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Asetanilida pertama kali ditemukan oleh Friedel Kraft pada tahun 1872 dengan cara mereaksikan asethopenon dengan NH2OH sehingga terbentuk asetophenon oxime yang kemudian dengan bantuan katalis dapat diubah menjadi asetanilida. Pada tahun 1899 Beckmand menemukan asetanilida dari reaksi antara benzilsianida dan H2O dengan katalis HCl. Lalu, pada tahun 1905 Weaker menemukan asetanilida dari anilin dan asam asetat. Asetanilida sendiri merupakan senyawa turunan asetil amina aromatis yang digolongkan sebagai amida primer, dimana satu atom hidrogen pada anilin digantikan dengan satu gugus asetil
Kumpulan Laporan Laboratorium Instruksional Dasar Teknik Kimia,
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A case study on Process Condensate Stripper in Ammonia Plant by Prem Baboo.pdfPremBaboo4
A trouble shooting case study in Fertilizers unit, India.Solving the problem of Feed/Effluent Exchanger E-3321A/B in Process Condensate stripping section of Ammonia plant by Analytical approach. The problem solved by in house experts without changing the heat exchangers while others plant change the heat exchangers. Number of modification done and huge amount of energy saved. The paper intended how to save energy by changing heat exchanger and pressure of PC Stripper. The treated process condensate was earlier cooled by CW in final cooler from about 90ºC to 40ºC. This available heat of PC is being recovered by exchanging heat with DM water in a plate heat exchanger. The pressure of PC stripper has been raised to about 1.5 kg/cm²g to make the extra heat recovery possible. Now pressure is 41.5 kg/cm2. A new Plate heat exchanger was procured & installed for the heat recovery.
Upgrading of Low Temperature Solar Heat with Cascade Vapor Compression and Ab...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
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CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Flow proses aseton
1. Energy Balances, Numerical Methods
Design Project
Production of Acetone
Process Description
Figure 1 is a preliminary process flow diagram (PFD) for the acetone production process.
The raw material is isopropanol. The isopropanol (IPA) feed is a near azeotropic mixture with
water at 88 wt % IPA at 25°C and 1 atm. The feed is heated, vaporized, and superheated in a
heat exchanger (E-401), and it is then sent to the reactor (R-401) in which acetone is formed.
The reaction that occurs is shown below. The reactor effluent is cooled and partially condensed
in a heat exchanger (E-402), and it is then sent to a separation unit (V-401) in which all of the
light gas (hydrogen) enters Stream 7 while the remaining components (acetone, IPA, and water)
distribute according to Raoult’s Law. Some of the acetone in Stream 7 is recovered by absorbing
it into pure water in T-401. The liquid in Stream 12 is distilled to produce “pure” acetone in
Stream 13 and waste water (containing IPA) in Stream 14. The desired acetone production rate
is 15,000 metric tons/yr.
Process Details
Feed Streams
Stream 1: isopropyl alcohol, liquid, 88 wt % IPA, 12 wt % water, 1 atm, 25°C
Stream 9: distilled process water, 3 bar, 25°C
Effluent Streams
Stream 11: off-gas stream to incinerator, credit may be taken for LHV of fuel
Stream 13: acetone product, liquid, 99.9 mol% purity, must contain 99.5 mol% of acetone
in Stream 12
Stream 14: waste water stream, treatment cost $50.00/106
kg
must contain less than 0.04 mole fraction IPA and acetone
2.
3. 3
Equipment
Heat Exchanger (E-401):
This unit heats, vaporizes, and superheats the feed to 235°C at 2.2 bar. A pump, which is
not shown and which you do not have to be concerned with this semester, increases the
pressure of the feed to the indicated pressure.
Reactor (R-401):
Following development of a new catalyst, only the following reaction occurs:
acetoneIPA
23333 HCOCHCHCHOHCHCH +→
(1)
The reaction occurs at 350°C, and the conversion at this temperature is 90%. The reactor
exit pressure is 1.9 bar. The reaction is endothermic with heat being supplied by hot
molten salt.
Fired Heater (H-401):
This unit heats the molten salt that provides heat to the reactor. Energy is supplied by
combustion of natural gas, which may be assumed to be pure methane. The molten salt
enters the fired heater at 360°C (Stream 3) and leaves the fired heater at 410°C (Stream
4). The heat capacity of molten salt is 1.56 J/g K.
Heat Exchanger (E-402):
This unit cools and partially condenses the reactor effluent. None of the hydrogen
condenses. The exit pressure may be at any pressure below 1.6 bar and any temperature
below 50°C that can be achieved by using cooling water (cw) or refrigerated water (rw) is
possible.
Separation Vessel (V-401):
This unit disengages the vapor and liquid effluent from E-402. In this separator, all
hydrogen in the feed enters the vapor phase, Stream 7. All other components distribute
according to Raoult’s Law at the temperature and pressure of E-402. The combination of
E-402 and V-401 is often called a flash operation.
Absorber (T-401):
Here, additional acetone is recovered by absorption into pure process water. The
absorber operates at the same temperature and pressure as V-401 Stream 11 contains all
of the hydrogen and the acetone and water which are not in Stream 10. Stream 10
4. 4
contains all of the IPA in Stream 7, 95% of the water in Streams 7 and 9. The amount of
acetone in Stream 10 can be calculated from:
6
7
11
1
1
A
A
y
y
stream
stream
−
−
= (2)
where y is the mole fraction of acetone,
mV
L
A = (3)
L is the total molar flowrate of liquid in Stream 9, and V is the total molar flowrate of
liquid in Stream 7. The parameter m is an equilibrium constant that is a function of
temperature and pressure
P
T
m
−
=
3598
92.10exp
(4)
where T is in Kelvin and P is in atm.
Distillation Column (T-402):
In this distillation column, the acetone, IPA, and water in Stream 12 are separated. The
column operates at 1.4 bar. Specifications are as follows. The acetone must be 99.9
mol% pure and 99.5 mol% of the acetone in the feed must be recovered in Stream 13.
Stream 14 contains most of the water and IPA from Stream 12.
Heat Exchanger (E-403):
In this heat exchanger, the contents of Stream 13 are condensed from saturated vapor to
saturated liquid at a rate three times the flow of Stream 13. The cost is for the amount of
cooling water needed to remove the necessary energy.
Heat Exchanger (E-404):
In this heat exchanger, you may assume that one-half of the flow of Stream 14 is
vaporized from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 1.4 bar and is returned to the
column. The cost is for the amount of low-pressure steam needed to supply the necessary
heat.
An additional distillation column (T-403):
You may choose to add an additional distillation column to process Stream 14 further.
This column can recover a near azeotropic mixture of water and IPA (88 wt% IPA – with
5. 5
all of the acetone remaining in Stream 14) out of the top, with residual water and IPA out
the bottom. If you choose to do this, you must recycle the IPA/water top product to the
beginning of the process. The bottom product goes to waste water treatment. This
distillation column needs two heat exchangers with similar energy specifications to E-403
and E-404. This distillation column operates at 1.2 bar. You should only include this
column if you decide it to be economically attractive
Other Equipment
It is required for two streams that mix to be at identical pressures. Pressure reduction may
be accomplished by adding a valve. These valves are not shown on the attached
flowsheet, and it may be assumed that additional valves can be added as needed at no cost.
Flow occurs from higher pressure to lower pressure. Pumps increase the pressure of
liquid streams, and compressors increase the pressure of gas streams. You may assume
that a pump exists where ever you need one. For this semester only, there is no cost for
pumps.
Equipment Costs
The equipment costs for the acetone plant are given below. Each cost is for an individual
piece of equipment, including installation.
Equipment Installed Cost
in millions of $
Reactor, R-401 1.5
Absorber, T-401 0.03
Acetone distillation column T-
402
including reboiler and
condenser
2.8
IPA distillation column T-403
(if added)
including reboiler and
condenser
0.1
Vessel, V-401 0.07
Any heat exchanger 0.05
Fired heater installed cost in dollars:
x
1011×
where
Qx 10log8.05.2 +=
where Q is the heat duty in kW
6. 6
Utility Costs
Low-Pressure Steam (446 kPa, saturated) $5.00/1000 kg
Medium-Pressure Steam (1135 kPa, saturated) $7.31/1000 kg
High-Pressure Steam (4237 kPa, saturated) $8.65/1000 kg
Natural Gas or Fuel Gas (446 kPa, 25°C) $3.00/GJ
Electricity $0.05/kW h
Boiler Feed Water (at 549 kPa, 90°C) $2.54/1000 kg
Cooling Water $0.16/GJ
available at 516 kPa and 30°C
return pressure ≥ 308 kPa
return temperature should be no more than 15°C above the inlet temperature
Refrigerated Water $1.60/GJ
available at 516 kPa and 10°C
return pressure ≥ 308 kPa
return temperature is no higher than 20°C
Process Water $0.04/1000 kg
available at 300 kPa and 25°C
Data
Use data from Reference [1] or from any handbook (such as Reference [2]). The following
data are not readily available in these references.
Liquid Heat Capacity
For IPA: 145 J/mole K
Vapor Heat Capacity
for IPA: 27.87 + 0.176 + 2.12´10-4
T 2
- 4.09´10-7
T 3
J/mole K T (K)
Vapor Pressures – Antoine’s Equation constants
CT
B
Ap
+
−=*
ln (5)
(p*
in mm Hg, T in K)
7. 7
A B C
IPA 17.664 3109.3 -73.546
acetone 16.732 2975.9 -34.523
Normal heat of vaporization
for IPA: 56,900 kJ/kmole
Economic Analysis
When evaluating alternative cases, the following objective function should be used. It is the
equivalent annual operating cost (EAOC), and is defined as
EAOC = -(product value - feed cost - other operating costs - capital cost annuity)
A negative EAOC means there is a profit. It is desirable to minimize the EAOC; i.e., a large
negative EAOC is very desirable.
The cost for acetone is $0.88/kg. The cost for IPA is $0.72/kg IPA in the feed solution. The
value for hydrogen is $35/1000 std m3
.
Other operating costs are utilities, such as steam, cooling water, natural gas, and electricity.
The capital cost annuity is an annual cost (like a car payment) associated with the one-time,
fixed cost of plant construction. A list of capital costs for all pieces of equipment will be provided
by early March.
The capital cost annuity is defined as follows:
capital cost annuity = 0.2(capital cost)
Optimization
We will learn optimization methods in numerical methods class. The objective function
(EAOC) is defined above. It is your responsibility to define appropriate decision variables. If
there are too many decision variables to do a reasonable optimization, it is your responsibility to
determine, with appropriate justification, which ones most significantly affect the objective
function and focus on only those decision variables.
Other Information
You should assume that a year equals 8000 hours. This is about 330 days, which allows for
periodic shut-down and maintenance.
8. 8
Deliverables
Each group must deliver a report written using a word processor. The report should be clear
and concise. The format is explained in a separate document. Any report not containing a labeled
PFD and a stream table will be considered unacceptable. The stream table must include
temperature, pressure, phase, total mass flowrate, total molar flowrate, and component molar
flowrates. When presenting results for different cases, graphs are generally superior to tables.
The report appendix should contain details of calculations for the optimal case. These
calculations may be (neatly) hand-written. Calculations that can not be followed easily will lose
credit. Refer to the document entitled Written Design Reports for more information.
Each group will give an oral report in which the results of this project are presented in a
concise manner. The oral report should be no more than 15 minutes, and each group member
must speak. A 5-10 minute question-and-answer session will follow. Instructions for
presentation of oral reports will be provided in a separate document entitled Oral Reports.
However, the best way to learn how to present an oral report, other than actually presenting one,
is to make time to see some of the oral reports presented by the juniors the week before you are
to present your report. The presentations will most likely be on Wednesday, April 21, 1999,
between 11:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m.
As mentioned in the cover memo, the written project report is due on Monday, April 26,
1999, at 1:00 p.m. The oral reports will be Monday, April 26, 1999 (ChE 38 class) and
Wednesday, April 28, 1999 (ChE 41 class). There will be a project review on Thursday, April 30,
1999 (ChE 38 class). In addition, everyone must attend the senior design presentation on
Tuesday, April 27, 1999, unless you have organic chemistry or physics lab at that time.
Furthermore, attendance is required of all students during their classmates’ presentations (this
means in the room, not in the hall or the lounge). Failure to attend any of the above required
sessions will result in a decrease in one letter grade (per occurrence) from your project grade in
both ChE 38 and ChE 41.
Anyone not participating in this project will automatically receive an F for ChE 38, regardless
of other grades earned in this classes.
Revisions
As with any open-ended problem; i.e., a problem with no single correct answer, the problem
statement above is deliberately vague. The possibility exists that as you work on this problem,
your questions will require revisions and/or clarifications of the problem statement. You should
be aware that these revisions/clarifications may be forthcoming.
9. 9
References
1. Felder, R. M. and R. W. Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes (2nd ed.),
Wiley, New York, 1986.
2. Perry, R. H. and D. Green, eds., Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook (7th ed.),
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.