The document discusses the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Soviet Union's increasing loss of control over Eastern Europe from the 1960s-1980s. It summarizes that Dubcek in Czechoslovakia attempted to reform communism with "socialism with a human face" but was crushed by the Soviet invasion of 1968, reaffirming the Brezhnev Doctrine. In the 1980s, the Solidarity movement in Poland challenged Soviet dominance and Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost further weakened Soviet control, culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and collapse of Soviet rule over Eastern Europe.

2. 1964-82

4. Brezhnev Doctrine
• “ When forces that are hostile to socialism try
to turn towards capitalism, it becomes not
only a problem of the country concerned, but
a common problem and concern of all socialist
countries.” (1968)

6. Socialism ‘with a human face’?
Dubcek’s belief that socialism did not have to be what
Soviet Union had practiced – corrupt, power abuse,
deception…
Lessened censorship – criticism of the government
allowed
Less oppressive policies
increased democratisation including more open debate
and freedom of speech
Even set up an alternative party to the Communist Party!
*** Dubcek had no intention to give up communism or
leave the Warsaw Pact. He only aimed to reform
communism.

7. Why did the Soviet Union feel threatened
by the Prague Spring 1968?
• - The USSR thought they would lose control as Dubcek launched
reforms and modernized communism with “Socialism with a
human face”. He introduced free expression and ended rule of
terror by secret police.
• - Dubcek even planned to set up a Social democratic Party as a
rival to the Communists.
• - Although Dubcek promised Brezhnev not to leave Warsaw Pact,
Brezhnev's Doctrine stated that if control was lessened in one
country, others Satellite states would undermine Soviet control,
and USSR had the right to intervene.
• - Czechoslovakia was too important to the USSR as it had
borders with West Germany.
• - Brezhnev was the new Soviet leader and he was determined to
maintain Soviet control of eastern Europe.

10. Detente

13. Improved Sino-American
relations!
Ping-pong diplomacy
(1971)!

14. Détente with the USSR
• 1972 – Nixon flew to Moscow (the first
president to do so since Roosevelt in
1944)

15. SALT: Strategic Arm Limitation Talks
•SALT I (1972)
•Limited number of ICBMs
(missiles) and ABMs
•Agreed not to test ICBMs

17. MIRV – Multiple independently targetable
reentry vehicle

20. SALT: Strategic Arm Limitation Talks
•SALT II (1979)
•President Carter of USA tried to get
further deals on arms limitations
•Slow progress
•1979 – Soviet Union invaded
Afghanistan
•Diplomatic links broken
•Carter withdrew US Olympic team
from 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

21. Reagan – The 80s
•Aggressive anti-Soviet
policy
•Both sides developing
new weapons
•USA developed neutron
bomb – could kill many
people without much
damage to property

22. 1983 - Star Wars
 March 23, Reagan outlinrd his Strategic Defense
Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based
defensive shield that would use lasers and other
advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles
far above the Earth's surface.
 Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972
Antiballistic Missile Treaty.
 Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the
program causing near economic collapse.

27. Solidarity Movement in
Poland

28. Poland during the Cold War
- economic disasters
- hunger
- Communist government failed to solve any
problem
- people had lost faith in communism

29. How It All Began...
 In 1970, Stalin’s Shipyard in Gdansk,
Poland, was the center of huge and
violent demonstrations against the
government’s decisions to increase
food prices.
 Six years later Wałęsa was fired and
became an activist
 In 1980 the food prices were raised
again. >100,000 workers went on
strike.
 Workers seized control of the yard and
Wałęsa scaled the shipyard fence and
joined the workers inside.
Lech Wałęsa speaking
the workers at the
shipyard.

30. What is the Solidarity movement?
- A trade union of workers
- backed by popular opinion
- use of non-violent methods
- the 1st non–communist
party-controlled trade union
in Warsaw Pact.
- reached 10 million members
before 1981 (1/3 of Poland's
work force).

31. Lech Wałęsa
 Leader of the Solidarity
movement
led Poland out of
communism.
 Contributed to the end of
communism and Europe
and an end to the Cold War

33. PassivePassive
resistanceresistance

38. Helping Solidarity
 1982: Reagan met with Pope John Paul II
(Polish!)
 They decided to secretly help Solidarity, to
secretly challenge the communist
government.
 1982-9, American organizations provided
money and advice to help Solidarity!
 Meanwhile, the Polish communist party was
falling apart.
CIA!!!

39. What's so important about Solidarity?
- Solidarity began calling for greater political
and religious freedoms.
- Government feared to take action!
- The banning and imprisonment did not work.
Solidarity went from strength to strength.
- a symbol for opposition to communism. It set
an example to the rest of Eastern Europe ...

40. Meanwhile in USSR...

42. USSR in HUGH crisis!
- Economy collapsing. Industry & agriculture inefficient
- unable to afford military expenses in the arms race
- Corruption too deep-rooted
- poverty & famine
- people lost faith in communism
- Military defeat and humiliation at Afghanistan
- Rising discontent EVERYWHERE
- low social morale (alcoholism)

43. Warsaw Pact also in HUGH crisis!Warsaw Pact also in HUGH crisis!
-Economy failing, clearly behind the West
- corruption
- poverty & famine
-people lost faith in communism
- Rising discontent EVERYWHERE
- low social morale
- Red Army could not no longer suppress all riots

44. 1979 - Afghanistan
 December 25, 100,000 Soviet
troops invaded Afghanistan
as communist Babrak Karmal
seized control of the
government.
 U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla
fighters waged a costly war
against the Soviets for nearly
a decade before Soviet
troops withdraw in 1988.
 Afghanistan—the Soviet
“Vietnam”

45. 1985 -
Gorbachev
came to power
 started an era of reforms.
•Perestroika
•Glasnost

46. Perestroika!!!
“Restructuring” the economy
- including capitalist practices!
Competition and free market
economy was encouraged.

47. Glasnost!!!
Open up!
- Free speech and political freedom!
- to restore faith in government and
end corruption.
People who criticised would no
longer be persecuted!

48. "Sinatra Doctrine"
USSR would allow Eastern
Europe Satellites to choose
their “own way” of
government.
USSR would not send in
Red Army to crush
rebellions any more.

49. Gorbachev’s ‘Sinatra Doctrine’
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=6E2hYDIFDIU

51.  There was more and more support for
perestroika and glasnost!

52. Hungary became
the first Soviet
Satellite to 'fall' (or
be liberated)

55. Fall of Berlin Wall

56. 1989 - Berlin Wall falls
 Gorbachev loosened Soviet control in
Eastern Europe.
 On September 10, Hungary opened
its border with Austria, allowing East
Germans to flee to the West.
 After massive public demonstrations
in East Germany and Eastern Europe,
the Berlin Wall fell on November 9.

57. Tear down the wall: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzsklVTlopE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnYXbJ_bcLc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcFPPIkdtYQ

58. 1990 –
German unification
 At a September 12 meeting in
Moscow, the United States, Soviet
Union, Great Britain, France and the
two Germanys agreed to end Allied
occupation rights in Germany.
 On October 3, East and West
Germany united as the Federal
Republic of Germany.

59. Lech Wałęsa: President of Poland
 In 1989 he ran for President and
won by a landslide.

61. Bulgaria and Albania also abandoned
communism around 1990

62. Moves to establish
friendly relations
with the west and
signed arms
reduction treaties
with USA!

63. 1987 - INF
 On December 8,
1987, Reagan and
Gorbachev signed
the Intermediate
Range Nuclear
Forces Treaty
 It was the removal
of more than 2,600
nuclear missiles.

65. (1992)
President George Bush and
Russian president Boris Yeltsin
issue formal statement
declaring end to Cold War.
Who “won” the Cold War?

66. Vladimir Putin and George Bush, Jr.

68. How far – 8 mark questions
1. How important was Solidarity in the
decline of Soviet influence in Eastern
Europe?
2. How far can decline of Soviet power in
Eastern Europe be blamed on the
Solidarity Movement?
3. Gorbachev was responsible for the
collapse of Soviet control over Eastern
Europe. How far?

69. How far was it due to Solidarity?
Very important as it brought change and it set an example to others.
It challenged the USSR by showing that if people stood together
against oppression, it would force the government to give
way through popular opinion and non-violent methods.
The government in Poland had lost the confidence of the people and
Solidarity showed that a Communist government could not solve
Poland’s economic problems.
Solidarity began calling for greater political and religious freedoms.
As it was strong, the government feared to take action, as did the
Soviet Union. The USSR did not use force to ensure this unlike in
Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
The movement showed that tough moves of threats, banning and
imprisonment did not work. Solidarity only grew stronger. In the
free elections of 1989, Solidarity won massive support and
Walesa became first non-communist President.
This set an example to communist control for the rest of eastern
Europe.

70. Was it Gorbachev’s leadership?
Gorbachev created a more open atmosphere and no longer used armed
forces to enforce Soviet rule over Satellite states. This helped to reduce
spending on the military.
He proposed that the Soviet economy should be improved by
“perestroika” – restructuring, including capitalist practices. More
competition in industry was encouraged.
Free market capitalism and trade with the West increased. This also
increased Soviet awareness of better standards of living in the West.
He introduced “glasnost” – openness to restoring faith in government and
end corruption. People who criticised the government should no longer
be persecuted. This allowed discontent to grow.
He proposed a cut back in money spent on the arms race and signed arms
limitation treaty with the USA.
He sought to establish more friendly relations with the west and signed
arms reduction treaties.
In 1989, communist regimes of eastern Europe toppled one by one as
Gorbachev's reforms signalled that the Soviet Union could no longer
intervene. (Sinatra Doctrine)

71. How far was it because of
communism’s own weaknesses?
Communism was seen by many as corrupt and Soviet industry and
agriculture inefficient. The USSR was in economic crisis. Food
shortages were everywhere. Large sums of money were being
spent on military at the expense of citizens living in poverty.
There was much corruption with Party members living in luxury
whilst the workers were living in poverty. People had lost faith
in the system. Corruption ran too deeply for the changes to
happen.
Large sums of money were being spent on defence and the 1979
Afghanistan war.
Warsaw Pact countries were clearly behind western countries both
economically and socially.
Gorbachev’s withdrawal of Red Army from Satellite countries
resulted in one by one the communist governments coming to
an end.

72. So your conclusion?

73. Losing Soviet Control Over Eastern Europe 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akGjJcl3GDw
End of Soviet Control
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ielyVJUgXK8

74. Gorbachev became both the hero
and the devil
http://youtu.be/fgm14D1jHUw?t=8s

75. Breaking up of USSR... 15 republics declared
independence one by one under the “union
treaty”

77. 1991 coup d'etat by hardliners to
overthrow Gorbachev

81. EU

82. NATO

85. Yugoslavia since WWII
Marshal Josip Tito

90.  Fall of USSR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0g6arFbKZ60&t=9m30s
End of communism in E Europe
http://youtu.be/akGjJcl3GDw?t=2m22s
 ‘My Way’
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=6E2hYDIFDIU