-condensables are present as dissolved gases in
the feed and these accumulate in the overhead reflux drum, V-701, from where they are
vented as an off gas.
5-4
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