The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.

1. FERTILIZER INDUSTRY LECTURE 1

9. Ammonia (mol%) in equilibrium synthesis gas; H 2 /N 2 =3mol/mol

11. ICI quench reactor Temperature-Concentration profile

12. Kellogg a) Vertical (left fig.) b) Horizontal (right fig.) quench reactors

13. Haldor Topsoe radial flow reactors

14. Multi-bed converter with indirect cooling; (a) catalyst, (b) feed-effluent heat exchanger, (c) cold bypass, (f) product.

15. Integrated Ammonia Plant

16. Specific energy requirements of various ammonia processes *Lower heating value Process GJ (LHV)*/t ammonia Classical Haber-Bosch (coke) 80-90 Reformer pressure 5-10 bar (1953-1955) 47-53 Reformer pressure 30-35 bar (1965-1975) 33-42 Low-energy concepts (1975-1984) 27-33 State of the art (since 1991) 24-26