The document describes the process for manufacturing ethanol from molasses. Key steps include:
1) Molasses from sugar industries is stored and diluted in storage and dilution tanks.
2) Yeast is cultivated and stored to ferment the molasses into an 8-10% alcohol solution.
3) Distillation processes including beer stills, aldehyde stills, rectifying columns, and anhydrous stills are used to separate and purify the ethanol into 95% and 100% concentrations.
4) Products include ethanol for industrial use, portable ethanol, and denatured ethanol for fuel. Heat integration and energy recovery are important to the efficiency of the process.
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Propylene Production by Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH)Amir Razmi
In this article a description about different processes which are commercialized to produce propylene via Propane dehydrogenation were presented.
To receive more reports about cost estimation analysis and other reports (about the propylene and PDH ) contact the author.
Our Vision !!
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Propylene Production by Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH)Amir Razmi
In this article a description about different processes which are commercialized to produce propylene via Propane dehydrogenation were presented.
To receive more reports about cost estimation analysis and other reports (about the propylene and PDH ) contact the author.
In this presentation I'm explaining about the production and processing of Ethanol from agricultural wastes and usage of ethanol as a fuel for engines. Also explained about the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol process and an detailed explanation about ethanol process.
Chemistry O level Syllabus:
Chapter on AMMONIA
Prepared by: Faiz Abdullah
Please download to access the many animations in the powerpoint slides.
If you cannot download, please comment below.
If you want more slides on O level, AS level and A level or would like me to custom made it for u, please contact me via the following platforms:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
Facebook: faiz abdullah (see picture)
Twitter: @fazzydoo
Contact me at +6738239386, Brunei line
Thanks
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/petroleum-refining/
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the Petroleum Refining. We take a look to the Oil&Gas Industry briefly and continue directly with the Refining Process. We then make a focus in each individual unit operation in the refinery.
Learn about:
* Oil& Gas Industry
* Difference between Petroleum Refining vs. Petrochemical Industry
* Overview of the most important operations and products
* Market insight (supply/demand) as well as (production/consumption)
* Several Petroleum Refineries around the World
Unit Operations & Processes
* Refining and Fractionation
* Atmospheric Distillation Column
* Vacuum Distillation
* Hydrotreating (Hydrogenation)
* Blending
* Reforming
* Isomerization
* Alkylation
* Steam Cracking
* Fluid Catalytic Cracking
* Gas Sweetening (Hydrodesulfurization)
* Coking
Components:
* Fuel Gas / Natural Gas
* Liquified Petroleum Gases (LPG)
* Propane, Butane
* Sulfur / Hydrogen Sulfide
* Gasoline / Automotive Gas Oil
* Naphtha Cuts (Light/Heavy)
* Kerosene
* Diesel
* Gasoil
* Lubricants
* Vacuum Residues
* Asphalt
* Coke
NOTE: This course is focused for Process Simulation
At the end of the course you will feel confident in the Petroleum Refining Industry. You will know the most common Process & Unit Operations as well as their distribution, production and importance in daily life.
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
In this presentation I'm explaining about the production and processing of Ethanol from agricultural wastes and usage of ethanol as a fuel for engines. Also explained about the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol process and an detailed explanation about ethanol process.
Chemistry O level Syllabus:
Chapter on AMMONIA
Prepared by: Faiz Abdullah
Please download to access the many animations in the powerpoint slides.
If you cannot download, please comment below.
If you want more slides on O level, AS level and A level or would like me to custom made it for u, please contact me via the following platforms:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
Facebook: faiz abdullah (see picture)
Twitter: @fazzydoo
Contact me at +6738239386, Brunei line
Thanks
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/petroleum-refining/
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the Petroleum Refining. We take a look to the Oil&Gas Industry briefly and continue directly with the Refining Process. We then make a focus in each individual unit operation in the refinery.
Learn about:
* Oil& Gas Industry
* Difference between Petroleum Refining vs. Petrochemical Industry
* Overview of the most important operations and products
* Market insight (supply/demand) as well as (production/consumption)
* Several Petroleum Refineries around the World
Unit Operations & Processes
* Refining and Fractionation
* Atmospheric Distillation Column
* Vacuum Distillation
* Hydrotreating (Hydrogenation)
* Blending
* Reforming
* Isomerization
* Alkylation
* Steam Cracking
* Fluid Catalytic Cracking
* Gas Sweetening (Hydrodesulfurization)
* Coking
Components:
* Fuel Gas / Natural Gas
* Liquified Petroleum Gases (LPG)
* Propane, Butane
* Sulfur / Hydrogen Sulfide
* Gasoline / Automotive Gas Oil
* Naphtha Cuts (Light/Heavy)
* Kerosene
* Diesel
* Gasoil
* Lubricants
* Vacuum Residues
* Asphalt
* Coke
NOTE: This course is focused for Process Simulation
At the end of the course you will feel confident in the Petroleum Refining Industry. You will know the most common Process & Unit Operations as well as their distribution, production and importance in daily life.
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-2
PREPARATION OF THE ALCOHOL.
Ethanol is commercially produced using a process called fermentation. Many other alcohols can be made this way, but are more likely to be produced by synthetic routes - from natural gas, oil or coal.
Fermentation is the process in which yeast breaks down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast is tiny. The process does not need oxygen, hence it is the form of anaerobic respiration.
These are two types of fermentation
a) Alcoholic fermentation – producing alcohol
b) Lactic acid fermentation – producing lactic acid
Alcoholic fermentation, also referred to as, Ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
Lec 4
1. NPTEL – Chemical – Chemical Technology II
Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 20 of 40
Lecture 29.Manufacture of Ethanol from Molasses
29.1 Introduction
Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, clear, colourless liquid. Ethanol is a good
solvent. It is also used as a germicide, beverage, antifreeze, fuel, depressant
and chemical intermediate. It can be made by the fermentation process of
material that contains sugar or from the compound which can be converted
to sugar. Yeast enzyme readily ferment sucrose to ethanol.
Molecular formula- C2H5OH
Molecular weight- 46.07
Density- 0.791 at 20˚C
Boiling Point- 78.3˚C
Chemical Reactions:
(a) Main Reaction
invertase
C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
zymase
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 ΔH= -31.2 kcal
Glucose Ethanol
(b)Side reaction
2 C6H12O6 + H2O ROH + R’CHO
Fusel oil
2. NPTEL – Chemical – Chemical Technology II
Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 21 of 40
Ethanol is raw material for many downstream organic chemical industries in
India.
Raw Material: Molasses
29.2 Functional role of various units
(a) Molasses storage tank:
Molasses is liquor obtained as by product of sugar industries.
Molasses is a heavy viscous material ,which contains sucrose, fructose and
glucose (invert sugar) at a concentration of 50-60(wt/vol).
(b)Sterlization tank:
Yeast is sterilized under pressure and then cooled.
(c)Yeast cultivation tank:
Yeast grows in the presence of oxygen by budding.
Yeast is cultivated in advance.
(d)Yeast storage tank:
Yeast are unicellular, oval and 0.004 to 0.010mm in diameter.
PH is adjusted to 4.8 to 5 and temperature up to 32˚C
3. NPTEL – Chemical – Chemical Technology II
Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 22 of 40
(e)Fermentation tank:
Chemical changes are brought by the action of enzymes invertase and
zymase secreted by yeast in molasses.
Fermentation is anaerobic,
Heat is evolved which is removed by cooling coils.
Residence time is 30-70 hours and temperature is maintained at 20-30˚C
8-10%alcohol by volume(beer) is produced by fermentation process.
HCl or sulfuric acid is added to obtain 4.5 PH
.
(f)Diluter:
Here molasses is diluted to 10 to 15% sugar solution.
(g)Scrubber:
Carbondioxide is released and utilized as by product.
By-product CO2 contains some ethanol due to Vapor liquid evaporation
and can be recovered by water scrubbing.
Water is sent back to continuous diluter stream.
(h)Beer still:
50-60% concentration alcohol and aldehyde is produced.
Slops are removed as bottom product.
Slop is concentrated by evaporation for cattle feed or discharged as
waste.
Slop contains proteins, sugar and vitamins.
(i)Aldehyde still:
Undesirable volatile liquid; aldehyde is taken off from the top of the still.
From the side stream alcohol is feed to the decanter.
It is extractive distillation column, and operates at a pressure of
around 0.6-0.7 MPa.
(j)Decanter :
Fusel oil which is high molecular weight alcohol is recovered by
decantation.
Fusel oil is fractionated to produce amyl alcohol or are sold directly.
The principle behind extraction of fusel oil from ethanol is that higher
alcohols are more volatile than ethanol in solution containing a high
concentration of water.
(k)Rectifying column:
In the column, azeotropic alcohol- water mixture of 95% ethanol is
withdrawn as side product.
This 95% ethanol is condensed in condenser and stored in storage tank.
Side stream is withdrawn and sent to decanter.
At the bottom, water is discharged.
4. NPTEL – Chemical – Chemical Technology II
Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 23 of 40
Here, alcohol – water mixtures are rectified to increase the strength of
alcohol.
(l)Storage tank:
From storage tank, three streams are evolved:
Direct sale as portable.
For industrial use.
To anhydrous still to produce 100% ethanol.
(m)Mix tank:
For producing denatured alcohol, denaturant is mixed with the 95%
ethanol produced from rectifying column.
Denaturant is normally methanol (10vol%)
(n)Ternary Azeotropic distillation:
The product from rectifying column is a ternary minimum boiling
azeotrope of ethanol, water and benzene.
Benzene is an azeotropic agent.
Here mainly two units are present; anhydrous still, decanter, stripper and
few heat exchangers.
Anhydrous motor fuel grade ethanol (100% ethanol) is produced as
product.
Heat integration and energy recovery plays a vital role in reducing energy
requirements.
29.3 Technical Questions
1. Explain Azeotropic distillation process for manufacturing 100% ethanol?
Ans1: The separation process of ethanol and water is energy intensive.
Complete separation of ethanol and water is not possible by simple distillation.
This is due to the fact that ethanol forms a minimum boiling azeotrope with
water at 89 mole % (96.4 vol%) ethanol concentration at atmospheric pressure
and 351 K. Therefore, a third component benzene is added as azeotropic agent.
With addition of benzene, unfortunately, a ternary azeotrope containing
benzene (53.9 mol%), water (23.3mol%) and ethanol (22.8mol%) is formed
with a boiling point of 338K which is lower than the boiling point of ethanol.
Eventually, the anhydrous still produces 100% pure ethanol as bottom product
and ternary azeotrope at the top. The ternary azeotrope on cooling separates
into two phases in the decantation unit in which two phases are formed:
(a) Benzene rich organic phase.
(b)Aqueous phase of benzene and ethanol.
While the benzene rich organic phase is recycled as reflux to the anhydrous
still, the aqueous phase of benzene and ethanol is sent to a second column
(stripper) which separates the ethanol/water from benzene. It is interesting to
5. NPTEL – Chemical – Chemical Technology II
Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 24 of 40
note here that cooling enabled the phase separation of the azeotrope which
eventually was further separated using stripping.
2. Why yeast storage is required?
Ans2: In due course of the fermentation process, it is possible that due to
variations in the addition of nutrients, flow rates and conditions of the
fermenter, there could be a possibility in the variation of solution concentration
of microorganisms. In addition, prolonged biological activity could also
encourage genetic modification. Therefore, yeast is always stored after the
yeast culture tank so that always a reference stock is available and can be used
for further growth of the microorganisms as a base cell culture.
3. What is the function of scrubber?
Ans3: In natural mass transfer processes, it is inevitable that 100 % separative
distribution of compounds such as ethanol is not possible. Ethanol having a
boiling point of 78.3 o
C at atmospheric pressure due to existing vapor pressure
circumstances enters the air leaving the fermentation tank. Therefore, the
ethanol produced could get lost if left to the atmosphere as a vent stream.
Henceforth,
4. Why molasses is sterilized?
Ans4: The molasses consist of other types of microorganisms which contribute
to the production of other types of alcohols other than ethanol. Therefore, to
allow the larger production of ethanol in comparison to other alcohols and
ketones, the molasses is sterilized for the removal of other types of
microorganisms.
5. What is denatured alcohol?
Ans5: Denatured Alcohol is ethanol which has been rendered toxic or
otherwise undrinkable, and in some cases dyed. It is used for purposes such as
fuel for spirit burners and camping stoves, and as a solvent. Some agents such
as denatonium benzoate, methanol, naphtha, pridine are added to the ethanol.
6. Why alcohol obtained from rectifying column can’t be more than 95%
strength?
Ans6: Water form a binary constant boiling mixture which has higher boiling
point than alcohol, anhydrous and absolute alcohol.
7. Why are partial condensers used in the process
Ans.7: A partial condenser is typically used in a distillation column when the
product desired is send for further processing and the vapors are only cooled to
obtain the desired reflux stream flow rates. In this way, in a sequence of
distillation columns, it will lead to energy savings. The ethanol process flow
6. NPTEL – Chemical – Chemical Technology II
Joint initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 25 of 40
sheet consists of complex column stream interactions in terms of reflux
streams. For instance, for the reflux for aldehyde column is supplied from both
distillate vapors emanating from aldehyde and rectifying columns. It is also
further interesting to note that the pressures of these two distillation columns
are bound to be different. On the other hand, heat integration using the concept
of pre-heat exchangers is encouraged for maximizing energy savings. All these
have been factually encouraged by the presence of partial condensers. The
development of better processes from base case scenarios is of course based on
rigorous process design studies followed by pilot plant studies of the most
encouraging options. Therefore, the utility of partial condensers is in fact a
rigorous process design and systems engineering exercise.
References :
Dryden C. E., Outlines of Chemical Technology, East-West Press, 2008
Kirk R. E., Othmer D. F., Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley
and Sons, 1999-2012