This document describes a system for on-site hydrogen production and its use in an internal combustion engine. The system generates hydrogen through the reaction of aluminum and water with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The hydrogen is then filtered, stored, and supplied to a modified internal combustion engine. An alternator coupled to the engine can power loads and a dosing pump to continuously supply reactants to the reaction chamber for on-demand hydrogen production. The system aims to provide a safe and portable way to generate power using hydrogen without high-pressure storage.
If the material of liner changed with 2RE 69 or Duplex material instead of SS316(urea grade), then passivation air can be reduced, resulting the energy saving because the inerts vented from M.P section and loss of ammonia and problem of pollution. To enhance capacity and energy of the existing plant the internals like vortex mixture and HET may be changed the capacity may increase up to 10-15%.HET, you can changed with super cup.The CO2 and feed top of the vortex mixture nozzle and Ammonia plus carbamate feed from side of the vortex mixture. In the mixing area the initial dispersion of gas and formation of liquid – gas mixture are performed.
This document provides details on the urea granulation process. It describes the characteristics of granular urea including composition requirements. It outlines the granulation process which involves spraying liquid urea solution onto seed material in a fluidized bed. Key equipment involved includes the granulator, fluid bed coolers, screens, and conveying equipment. Startup and operating procedures are also summarized, focusing on gradually heating and preparing the granulator while maintaining proper process conditions.
This book covers design of high Pressure equipment and developments, Process flow diagram of different section of Ammonia, Urea and others fertilizers .Fundamentals of ammonia urea plant trouble shooting risk assessment corrosion in different vessels and remedies. This book is useful for Engineers and Sr. Managers for plant commissioning and trouble shooting and Engineering Students. This book contains about 51 tables and 144 useful diagram and chart graphics etc. Detail description of ammonia/CO2 stripping process and new developments. Design Parameters of High pressure vessel and comparison. Study of corrosion for various equipments and control. How to control corrosion by changing of equipments material.
High pressure vessel leakage in urea plantsPrem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
This document provides steps for starting up a urea production plant using the Saipem process. It describes conducting sealing tests, purging sections with nitrogen, heating equipment, charging ammonia, and feeding ammonia and carbon dioxide into the reactor while monitoring pressures and temperatures. The goal is to reach stable operating conditions for urea production. Diagrams are included to illustrate the reactor, separators, decomposers, and other key equipment involved in the startup process.
Super conversion in urea reactors with super cup high efficiency traysPrem Baboo
In Urea Conversion gas/liquid mixing in urea reactor with application of high efficiency trays homogeneous and heterogeneous phases’ iquilibria and kinetics is very important. The efficiency of Urea Reactors can be improved by the application of the latest generation of internals .Generally Fluid dynamics phenomenon are created by the concurrent gas liquid flow through the simple perforated trays which generates irregular bubbles now this problem has been solved by new generation high efficiency device super cup patented by M/S. Saipem. Present article intended how conversion increases by super cup with geometry of the shape of super cup etc. The increase in the efficiency has permitted direct benefits to the overall production and energy of the units, thus allowing lower energy consumption and a reduced environmental impact emission of greenhouse gases. The Super Cups can be applied to design a new generation of urea reactors as well as to improve the performance of existing equipment in a revamp design.
P & i diagram and tagging philosphy forPrem Baboo
The document discusses Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) which are diagrams used in process industries to show piping, equipment, instrumentation and process flow. It provides details on the components of P&IDs such as abbreviations, instrument symbols and tagging philosophies. It also includes examples of equipment lists and coding systems used for P&IDs.
If the material of liner changed with 2RE 69 or Duplex material instead of SS316(urea grade), then passivation air can be reduced, resulting the energy saving because the inerts vented from M.P section and loss of ammonia and problem of pollution. To enhance capacity and energy of the existing plant the internals like vortex mixture and HET may be changed the capacity may increase up to 10-15%.HET, you can changed with super cup.The CO2 and feed top of the vortex mixture nozzle and Ammonia plus carbamate feed from side of the vortex mixture. In the mixing area the initial dispersion of gas and formation of liquid – gas mixture are performed.
This document provides details on the urea granulation process. It describes the characteristics of granular urea including composition requirements. It outlines the granulation process which involves spraying liquid urea solution onto seed material in a fluidized bed. Key equipment involved includes the granulator, fluid bed coolers, screens, and conveying equipment. Startup and operating procedures are also summarized, focusing on gradually heating and preparing the granulator while maintaining proper process conditions.
This book covers design of high Pressure equipment and developments, Process flow diagram of different section of Ammonia, Urea and others fertilizers .Fundamentals of ammonia urea plant trouble shooting risk assessment corrosion in different vessels and remedies. This book is useful for Engineers and Sr. Managers for plant commissioning and trouble shooting and Engineering Students. This book contains about 51 tables and 144 useful diagram and chart graphics etc. Detail description of ammonia/CO2 stripping process and new developments. Design Parameters of High pressure vessel and comparison. Study of corrosion for various equipments and control. How to control corrosion by changing of equipments material.
High pressure vessel leakage in urea plantsPrem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
This document provides steps for starting up a urea production plant using the Saipem process. It describes conducting sealing tests, purging sections with nitrogen, heating equipment, charging ammonia, and feeding ammonia and carbon dioxide into the reactor while monitoring pressures and temperatures. The goal is to reach stable operating conditions for urea production. Diagrams are included to illustrate the reactor, separators, decomposers, and other key equipment involved in the startup process.
Super conversion in urea reactors with super cup high efficiency traysPrem Baboo
In Urea Conversion gas/liquid mixing in urea reactor with application of high efficiency trays homogeneous and heterogeneous phases’ iquilibria and kinetics is very important. The efficiency of Urea Reactors can be improved by the application of the latest generation of internals .Generally Fluid dynamics phenomenon are created by the concurrent gas liquid flow through the simple perforated trays which generates irregular bubbles now this problem has been solved by new generation high efficiency device super cup patented by M/S. Saipem. Present article intended how conversion increases by super cup with geometry of the shape of super cup etc. The increase in the efficiency has permitted direct benefits to the overall production and energy of the units, thus allowing lower energy consumption and a reduced environmental impact emission of greenhouse gases. The Super Cups can be applied to design a new generation of urea reactors as well as to improve the performance of existing equipment in a revamp design.
P & i diagram and tagging philosphy forPrem Baboo
The document discusses Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) which are diagrams used in process industries to show piping, equipment, instrumentation and process flow. It provides details on the components of P&IDs such as abbreviations, instrument symbols and tagging philosophies. It also includes examples of equipment lists and coding systems used for P&IDs.
The document describes the process for manufacturing urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. There are six main steps: (1) hydrogen and ammonia production via the Haber process, (2) carbon dioxide removal from the gas stream, (3) shift conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (4) synthesis of ammonia, (5) reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea, and (6) concentration and granulation of the urea product. Heat recovery and recycling of water and carbon dioxide are used to improve the efficiency and economics of the process.
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
Recent advancements in ammonia and urea industriesSameer Pandey
The document summarizes recent advancements in ammonia and urea industries. Saipem has introduced new "Supercups" for urea reactors that make the process more energy efficient by optimizing urea production and lowering downstream steam consumption. Stamicarbon has launched a new "MeltTM flash design" between reaction stages that results in up to 100kg/tonne of steam savings. New dust control and urea finishing technologies have also been introduced, and Blasch has a new "StaBloxTM flue gas tunnel system" that improves flue gas distribution for higher reformer tube life.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
Urea Dust & Ammonia Emission Control Prill Tower Project at Al BayroniAli Akbar
This document summarizes a presentation given about a project to control urea dust and ammonia emissions from a prilling tower at an urea plant in Saudi Arabia. The project involved installing an air cleaning unit with acid wash scrubbers to absorb urea dust and ammonia from the exit air stream. The absorbed materials were then sent to a crystallization unit to produce ammonium sulfate as the final product. The project successfully reduced urea dust and ammonia emissions below international standards and produced a new fertilizer product. It provided lessons learned for other plants seeking to control emissions from prilling towers.
The document provides information about Uhde's ammonia process technology. It discusses Uhde's extensive experience designing and building ammonia plants dating back to 1928. Key aspects of the Uhde ammonia process are described, including modifications to reduce energy consumption in steam reforming, CO2 removal using aMDEA, and a high-conversion ammonia synthesis unit using a three-bed radial flow reactor design. The document also provides process details and performance figures for recent large-scale Uhde ammonia plants.
The document discusses Stamicarbon's Urea 2000plus technology. It introduces the pool condenser concept, which reduced investment costs by combining equipment and simplifying the design. The pool reactor was a subsequent development that combined two process steps into one vessel, further lowering costs. Operational experience with pool condenser and reactor plants has been positive, with reliable performance and reduced maintenance needs. The technology offers significant advantages in capital cost, energy efficiency, and plant flexibility.
The document describes the process for producing urea through a single reactor system with recovery and recycling capabilities. Ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted in a reactor to form ammonium carbamate. This mixture is then sent to a stripper where the carbamate decomposes to urea. Unreacted gases are separated in a rectifying column and recycled to the reactor. The urea solution is concentrated in single and vacuum evaporators then prilled to form granular urea product that is 99% concentrated. The process aims to minimize costs through heat recovery and a single reactor system compared to previous two reactor methods.
Energy saving in urea plant by modification in heat exchanger and processPrem Baboo
Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. Improvement in energy
efficiency reduces cost of production & results in environmental benefits, e.g. mitigation of global warming by way of less emission of
Green house gases in the atmosphere. Over the years several energy conservation measures have been taken towards reduction in
specific energy consumption and improvement in energy efficiency. The efforts’ resulted in reduction in specific energy consumption
from 6.27G. Cal/tone of Urea to 5.421 G.Cal/tone of Urea in 2015-16 as shown in the Graph No 1 & 2 with energy & down time.
Further a major modification of all plants is under way. Most of the schemes have been implemented in 2012 and the further
modifications expected to result again reduction of energy consumption for ammonia and Urea plants. This paper described some of
the modification in urea plants implemented recently in May/June 2016.
PRESENTATION-Commissioning Experiences on Ammonia and Urea projects- Independ...Mumin HACIMUSALAR
This document provides an overview of the author's experience commissioning six ammonia and urea plants between 2002-2014 in various countries. It summarizes the key milestones and timelines for pre-commissioning and commissioning each plant. The time from start of pre-commissioning to first urea production ranged from 8 to 19 months. Most projects experienced delays, with the delay period ranging from 2 to 17 months compared to original targets. Factors contributing to delays included issues providing natural gas and obtaining necessary permits.
The document summarizes the Nangal urea process used at the National Fertilizers Ltd plant in Nangal, India. It describes the key components of the plant including the CO2 compressor, urea synthesis reactors, urea separation process, and prilling tower. It also provides details on plant specifications, feeds, products, and revamping of the plant which increased capacity from 1000 to 1450 tons per day.
F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1Rishi Yadav
The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.
Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)Prem Baboo
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
Economics of ammonia production from offgasesVK Arora
This document discusses opportunities for producing ammonia from hydrogen-rich off-gas streams from various petrochemical processes. As ethane cracking increases in the US and Middle East, these cracker plants produce large volumes of hydrogen-rich off-gas that can be used to power ammonia plants. Several process options are reviewed for utilizing these off-gases in ammonia production, including PSA, nitrogen wash, and secondary reforming. A case study evaluates the economics of using off-gases from ethane crackers, propane dehydrogenation plants, and methanol plants to power ammonia facilities in the US Gulf Coast and Middle East. Producing ammonia from these off-gases can provide environmental benefits through reduced nitrogen oxide
This document provides a summary of an individual's qualifications for an operator role. It outlines 8.5 years of experience as an operator in India and Saudi Arabia, including experience operating ammonia plants and utilities. Educational qualifications include a Bachelor's degree in chemistry. Responsibilities have included operating equipment in areas like reforming, acid gas removal, refrigeration, and distillation. Safety training and qualifications are also mentioned. The individual is seeking an operator role utilizing their experience.
Veera Babu Gollapalli is applying for a position as a Process Operator or Panel Operator with over 8 years of experience working in ammonia plants and utilities in India and Saudi Arabia. He has a Bachelor's degree in Chemistry and is proficient in plant operations, pre-commissioning, commissioning, and maintenance activities. His responsibilities have included operating equipment across various plant sections including reforming, synthesis, refrigeration, and more. He is skilled in operating systems like compressors, turbines, heat exchangers, and other process equipment.
This document provides details about a student's vocational training project studying the properties and performance of catalysts. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking the organizations that supported the project. It also includes a certificate signed by the project guide validating the student completed the project work. The document contains an index and introduces the project focus on studying the coke by-product plant and processes for purifying coke oven gas, specifically the removal of ammonia.
Environment management and advanced waste treatment system in nitrogenious fe...Prem Baboo
The paper intended to the standpoint of harmful emissions typical nitrogen-based fertilizer plants producing ammonia and urea plants using the advanced available technologies. The critical emission points are established and analyzed. Several possible actions have been taken in order to minimize the emissions are presented.The method is low cost and at the same time enhances the fertilizer value of sewage sludge. It therefore has a large potential of competing with more established methods of sanitization.
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Project Sense introduces a cost efficient system that uses drones equipped with environmental sensors to sample ship plumes and detect non-compliant emissions during cruise. By combining sensor data with AIS data and advanced analysis, the system can report violations of emission regulations in real-time to enable effective enforcement. Project Sense takes an innovative approach with low-cost drones to monitor ship emissions and does not require highly sensitive sensors. It can scale quickly to cover many geographies simultaneously using inexpensive, ready-available hardware and custom software to handle large amounts of data.
Blutip Power, a division of Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd., is a technology company headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The Company has invested in the research and development of hydrogen and control technology resulting in a proprietary, patented and patent-pending hydrogen generating system ("HGS®") and advancement in multi-fuel universal combustion controls. blutip's Hy-Drive HGS enriches the fuel-air charge of an internal combustion engine with hydrogen produced through electrolysis and uses its proprietary software controls to improve combustion of the fuel-air mixture. The result is improved fuel economy and reduced opacity (particulates).
The document describes the process for manufacturing urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. There are six main steps: (1) hydrogen and ammonia production via the Haber process, (2) carbon dioxide removal from the gas stream, (3) shift conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (4) synthesis of ammonia, (5) reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea, and (6) concentration and granulation of the urea product. Heat recovery and recycling of water and carbon dioxide are used to improve the efficiency and economics of the process.
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
Recent advancements in ammonia and urea industriesSameer Pandey
The document summarizes recent advancements in ammonia and urea industries. Saipem has introduced new "Supercups" for urea reactors that make the process more energy efficient by optimizing urea production and lowering downstream steam consumption. Stamicarbon has launched a new "MeltTM flash design" between reaction stages that results in up to 100kg/tonne of steam savings. New dust control and urea finishing technologies have also been introduced, and Blasch has a new "StaBloxTM flue gas tunnel system" that improves flue gas distribution for higher reformer tube life.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
Urea Dust & Ammonia Emission Control Prill Tower Project at Al BayroniAli Akbar
This document summarizes a presentation given about a project to control urea dust and ammonia emissions from a prilling tower at an urea plant in Saudi Arabia. The project involved installing an air cleaning unit with acid wash scrubbers to absorb urea dust and ammonia from the exit air stream. The absorbed materials were then sent to a crystallization unit to produce ammonium sulfate as the final product. The project successfully reduced urea dust and ammonia emissions below international standards and produced a new fertilizer product. It provided lessons learned for other plants seeking to control emissions from prilling towers.
The document provides information about Uhde's ammonia process technology. It discusses Uhde's extensive experience designing and building ammonia plants dating back to 1928. Key aspects of the Uhde ammonia process are described, including modifications to reduce energy consumption in steam reforming, CO2 removal using aMDEA, and a high-conversion ammonia synthesis unit using a three-bed radial flow reactor design. The document also provides process details and performance figures for recent large-scale Uhde ammonia plants.
The document discusses Stamicarbon's Urea 2000plus technology. It introduces the pool condenser concept, which reduced investment costs by combining equipment and simplifying the design. The pool reactor was a subsequent development that combined two process steps into one vessel, further lowering costs. Operational experience with pool condenser and reactor plants has been positive, with reliable performance and reduced maintenance needs. The technology offers significant advantages in capital cost, energy efficiency, and plant flexibility.
The document describes the process for producing urea through a single reactor system with recovery and recycling capabilities. Ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted in a reactor to form ammonium carbamate. This mixture is then sent to a stripper where the carbamate decomposes to urea. Unreacted gases are separated in a rectifying column and recycled to the reactor. The urea solution is concentrated in single and vacuum evaporators then prilled to form granular urea product that is 99% concentrated. The process aims to minimize costs through heat recovery and a single reactor system compared to previous two reactor methods.
Energy saving in urea plant by modification in heat exchanger and processPrem Baboo
Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. Improvement in energy
efficiency reduces cost of production & results in environmental benefits, e.g. mitigation of global warming by way of less emission of
Green house gases in the atmosphere. Over the years several energy conservation measures have been taken towards reduction in
specific energy consumption and improvement in energy efficiency. The efforts’ resulted in reduction in specific energy consumption
from 6.27G. Cal/tone of Urea to 5.421 G.Cal/tone of Urea in 2015-16 as shown in the Graph No 1 & 2 with energy & down time.
Further a major modification of all plants is under way. Most of the schemes have been implemented in 2012 and the further
modifications expected to result again reduction of energy consumption for ammonia and Urea plants. This paper described some of
the modification in urea plants implemented recently in May/June 2016.
PRESENTATION-Commissioning Experiences on Ammonia and Urea projects- Independ...Mumin HACIMUSALAR
This document provides an overview of the author's experience commissioning six ammonia and urea plants between 2002-2014 in various countries. It summarizes the key milestones and timelines for pre-commissioning and commissioning each plant. The time from start of pre-commissioning to first urea production ranged from 8 to 19 months. Most projects experienced delays, with the delay period ranging from 2 to 17 months compared to original targets. Factors contributing to delays included issues providing natural gas and obtaining necessary permits.
The document summarizes the Nangal urea process used at the National Fertilizers Ltd plant in Nangal, India. It describes the key components of the plant including the CO2 compressor, urea synthesis reactors, urea separation process, and prilling tower. It also provides details on plant specifications, feeds, products, and revamping of the plant which increased capacity from 1000 to 1450 tons per day.
F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1Rishi Yadav
The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.
Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)Prem Baboo
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
Economics of ammonia production from offgasesVK Arora
This document discusses opportunities for producing ammonia from hydrogen-rich off-gas streams from various petrochemical processes. As ethane cracking increases in the US and Middle East, these cracker plants produce large volumes of hydrogen-rich off-gas that can be used to power ammonia plants. Several process options are reviewed for utilizing these off-gases in ammonia production, including PSA, nitrogen wash, and secondary reforming. A case study evaluates the economics of using off-gases from ethane crackers, propane dehydrogenation plants, and methanol plants to power ammonia facilities in the US Gulf Coast and Middle East. Producing ammonia from these off-gases can provide environmental benefits through reduced nitrogen oxide
This document provides a summary of an individual's qualifications for an operator role. It outlines 8.5 years of experience as an operator in India and Saudi Arabia, including experience operating ammonia plants and utilities. Educational qualifications include a Bachelor's degree in chemistry. Responsibilities have included operating equipment in areas like reforming, acid gas removal, refrigeration, and distillation. Safety training and qualifications are also mentioned. The individual is seeking an operator role utilizing their experience.
Veera Babu Gollapalli is applying for a position as a Process Operator or Panel Operator with over 8 years of experience working in ammonia plants and utilities in India and Saudi Arabia. He has a Bachelor's degree in Chemistry and is proficient in plant operations, pre-commissioning, commissioning, and maintenance activities. His responsibilities have included operating equipment across various plant sections including reforming, synthesis, refrigeration, and more. He is skilled in operating systems like compressors, turbines, heat exchangers, and other process equipment.
This document provides details about a student's vocational training project studying the properties and performance of catalysts. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking the organizations that supported the project. It also includes a certificate signed by the project guide validating the student completed the project work. The document contains an index and introduces the project focus on studying the coke by-product plant and processes for purifying coke oven gas, specifically the removal of ammonia.
Environment management and advanced waste treatment system in nitrogenious fe...Prem Baboo
The paper intended to the standpoint of harmful emissions typical nitrogen-based fertilizer plants producing ammonia and urea plants using the advanced available technologies. The critical emission points are established and analyzed. Several possible actions have been taken in order to minimize the emissions are presented.The method is low cost and at the same time enhances the fertilizer value of sewage sludge. It therefore has a large potential of competing with more established methods of sanitization.
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Project Sense introduces a cost efficient system that uses drones equipped with environmental sensors to sample ship plumes and detect non-compliant emissions during cruise. By combining sensor data with AIS data and advanced analysis, the system can report violations of emission regulations in real-time to enable effective enforcement. Project Sense takes an innovative approach with low-cost drones to monitor ship emissions and does not require highly sensitive sensors. It can scale quickly to cover many geographies simultaneously using inexpensive, ready-available hardware and custom software to handle large amounts of data.
Blutip Power, a division of Hy-Drive Technologies Ltd., is a technology company headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The Company has invested in the research and development of hydrogen and control technology resulting in a proprietary, patented and patent-pending hydrogen generating system ("HGS®") and advancement in multi-fuel universal combustion controls. blutip's Hy-Drive HGS enriches the fuel-air charge of an internal combustion engine with hydrogen produced through electrolysis and uses its proprietary software controls to improve combustion of the fuel-air mixture. The result is improved fuel economy and reduced opacity (particulates).
The HydroPlantTM system uses an onboard electrolysis system to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases and safely introduce them into the air intake of diesel engines. This improves fuel efficiency by up to 20% and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70% without needing high-pressure hydrogen storage. The system offers constant monitoring and can be retrofitted to standard vehicle engines to provide fuel savings and emissions reductions for industries like trucking, shipping, construction, and agriculture.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEijsrd.com
In the history of internal combustion engine development, hydrogen has been considered at several phases as a substitute of hydrocarbon-based fuels. Starting from the 70’s, there have been several attempts to convert engines for hydrogen operation. Together with the development in gas injector technology it has become possible to control precisely the injection of hydrogen for safe operation. Here we are using stainless steel plate as electrode in the electrolytic cell, the electrolyte being water and NACL salt. The electrolytic cell we used is a 12V battery case made of plastic. The cross sectional layers are cut such that the stainless steel plate fix in the battery case. The plates are separated by very small distance and the plates are given parallel holes for electron flow to be uniform. The power source to the kit is provided by a 12V and 9Ams battery. We used a transparent tube to supply the hydrogen produced in the kit to the air hose tube of our motor cycle. In order to keep the battery charged we used two 6 Amp diode to power the battery while running. There is a separate switch to power the kit and to protect the battery from getting drained. The stainless steel plates are of 50cm length, 25cm height, 2 millimeter thickness. The battery case can hold up to 5 liters of electrolyte. The use of hydrogen with petrol to power the vehicle has resulted in increase in vehicle mileage, accelerating speed with most important task of reduction in exhaust emission.
This document discusses various topics related to hydrogen as a transport fuel, batteries, and fuel cells. It provides information on:
- Different types of vehicles that use hydrogen or batteries as their fuel/power source
- Methods for producing and storing hydrogen
- How electrochemical cells like batteries and fuel cells work through redox reactions
- Characteristics and reactions of different types of batteries including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries.
This document proposes a dual combustion internal combustion engine that uses hydrogen and gasoline/diesel as fuels. It has upper and lower combustion chambers that operate alternately. Hydrogen would be injected into the lower chamber while gasoline/diesel would be used in the upper chamber. This design aims to leverage the benefits of hydrogen such as high flame speed and low emissions, while utilizing the existing infrastructure for liquid fuels. Calculations indicate the engine could produce 962.7 Nm of torque. The document discusses the working, valve timing, piston design, injection methods, engine balancing and concludes this dual-fuel engine could help conserve resources for future generations.
This document discusses whether water can be used as a fuel and how. In 3 sentences:
Water can potentially be used as a fuel through electrolysis to produce hydrogen which can then provide energy through either a fuel cell that converts chemical to mechanical energy electrochemically, or through combustion in a hydrogen internal combustion engine similar to a traditional gasoline engine. The document provides some brief history of early experiments with water as fuel and links to additional information on how fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines work.
A water-fuelled car is hypothetical car that uses water as fuel by producing hydrogen and oxygen on board through electrolysis without external energy input. The document discusses several claims of individuals having created functioning water-fuelled cars using technologies like electrolysis, hydrogen boosters, and water to gas systems. However, the scientific community has not approved an actual water-fuelled car due to failures in violating thermodynamic laws or fully demonstrating the technologies. While more development is still needed, hydrogen boosters and water to gas systems may have potential future for enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions without requiring engine modifications.
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
The document provides information about hydrogen safety from a training program presented by BOC Gases. It describes the Hindenburg disaster where a hydrogen leak ignited and caused the airship to burn and crash, killing 35 people onboard. It then discusses hydrogen properties, handling, and hazards like flammability, cold burns, high pressure, and asphyxiation. Proper precautions and personal protective equipment for working with hydrogen are outlined.
Fuel cells provide a promising alternative source of electricity. They convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing only water vapor and heat as byproducts. There are several types of fuel cells but proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are well suited for transportation and small stationary power applications due to their high power density and low operating temperatures. A fuel cell consists of an anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte that allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons, forcing them into an external circuit where they can power devices before being reunited with oxygen at the cathode. While fuel cells have advantages over traditional combustion engines like higher efficiency and lack of emissions, challenges remain around infrastructure, cost and
- Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. It is the most abundant element in the universe and can be produced from water through electrolysis using renewable energy sources.
- Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles operate by using hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion, emitting only water vapor. Several automakers have developed hydrogen fuel cell vehicle prototypes.
- For widespread adoption, infrastructure is needed for large-scale hydrogen production, storage, and distribution similar to today's gas stations. Challenges include the flammability of hydrogen and high costs of production compared to fossil fuels.
The document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cells, including their history, types, basic functioning, and connections to electrochemistry, thermodynamics, the environment, and potential applications as an energy source. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work through redox reactions at the anode and cathode to produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, and are more efficient than combustion engines due to their electrochemical rather than combustion process. It also notes that hydrogen fuel cells can be powered through renewable energy sources like electrolysis of water using solar or hydro power.
The document summarizes key information about fuel cells. It describes that fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel, like hydrogen, into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. It compares the process of fuel cells to ordinary combustion, noting that fuel cells produce electricity and water as products rather than heat. The document then provides details about the components and basic operations of fuel cells, focusing on two commercially important types: phosphoric acid fuel cells and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT USED IN TYPICAL THERMAL POWER PLANTIAEME Publication
An advanced waste heat and water recovery technology has been developed to extract a portion of the water vapor and its latent heat from flue gases based on a nonporous ceramic membrane capillary condensation separation mechanism. The recovered water is of high quality and mineral free, therefore can be used as supplemental makeup water for almost all industrial processes. The technology was first developed and proven at industrial demonstration scale for gas-fired package boilers,
The document describes several Canadian patents related to hydrogen generation and utilization systems. It includes descriptions of a hydrogen gas generator that uses electric current to dissociate hydrogen and oxygen from water, and a system to impart magnetic fields to the gases and use them to induce electric current in a secondary winding. The system is intended to produce a greater voltage/current than previous systems and can be used in a closed loop with the hydrogen generator or directed to a hydrogen burner.
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This document discusses using cold boiler feed water from membrane deaerators for heat recovery in refineries. Specifically, it proposes supplying cold boiler feed water to waste heat streams to replace steam duty currently used in deaerators. As an example, it describes using cold feed water in the heat exchanger of a hydrocracker hydrogen production unit, which could recover more waste heat and reduce steam usage by 8.8 Gcal/h in the deaerator. Overall, maximizing heat recovery from waste streams with cold boiler feed water can significantly improve energy efficiency in refineries.
The document describes a process for manufacturing hydrogen cyanide by passing low molecular weight hydrocarbons and ammonia through an electric arc. Key steps include using 0.5 to 1.2 moles of ammonia per gram-atom of carbon in the hydrocarbon. The reaction time in the electric arc is 0.001 to 0.00002 seconds. Two examples are provided using methane/ammonia and propylene/ammonia mixtures, resulting in high yields of hydrogen cyanide.
The document describes a process for manufacturing hydrogen cyanide by passing low molecular weight hydrocarbons and ammonia through an electric arc. Key points:
- Hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butylene, isobutane or isobutylene are used along with 0.5-1.2 moles of ammonia per mole of carbon in the hydrocarbon.
- The mixture is passed through an electric arc generated between electrodes for 0.001-0.00002 seconds to initiate the endothermic reaction.
- The product mixture containing hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen is then rapidly cooled before hydrogen cyanide is separated
The document describes a process for manufacturing hydrogen cyanide by passing low molecular weight hydrocarbons and ammonia through an electric arc. Key steps include using 0.5 to 1.2 moles of ammonia per gram-atom of carbon in the hydrocarbon, maintaining a short reaction time of 0.001 to 0.00002 seconds in the electric arc, and rapidly cooling the reaction mixture after it leaves the arc. Two examples are provided using methane or propylene as the hydrocarbon with high yields of hydrogen cyanide obtained.
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This document describes the design of a mechanically-actuated chemical oxygen generator that uses sodium chlorate dissociation. Key points:
- The system uses a bead chain to transport sodium chlorate powder into a heated tube, where the salt dissociates into oxygen gas and sodium chloride waste.
- Sensors monitor temperature and pressure to control the heating rate and regulate oxygen production.
- The generator is intended to provide oxygen for an underwater vehicle's hydrogen fuel cell power system as an alternative to bulky battery storage.
- Potential applications also include providing oxygen for industrial and medical uses as a safer alternative to pressurized gas cylinders.
The document describes an adapter for coupling a diffusion furnace system. Specifically:
- The adapter fluidly couples a process chamber (such as a diffusion furnace) to a fluid source (such as a torch chamber) to introduce oxidizing gases into the process chamber.
- The process chamber and fluid source are formed from materials with different rates of thermal expansion. The adapter is formed from the same material as the fluid source and couples the two components while accommodating their differing thermal expansion rates.
- For example, the adapter can be made of quartz to couple a quartz torch chamber to a silicon carbide process tube, preventing stress from their mismatched thermal expansion during use.
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This document is a report submitted by five students on their summer training at Pragati Power Corporation Limited. It provides a brief profile of the company, including its vision, mission and current and planned power generation projects. It then describes the key mechanical equipment used at the company's combined cycle power plants, including the heat recovery steam generator, condenser, deaerator and cooling towers.
This document is a thesis submitted by Ahmad Asyraf Bin Ramli in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree from Universiti Malaysia Pahang in 2010. It presents a theoretical analysis of a solar water heating system, developing a mathematical model to analyze how the temperature changes based on factors like the area of the flat plate collector, volume of the insulated storage tank, piping size, and water flow rate. The analysis calculates the efficiency of the collector and storage tank for different sizes and volumes, as well as the solar fraction for different collector and tank sizes under varying temperature and flow conditions. The models provide data to optimize design for high capacity and facilitate future study.
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The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
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This document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Kumar for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses thermal power plants, including an overview of their operation and efficiency, descriptions of typical components like boilers and steam cycles, and examples of power plants located in India with a focus on those in Rajasthan. The document received certification from internal and external examiners for Mukesh Kumar's seminar work on the topic of thermal power plants.
1. ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND ITS USE IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
The field of the present invention relates with the application and producing hydrogen gas from
waste aluminium with water and catalyst sodium hydroxide to meet the demand and supply for
any load instead of storing at high pressure.
It has been proposed to replace conventional Hydrogen generation units which are specifically
made for scientific purpose and tedious for the use of laymen. The present invention is made from
such a background in which hydrogen gas is used to produce power which can be easily used in
remote areas.
The inventors of this invention have found a way to minimize the safety issues by eliminating high
pressure hydrogen cylinders and generation of hydrogen as per demand of the load.
There are so many systems commercially available for hydrogen generation and their application,
but this invention comprises of both the hydrogen generation and its use as a fuel in IC engines.
SUMMERY OF THE INVENTION:
Accordingly the object of this invention is to provide a safe method to use hydrogen for generating
power.
The present situation of using hydrogen as a fuel is very limited due to its high pressure storage
problem. This invention offers the hydrogen generation from aluminium reacting with water in the
presence of catalyst sodium hydroxide in a reaction chamber. The gas is further filtered and used
in an internal combustion engine to generate power.
The method and apparatus according to the present invention offers a practical process and a safe
device for use by the general public to generate power, electricity and heat in power outage
situation or in remote location where electricity is not available. Furthermore, the invention uses
aluminium waste readily available in domestic garbage and metal working shops, to promote
recycling and energy conservation.
2. ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND ITS USE IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The apparatus and method of this invention rapidly generates useful heat energy and hydrogen gas
from reactants that are very safe to store.
While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms there is shown in the
drawings and will be described in details herein a specific embodiment of the method and
apparatus according to the present invention, with the understanding that the present disclosure is
to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the
invention to the embodiment illustrated.
The production of hydrogen and its use according to the present invention is obtained by a catalytic
reaction of aluminium with water. The reaction produces a large amount of heat and hydrogen gas.
The preferred catalyst is sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Our invention relates to an attitude insensitive generator for producing gas by contact of a liquid
reactant with a solid body providing a reaction surface.
The issues related to cost and storage of hydrogen in current technology shows need of a simple
and cheap system for hydrogen production that can be used to produce hydrogen on demand
continuously so that hydrogen doesn’t have to be stored and transported.
We are introducing a new aluminum-based hydrogen generation system that uses aluminum and
sodium hydroxide solution as its fuel. This reaction produces hydrogen at a higher rates that are
enough to satisfy the different load conditions of engine. This system will produce and supply
hydrogen to the engine according to the need of the engine and hence eliminating the problem of
hydrogen storage.
We are introducing a system for reacting scrap aluminum with sodium hydroxide solution at
specific concentration to produce large amount of hydrogen along with sodium aluminate as by-
product. The system exhibits a favorable combination of high hydrogen generation rate and rapid
response of chemical reaction which makes it promising for portable hydrogen source application.
The reaction to be carried out between sodium and aluminum in a closed chamber is given below.
Aluminum + Sodium Hydroxide → Hydrogen + Sodium Aluminate
2Al (s) + 6NaOH (aq) → 3H2 (g) + 2Na3AlO3 (aq)
Having explained the preferred method for producing hydrogen gas, the following disclosure and
drawing describes a preferred apparatus for carrying out the method.
Referring firstly to FIGS. 1, energy production apparatus according to the preferred embodiment
of the present invention is illustrated therein. The energy production apparatus, also referred to
herein as the reaction chamber 42 is illustrated in these figures in it’s entirely. The reaction
chamber 42 uses water and waste aluminium as fuel and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic
soda as a catalyst and surface conditioner to reduce the formation of oxide layers on the aluminium
particles.
The system is designed in such a way that there is no need of human control after all the possible
settings are made. The invention is about generating power by burning hydrogen fuel in a safe and
easy way herein FIG. 1 is clearly explained in the schematic diagram which consists of the reaction
chamber 42 as described in FIG. 2. The reaction chamber 42 which is a pressure vessel made with
material SS316 in order to sustain high temperature, pressure, hydrogen embrittlement and vigor
of the reaction.
3. ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND ITS USE IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
The reaction chamber 42 is well equipped with the safety devices like spring loaded safety valve
12 which is pre settled at 6 bar pressure so as to maintain the stable pressure in the system and a
pressure gauge 14. The reaction chamber 42 is designed in such a way that it will ensure complete
reaction, as described in FIG 2 a reaction chamber has an inbuilt collar to support a cartridge 10
made of SS316. Cartridge 10 has holes 51 at bottom surface to release the byproducts in bottom
of reaction chamber 42. Inside cartridge rests a perforated core structure 11 which enables even
distribution of sodium hydroxide and water with aluminium. The core structure 11 is cylindrical
and pyramidal in shape mounted over a cylinder made up of perforated net of SS316. Top lid 13
is used to close the reaction chamber. The said top lid 13 has an opening in which a non-return
valve 16 is used which prevents the back pressure of hydrogen gas to dozing pump 43.
Gas tubing 20 connects reaction chamber 42 to the aqueous flash filter 44 which is designed for
the safety from back fire as well as it filters the gas produced from reaction chamber 42 which is
having unreacted aluminium particles or vigor from the reaction. The filtration process consist of
one inlet pipe 23 which is submersed in tap water 41 and one outlet 24 for releasing gas to the
outlet pipe 24. The aqueous flash filter also have two valves 21 and 22 for regularly replacing the
water 41.
After the filtration from aqueous flash filter 44 a moisture separator 45 is connected to the gas
outlet tube 24, the moisture separator 45 is used to remove all the moisture contained from the gas
during reaction or aqueous filtration. The moisture separator 45 has a drain valve 52 and a drain
sump 26 which is used to periodic drain of the condensed moisture trapped in moisture separator
45.
The moisture separator is further connected with an accumulator 46 connected from tube 25 with
a ball valve 27. The accumulator 46 is a device which is designed to govern and maintained a load
by accumulating the gas at system pressure. The accumulator 46 also has a pressure gauge 29 and
a ball valve 28 which is used to operate accumulator 46. The gas is now connected to a pressure
compensating valve 47 with the tubing 30. The pressure compensating valve 47 also have a
pressure gauge 31 to represent the outlet pressure and an adjustable screw 32 is used to set the
outlet pressure irrespective to the inlet pressure. The pressure compensating valve 47 is selected
with such a mechanism comprising of spring loaded diaphragm to control the outlet flow of the
gas. In any conventional pressure regulating valve only pressure can be controlled but if inlet
pressure increases the flow rate also changes accordingly but to drive system it is very important
to maintain a consistent flow rate.
An additional device is also incorporated in the system which is very essential to prevent safety of
this invention. A main drawback of using hydrogen gas as a fuel in an internal combustion engine
is its backfire which is faster than any gas due to the flame speed of hydrogen combustion and its
property to burn in wide range of air fuel ratio, so as to prevent backfire a dry honeycomb fire
arrestor 48 is connected from tubing 33. Fire arrestor have a honeycomb structure which doesn’t
allow flame to travel through it. Outlet of fire arrestor 48 is connected to carburetor of engine 49
through tubing 34.
Specific changes are made during this invention regarding the air-fuel ratio in the carburetor for
hydrogen gas as fuel. The internal combustion engine 49 is a (76) cc engine basically operated on
gasoline and kerosene which is modified for the use of hydrogen gas.
An alternator 50 or an electricity generator is coupled with the engine 49 propelled from hydrogen
gas, the alternator 50 is having the capacity of 0.650 Kw. The power generated is 230V AC which
is enough to sustain the applied load and run dosing pump.
4. ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND ITS USE IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
FLOW OF SYSTEM
To start the system ball valve 29 is opened and valve 27 is kept closed the gas in accumulator 46
is supplied to engine 49 through pressure compensator 47 and fire arrestor 48.
Engine 49 runs alternator 50 and produces power in form of electricity. Said electricity is used to
run dozing pump 43. Dozing pump 43 sucks sodium hydroxide solution from tubing 18 stored in
container 19 and delivers it to perforated core 11 which is in Said Cartridge 10 which is filled with
said waste aluminium acting as fuel.
Feed rate of said sodium hydroxide solution can be adjusted by regulator of dozing pump 43.
Hydrogen is produced in the reaction chamber 42 by the reaction of said solution and aluminium
present in cartridge 10. By product of said reaction that is sodium aluminate is drained out of
cartridge through holes 51.
Gas produced in said reaction is supplied to aqueous flash filter 44 through tubing 20 here any
residuals in the gas are separated out as gas passes through water in said aqueous flash filter 44.
Further gas is supplied to moisture separator 45 through tubing 24. In water separator 45 the gas
is dried by passing through water absorbent material. Absorbed water can be drained out by
opening ball valve 52 in drain sump 26.
When system pressure is built up to pressure of 4 bar ball valve 27 is opened manually and system
starts running on the gas produced in reaction chamber 42. Now load 37 on the alternator 50 can
be switched on and can be used for variety of purposes. This load also includes power supply for
the said dosing pump 43. The innovation only runs on the power which is already generated in the
system by the said fuel. So the system is itself sufficient to generate power.
The present embodiment is safe to use with all the said safety equipment and gives the output as
usable power source.
The inventors of this invention believes that the invention in not bounded with any kind of limits,
in spite it can be used in and for several type of applications which includes heat generation, power
generation using internal combustion engine, electricity generation by coupling alternator with
internal combustion engine, electricity production by using hydrogen gas in fuel cell and many
more.
The inventors see their invention for not only specific but to use it in a commercial way where
using scrap aluminium which also promotes recycling.