This PowerPoint covers how Germany was divided into four zones after WW2, what happened within those zones and how it became two separate Germanies by 1949.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin. It divided the city until 1989. The wall was prompted by the large number of people fleeing from East to West Berlin each month for greater prosperity. It cut through neighborhoods and separated families. Over its 28-year existence, 192 people died trying to cross the wall illegally. The wall fell in 1989 amid reforms in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev that weakened East Germany.
The document discusses Germany's attitude towards war in 1914. It argues that Germany's enemies (France, Britain, Russia) were not fully prepared for war at the time, while Germany's allies (Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania) were ready to support Germany. It states that Germany should take advantage of this favorable moment and resolve conflicts of interest through war, regardless of the provocation, in order to secure its future as the leader of European policy. Germany's enemies were France, Britain, Russia, while its allies were considered Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania. The document advocates for Germany to provoke war in 1914 to maintain control over European affairs while its opponents were perceived as weak.
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare versiondumouchelle
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. A network of alliances drew the major European powers into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. Germany backed Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, leading Russia and its allies to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War I.
Reasons the USA lost the vietnam war - USA's international isolationmrmarr
The document discusses the international isolation of the USA during the Vietnam War and how this contributed to their defeat. It notes that while some countries like South Korea, Australia and New Zealand sent troops, overall support was less than hoped for. America received negative media coverage that opponents used for propaganda, reducing further support. A lack of global support forced the US to provide most money and soldiers, which it could not sustain, unlike North Vietnam which received aid from the USSR and China. European allies like France and the UK declined requests to send troops, despite having Asian colonial experience that could have helped.
After World War I, many European nations struggled economically and politically. Totalitarian dictators rose to power, promising stability and return to nationalist glory. These included Stalin in the Soviet Union, Mussolini in Italy, and Hitler in Germany. They consolidated total control over government and society through secret police, censorship, and eliminating political opposition. Their aggressive expansionism, particularly Germany and Japan's invasions of neighboring lands, heightened tensions and ultimately led to the start of World War II.
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin. It divided the city until 1989. The wall was prompted by the large number of people fleeing from East to West Berlin each month for greater prosperity. It cut through neighborhoods and separated families. Over its 28-year existence, 192 people died trying to cross the wall illegally. The wall fell in 1989 amid reforms in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev that weakened East Germany.
The document discusses Germany's attitude towards war in 1914. It argues that Germany's enemies (France, Britain, Russia) were not fully prepared for war at the time, while Germany's allies (Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania) were ready to support Germany. It states that Germany should take advantage of this favorable moment and resolve conflicts of interest through war, regardless of the provocation, in order to secure its future as the leader of European policy. Germany's enemies were France, Britain, Russia, while its allies were considered Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania. The document advocates for Germany to provoke war in 1914 to maintain control over European affairs while its opponents were perceived as weak.
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare versiondumouchelle
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. A network of alliances drew the major European powers into war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. Germany backed Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, leading Russia and its allies to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, starting World War I.
Reasons the USA lost the vietnam war - USA's international isolationmrmarr
The document discusses the international isolation of the USA during the Vietnam War and how this contributed to their defeat. It notes that while some countries like South Korea, Australia and New Zealand sent troops, overall support was less than hoped for. America received negative media coverage that opponents used for propaganda, reducing further support. A lack of global support forced the US to provide most money and soldiers, which it could not sustain, unlike North Vietnam which received aid from the USSR and China. European allies like France and the UK declined requests to send troops, despite having Asian colonial experience that could have helped.
After World War I, many European nations struggled economically and politically. Totalitarian dictators rose to power, promising stability and return to nationalist glory. These included Stalin in the Soviet Union, Mussolini in Italy, and Hitler in Germany. They consolidated total control over government and society through secret police, censorship, and eliminating political opposition. Their aggressive expansionism, particularly Germany and Japan's invasions of neighboring lands, heightened tensions and ultimately led to the start of World War II.
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
Hitler and Nazi Germany - the nazi governmentmrmarr
Adolf Hitler took power in Germany in 1933 and established a totalitarian Nazi government, consolidating his control over time. He appointed key leaders to head major aspects of government, including Heinrich Himmler to oversee the SS and concentration camps, Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda, and Hermann Goering to head the secret police and air force. By 1936, Hitler had centralized power and aimed to prepare Germany for war within four years under the Office of the Four Year Plan. He abolished state governments, instead appointing his own regional governors to impose his rules across Germany.
Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev's view of Kennedymrmarr
Nikita Khrushchev viewed John F. Kennedy as inexperienced and weak due to his youth and the domestic problems facing the US. At their 1961 Vienna summit, Khrushchev bullied Kennedy and was emboldened by his perceived inability to stop construction of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev believed placing nuclear missiles in Cuba would call Kennedy's resolve without risk of war, but misjudged that the US would not tolerate such threats so close to home. This miscalculation and view of Kennedy as distracted by domestic issues led to Khrushchev's disastrous decision to place missiles in Cuba and the ensuing Cuban Missile Crisis.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
Fascism is a far-right ideology characterized by extreme nationalism, a dictator with total control over a single-party state, and the suppression of opposition through intimidation and propaganda. Fascist regimes rose to power in Italy under Mussolini, Germany under Hitler, and Spain under Franco. The rise of fascism was fueled by economic instability after World War 1, dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles, fear of communism following the Russian Revolution, and support from the middle classes who felt politically marginalized.
The Yalta Conference saw Allied leaders agree that Germany would be divided into four occupation zones after defeat, that war criminals would be prosecuted, and that liberated countries could hold free elections. They disagreed over Poland's borders. The Potsdam Conference addressed postwar issues in Germany, including reparations, with disagreements between Stalin and the new US President Truman over Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. By 1946, Eastern European countries had communist governments loyal to Stalin behind an "Iron Curtain".
The document discusses the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, two key US policies following WWII. The Truman Doctrine aimed to contain the spread of communism globally by providing economic and military aid to countries resisting Soviet influence. Many US citizens opposed interfering abroad. The Marshall Plan was a $12.5 billion program to rebuild Western Europe devastated by war through food, machinery and jobs aid. It aimed to address the poverty and instability fueling communism's spread. Countries received aid if not communist and rebuilt cities, economies and stability in Western Europe.
1. After WWII, the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers competing for global influence, leading to tensions in Europe and the establishment of communist governments in Eastern Europe under Stalin.
2. In response, the US formulated the policy of containment to prevent the spread of communism and provided aid to Greece and Turkey through the Truman Doctrine, marking the beginning of the Cold War.
3. The Cold War escalated with the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel border between the two countries. In response, United Nations forces led by the United States launched a counterattack and pushed the North Korean army back above the 38th parallel. However, Chinese troops then entered the war on the side of North Korea and drove UN forces back south. Fighting continued back and forth across the parallel until an armistice was signed in 1953, leaving Korea still divided along the 38th parallel between the communist North and non-communist South. Over 10 million people died during the three-year Korean War.
There were several groups that opposed Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. The White Rose group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign calling for opposition to the Nazi regime. Members were discovered and executed in 1943. Some Catholic priests and the Archbishop of Munster opposed Hitler's policies and actions. Protestant pastors formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's control of the church. In 1944, the failed assassination attempt by the Kreisau Circle led by Colonel Stauffenberg resulted in over 5,000 executions in retaliation.
World War II began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. This caused France and Britain to declare war on Germany. Germany then conquered much of Western Europe. In 1941, Germany broke its non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union by invading. The US entered the war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Over the next several years, the Allied powers including the US, Britain, and Soviet Union fought against Germany and Japan. Germany surrendered in 1945 after the US dropped atomic bombs on Japan, bringing World War II to an end after over 7 years of global conflict.
The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 and divided West and East Berlin until 1989. It had official crossings that were heavily guarded checkpoints. In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged the Soviet Union to tear down the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate. The wall fell in 1989, marking the end of the dictatorship in East Germany and reunification of Germany.
World War I ended in 1918 with Germany's surrender after facing troubles on the home front and with the entry of American troops. In 1919, the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference to determine the post-war settlement. The resulting Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by assigning war guilt, imposing reparations, taking territory, and limiting its military. However, the treaty was controversial and rejected in some countries, failing to achieve a lasting peace and sowing resentment in Germany that allowed Hitler to rise to power and start World War II.
An Overview of the Marshall Plan (the Long Version)Damian Niolet
An interactive, overview of the Marshall Plan from WWII. If you are interested in the original version, with links and animations, please contact me and I'll get it to you.
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. It discusses the pre-revolutionary conditions in Russia, the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 that overthrew the Tsar, and Lenin taking power and establishing a communist government. It then summarizes how Stalin consolidated power after Lenin's death and created a totalitarian state through policies like collectivization, industrialization, propaganda, repression of religion, and purges of enemies.
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension between Western powers led by the US and Eastern powers led by the Soviet Union from 1945-1989. It arose due to ideological differences that divided Europe into Western and Eastern blocs, with the Iron Curtain symbolizing efforts by the Soviet Union to isolate itself and its satellite states. Though direct war was avoided due to nuclear deterrence, the conflict played out through regional proxy wars like in Korea and Vietnam, and crises like the Berlin Blockade increased tensions between the two superpowers.
The Cold War was a non-military conflict between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1990 that led to proxy wars around the world. The ideological struggle pitted capitalist democracies led by the US against communist totalitarian states within the Soviet bloc. Both sides aimed to spread their influence and contain the other through espionage, arms buildup including nuclear weapons, and involvement in conflicts in countries not directly allied with either power. Major events included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War.
Post WWII, the Soviet Union expanded its control over Eastern Europe by forcing countries like Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to remain as Soviet satellite states. This led to the division of Europe with the Iron Curtain splitting the Western and Eastern blocs. The US responded with the policies of containment and the Truman Doctrine to provide military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism. The Marshall Plan provided billions in economic aid to rebuild Western Europe which the Soviet Union rejected.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic located in Central Europe. It has 16 states and borders 9 other countries. Germany has a long history and was divided after World War 2 into East and West Germany until reunification in 1990. Germany has a strong economy focused on industry and services and is the largest economy in Europe. German culture has significantly influenced philosophy, music, literature and architecture through famous figures. The country also has a rich cultural heritage of historical sites, art and cuisine that varies regionally.
Hitler and Nazi Germany - the nazi governmentmrmarr
Adolf Hitler took power in Germany in 1933 and established a totalitarian Nazi government, consolidating his control over time. He appointed key leaders to head major aspects of government, including Heinrich Himmler to oversee the SS and concentration camps, Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda, and Hermann Goering to head the secret police and air force. By 1936, Hitler had centralized power and aimed to prepare Germany for war within four years under the Office of the Four Year Plan. He abolished state governments, instead appointing his own regional governors to impose his rules across Germany.
Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Khrushchev's view of Kennedymrmarr
Nikita Khrushchev viewed John F. Kennedy as inexperienced and weak due to his youth and the domestic problems facing the US. At their 1961 Vienna summit, Khrushchev bullied Kennedy and was emboldened by his perceived inability to stop construction of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev believed placing nuclear missiles in Cuba would call Kennedy's resolve without risk of war, but misjudged that the US would not tolerate such threats so close to home. This miscalculation and view of Kennedy as distracted by domestic issues led to Khrushchev's disastrous decision to place missiles in Cuba and the ensuing Cuban Missile Crisis.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
Fascism is a far-right ideology characterized by extreme nationalism, a dictator with total control over a single-party state, and the suppression of opposition through intimidation and propaganda. Fascist regimes rose to power in Italy under Mussolini, Germany under Hitler, and Spain under Franco. The rise of fascism was fueled by economic instability after World War 1, dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles, fear of communism following the Russian Revolution, and support from the middle classes who felt politically marginalized.
The Yalta Conference saw Allied leaders agree that Germany would be divided into four occupation zones after defeat, that war criminals would be prosecuted, and that liberated countries could hold free elections. They disagreed over Poland's borders. The Potsdam Conference addressed postwar issues in Germany, including reparations, with disagreements between Stalin and the new US President Truman over Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. By 1946, Eastern European countries had communist governments loyal to Stalin behind an "Iron Curtain".
The document discusses the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, two key US policies following WWII. The Truman Doctrine aimed to contain the spread of communism globally by providing economic and military aid to countries resisting Soviet influence. Many US citizens opposed interfering abroad. The Marshall Plan was a $12.5 billion program to rebuild Western Europe devastated by war through food, machinery and jobs aid. It aimed to address the poverty and instability fueling communism's spread. Countries received aid if not communist and rebuilt cities, economies and stability in Western Europe.
1. After WWII, the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers competing for global influence, leading to tensions in Europe and the establishment of communist governments in Eastern Europe under Stalin.
2. In response, the US formulated the policy of containment to prevent the spread of communism and provided aid to Greece and Turkey through the Truman Doctrine, marking the beginning of the Cold War.
3. The Cold War escalated with the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel border between the two countries. In response, United Nations forces led by the United States launched a counterattack and pushed the North Korean army back above the 38th parallel. However, Chinese troops then entered the war on the side of North Korea and drove UN forces back south. Fighting continued back and forth across the parallel until an armistice was signed in 1953, leaving Korea still divided along the 38th parallel between the communist North and non-communist South. Over 10 million people died during the three-year Korean War.
There were several groups that opposed Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. The White Rose group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign calling for opposition to the Nazi regime. Members were discovered and executed in 1943. Some Catholic priests and the Archbishop of Munster opposed Hitler's policies and actions. Protestant pastors formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's control of the church. In 1944, the failed assassination attempt by the Kreisau Circle led by Colonel Stauffenberg resulted in over 5,000 executions in retaliation.
World War II began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. This caused France and Britain to declare war on Germany. Germany then conquered much of Western Europe. In 1941, Germany broke its non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union by invading. The US entered the war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Over the next several years, the Allied powers including the US, Britain, and Soviet Union fought against Germany and Japan. Germany surrendered in 1945 after the US dropped atomic bombs on Japan, bringing World War II to an end after over 7 years of global conflict.
The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 and divided West and East Berlin until 1989. It had official crossings that were heavily guarded checkpoints. In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged the Soviet Union to tear down the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate. The wall fell in 1989, marking the end of the dictatorship in East Germany and reunification of Germany.
World War I ended in 1918 with Germany's surrender after facing troubles on the home front and with the entry of American troops. In 1919, the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference to determine the post-war settlement. The resulting Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by assigning war guilt, imposing reparations, taking territory, and limiting its military. However, the treaty was controversial and rejected in some countries, failing to achieve a lasting peace and sowing resentment in Germany that allowed Hitler to rise to power and start World War II.
An Overview of the Marshall Plan (the Long Version)Damian Niolet
An interactive, overview of the Marshall Plan from WWII. If you are interested in the original version, with links and animations, please contact me and I'll get it to you.
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. It discusses the pre-revolutionary conditions in Russia, the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 that overthrew the Tsar, and Lenin taking power and establishing a communist government. It then summarizes how Stalin consolidated power after Lenin's death and created a totalitarian state through policies like collectivization, industrialization, propaganda, repression of religion, and purges of enemies.
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension between Western powers led by the US and Eastern powers led by the Soviet Union from 1945-1989. It arose due to ideological differences that divided Europe into Western and Eastern blocs, with the Iron Curtain symbolizing efforts by the Soviet Union to isolate itself and its satellite states. Though direct war was avoided due to nuclear deterrence, the conflict played out through regional proxy wars like in Korea and Vietnam, and crises like the Berlin Blockade increased tensions between the two superpowers.
The Cold War was a non-military conflict between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1990 that led to proxy wars around the world. The ideological struggle pitted capitalist democracies led by the US against communist totalitarian states within the Soviet bloc. Both sides aimed to spread their influence and contain the other through espionage, arms buildup including nuclear weapons, and involvement in conflicts in countries not directly allied with either power. Major events included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War.
Post WWII, the Soviet Union expanded its control over Eastern Europe by forcing countries like Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to remain as Soviet satellite states. This led to the division of Europe with the Iron Curtain splitting the Western and Eastern blocs. The US responded with the policies of containment and the Truman Doctrine to provide military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism. The Marshall Plan provided billions in economic aid to rebuild Western Europe which the Soviet Union rejected.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic located in Central Europe. It has 16 states and borders 9 other countries. Germany has a long history and was divided after World War 2 into East and West Germany until reunification in 1990. Germany has a strong economy focused on industry and services and is the largest economy in Europe. German culture has significantly influenced philosophy, music, literature and architecture through famous figures. The country also has a rich cultural heritage of historical sites, art and cuisine that varies regionally.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
The Cold War began after WWII as tensions grew between the capitalist West and communist East. The Soviet Union established control over Eastern Europe while the US and its allies sought to prevent the spread of communism. This led both sides to form military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact and start an arms race. Crises emerged such as the Berlin Blockade and Cuban Missile Crisis that brought the world close to nuclear war. The Vietnam War further exacerbated tensions as the US tried to stop the spread of communism according to the Domino Theory.
The Battle of Berlin began on April 16, 1945 as approximately 2.5 million Soviet troops led by Georgy Zhukov approached the city. Intense hand-to-hand combat broke out on Berlin's streets as Soviet tanks roamed, destroying any buildings from which they were fired upon. By April 30, Adolf Hitler had married Eva Braun and then committed suicide. On May 2, the German parliament fell and Berlin came under Soviet control, bringing an end to World War 2.
The document discusses several key aspects of the nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It begins with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Soviets then developed their own atomic bomb in 1949, marking the start of the arms race. Both sides developed powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear payloads globally. Tensions escalated during events like the US announcing a policy of massive retaliation and the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the two superpowers closest to nuclear war.
This document summarizes the division of Europe after World War 2 and the onset of the Cold War. It discusses how the West dealt with boundaries and the causes of the Cold War. Specifically, it mentions that Truman cut off aid to Russia due to Stalin's insistence on communist governments in Eastern Europe. The Marshall Plan and NATO were responses to the perceived threat from Stalin exporting revolution. NATO was formed in 1949 as a military alliance against the Soviet Union, while the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact. The spread of communism to China and North Korea's invasion of South Korea further exacerbated Cold War tensions.
COLD WAR: How did the USA try and [prevent the spread of Communism?mrjportman
The document discusses the origins of rivalry between the USA and USSR from 1945-1949. Key events that increased tensions were the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, where Stalin consolidated control over Eastern Europe. The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan were American policies to contain the spread of communism by providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by the USSR. The Berlin Blockade by the Soviets in 1948 further escalated tensions between the two superpowers, marking the start of the Cold War era of geopolitical conflict and proxy wars.
This document provides an overview of the AQA A Level Sociology curriculum on the mass media. It includes:
- An outline of the content covered in the 10-11 week unit, including key topics such as ownership and control of the media, new media, globalization and popular culture, and representations in the media.
- Details on the assessment, which constitutes 20% of the A Level grade and focuses on knowledge and understanding as well as application, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of theoretical ideas.
- Recommended textbooks and additional resources for teaching the unit, including assigning newspaper readings and using videos.
- Learning objectives that cover acquiring knowledge of contemporary social processes related to the media as well as developing
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLVED. THE PERSONALITIES OF THE PEACEMAKERS. Content: Potsdam location, participants: leaders and countries, post Yalta discussions, how to handle Germany, American position, agreements, changes in German society, Potsdam declaration, the atomic bomb, challenging negotiation, Churchill, Atlee, Truman and Stalin.
The Gothic is a major theme in Jane Eyre, with supernatural elements like ghosts used to make Jane stand out. Architecture and a sense of the past are also Gothic features. Nature is used throughout with pathetic fallacy to reflect themes and foreshadow events. Religion plays a big role, with Mr. Brocklehurst and St. John portrayed negatively, while Helen and Jane embody more positive aspects. Dreams and paintings also hint at future occurrences in the novel.
United States History Ch. 19 Section 1 Notesskorbar7
Kennedy launched new strategies to respond to the Cold War threats, including flexible military response, the Alliance for Progress, and Peace Corps volunteers. The Bay of Pigs invasion failed to overthrow Castro in Cuba. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and USSR came close to nuclear war but reached agreements to establish a hotline and remove missiles from Turkey and Cuba. Kennedy and Khrushchev signed a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Berlin Wall was built, symbolizing East-West divisions.
Freedom Summer in 1964 saw over 1,000 volunteers help register African American voters in Mississippi, though 3 volunteers were murdered. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed, banning literacy tests and allowing federal oversight of elections. However, discrimination and poverty still plagued urban areas, leading to riots in cities like Watts, Newark, and Detroit in 1967. Meanwhile, leaders like Malcolm X and the Black Panthers advocated for more militant approaches than King's nonviolence.
Material deprivation refers to a lack of economic or material resources. Poor diet is linked to poor educational achievement as it can cause weakened immune systems, lower energy levels, more illness, and difficulties concentrating - leading to more time off school. Inadequate housing can make it harder to excel in school by crowding homes and disturbing sleep, which makes concentration difficult. It can also mean frequent moves and changes in school. There is a "hidden cost of free schooling" as poor families cannot afford necessary school equipment, which impacts self-esteem and can lead to bullying. Cultural factors like parental expectations and home environment also play a role, but material deprivation is only part of the explanation for differences in educational achievement as some children from poor
The document provides a detailed timeline of major events in World War II from 1938 to 1944. It begins with Germany annexing Austria in 1938 and ends with the Soviets launching offensives in eastern Europe in early 1944. Some key events summarized include:
- Germany invades Poland in September 1939, starting World War II in Europe. Britain and France declare war on Germany.
- In 1940, Germany conquers France and begins bombing Britain, while making plans to invade. They also occupy other European countries.
- In 1941, Germany invades the Soviet Union and the US enters the war after Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. Fighting intensifies across Europe and North Africa.
- By late 1942, the Soviets halt the German advance at
This document provides an overview of key events in early Nazi Germany from 1919 to 1929:
1. It outlines the founding of the Nazi party and highlights from their 25-point programme.
2. It describes Hitler's failed Munich Putsch of 1923 and how he used the subsequent trial to publicize the party.
3. It explains how the Nazis organized and expanded their propaganda efforts from 1924-1929 to appeal especially to the middle class, targeting their fears and grievances.
4. Despite these efforts, the Nazis struggled to gain widespread popularity and support during the relatively stable years under the Weimar Republic's Stresemann era.
The document discusses several topics related to the sociology of mass media, including trends in media ownership and control, new media and globalization, and the selection and presentation of news. It provides information on different theories of media ownership such as pluralism and Marxism. It also describes characteristics of new media, who uses new media, and perspectives on its impact. Globalization of media and its consequences on popular culture are examined as well. Factors influencing news production like news values, ownership, ideology and bias are also addressed.
A revision book to help students embed their understanding of the key theoretical perspectives for A2 Media Studies, including the new topic 'Identities & the Media'.
- Germany was in a poor state after WWI with food shortages and unrest. The Weimar Republic was established with a democratic constitution. However, it faced significant opposition from communists and right-wing nationalists.
- The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, fueling nationalist sentiment. Hyperinflation in the early 1920s caused economic devastation. The Nazis gained popularity by blaming the Weimar government for Germany's problems.
- Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a fascist dictatorship. The Nazi regime suppressed opposition and persecuted minorities while promoting propaganda to maintain support.
Origins of the Cold War - Yalta Conference, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Blockade & Airlift, China, NATO http://curriculumglobal.blogspot.com
Nazism and rise of hitler Chapters 3 Class 9thgauriasawa9
Nazism and the rise of hitler chapter pdf short ,brief and easy . chapter 3 of history class 9 pdf . notes of chapter 3 nazism and the rise of hitler pdf .
The document discusses the rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Hitler's father was a prominent physician who debated killing his family to avoid revenge from the Allies for Nazi crimes, but ultimately the whole family committed suicide.
2) After World War 1, Germany struggled under the new Weimar Republic and faced humiliation over the Treaty of Versailles. The poor economy created conditions for Hitler and the Nazis to rise to power.
3) Once in power in 1933, Hitler dismantled democracy and established a Nazi dictatorship through the Enabling Act, banning all other political parties. The Nazis then implemented racist ideology and policies that systematically stripped rights from Jews and other groups.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany and Adolf Hitler's role in leading the Nazi party to power between 1928-1933. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Nazism referred to the fascist ideology and policies adopted by the Nazi party in Germany from 1933-1945 under Adolf Hitler. Key elements included anti-Semitism, racism, totalitarianism, and opposition to liberal democracy.
2. Hitler rose to power by exploiting economic instability and nationalist sentiment following Germany's defeat in WWI. The Nazi party grew from a small, insignificant party in 1928 to becoming the largest party by 1932 and allowing Hitler to become Chancellor in 1933.
3. As Chancellor, Hitler established a totalitarian
This document provides background information on the rise of totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany and fascist Italy in the lead up to World War II. It discusses the key characteristics of totalitarian states, including the dominance of a single party led by a dictator. It also summarizes Hitler's rise to power in Germany by appealing to nationalist sentiments and offering scapegoats like Jewish people. The document then covers events that led to the start of WWII, including Germany invading countries in Europe and the failed policy of appeasement by Britain and France to avoid war.
Geschiedenis het derde rijk opkomst en ideologieJurgen Marechal
The document provides an overview of the Third Reich in Germany, including:
1) It summarizes the political timeline from the German Empire to a reunited democratic Germany.
2) It describes key aspects of Nazi ideology like ultranationalism, racism, and the cult of the leader.
3) It analyzes reasons for the failure of the Weimar Republic like its weak democratic foundations and the impact of the Great Depression.
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The Division of Germany; 1945-1949
1. Divided and stuff...
Goebbels was made
Chancellor after the
death of Hitler. His only
act as Chancellor was
to write a letter to the
Soviet General in
Berlin explaining
Hitler’s death and
asking for a ceasefire.
Hitler had fallen out with Himmler and
Goering (accusing them of treason-
Himmler had been talking surrender and
Goering offered to take over power as
Hitler was cut off in Berlin) and appointed
Karl Dönitz (Naval Commander) to be
president in his stead.
2. A government was set up after Hitler’s suicide. They signed
the surrender and then was disbanded by the Allies who took
control of occupied Germany.
Germany’s cities were bombed to destruction- leaving
hundreds of thousands homeless.
Many Germans had fled from German occupied territories
back to Germany as the Soviet army advanced. Therefore
there were many refugees in villages and towns leading to
severe food shortages, housing shortages and ill health.
Survivors from concentration camps were liberated, and
needed looking after, as they were starving, skeletal and
traumatised.
3.
4. Berlin also divided
into four zones
Economy: administered as one
unit but each member to take
reparations from own zone of
occupation.
However,
Soviet Zone
was less well
endowed with
industry and
natural
resources and
so could have
additional
reparations
from the better
off Western
zones.
5. Truman (USA), Churchill
and then Atlee (GB), and
Stalin (USSR).
French were not present.
The fate of Germany was
decided and it was pretty
grim. Based on 4 Ds
Demilitarisation.
Denazification.
Democratization.
Decentralisation.
7. Problem: Not only how to deal with the obvious war criminals, but
how to deal with those who had supported the regime and the
hundreds of thousands who had made the Nazi system function.
Internment: those who had “held office or otherwise been active at
any level from local to national in the Party and its subordinate
organisations or in organisations which further militaristic doctrines,
authorised or participated affirmatively in any Nazi crimes, racial
persecutions or discriminations, been avowed believers in Nazism or
racial and militaristic creeds or voluntarily given substantial moral or
material support or political assistance of any kind to the Nazi Party or
Nazi officials and leaders”.
In the west: became a case by case issue through a detailed
questionnaire. Penalties were severe so it was in people’s interests to
downplay Nazi pasts and they offered “Persil Certificates” (statements
from friends) and exchanging Nazi brownshirts of clean white shirts!
Soviet Zone: Mass internment in concentration camps. Made
distinction between active and nominal Nazis and nominal were
allowed back into political life. Made a big deal of being anti fascist
state liberated by the Red Army.
8. Nazism came out of “monopoly capitalism” (the final stage of
capitalism).
Abolishing capitalism would thus, get rid of Nazism.
In September 1945- larger landed estates (over 100 hectares in
size) and property belonging to former Nazis were confiscated
and redistributed.
Banks and factories were taken over- some into Soviet
ownership (became part of the GDR state system).
Some equipment, dismantled and taken back to the Soveit
union for reparations. (they also needed to kidnap German
scientists and experts who could put the equipment back
together when they got it back to the USSR).
9. Nationalisation in any form didn’t really happen.
Economic deprivation and hardship in the zones meant
the British kept rationing at home.
1946-7, harsh winter led to famine- people hoarded fuel
and food and used cigarettes, chocolate, favours and
personal possessions as currency (money worthless).
Boundaries between zones became blurred- 1947. British
and Americans formed The Bizone (or Bizonia), as their
zones merged, making it easier to run economically.
Became The Trizone (or Trizonia) in 1949 when the
French joined.
10. Easier to run
economically
Led to creation of the
German Economic Council
with powers of taxation.
Change in direction: from control of Germans
to increased political autonomy for the
Germans
11. Distrust between Allies- USSR and
Western. Stalin was believed to be
spreading communism. (Probably not,
USSR not in a good economic shape and
couldn’t afford expansion, and the US
was just really very scared of
Communism and had more to gain
economically and politically by being the
policeman of the world).
COLD WAR: refers to the ideological
conflict between the USA and the USSR
involving a nuclear arms race, the space
race and a number of proxy wars. This
division in 1949 really sealed this, and
Churchill made his Iron Curtain speech
that essentially had the lines being
drawn through the new Germany.
12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAyXXepUgrE (see a
clip here)
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent.“
Churchill’s speech is often called the beginning of the
Cold War.
13. German armed forces disbanded.
No German government = no military force.
Germany divided in two by 1949, neither side were
allowed an army until 1955-56 when they were under the
control of two opposing political ideologies.
This will not end well.
14. At the end of April 1945, a small group of German Communists under
Walter Ulbricht who had survived the war in exile went to Berlin to try
to make contacts and take control. New KPD.
Their idea was described as ‘democratic, but we must keep everything
under control’.
June 1945: licensed official formation of political parties.
SPD created and merged with the KPD in 1946 forming the SED (Socialist
Unity Party). 1948-49 “came out” as non-Western democratic, a Marxist
Leninist ‘Party of a New Type’.
Number of former liberal parties created the Liberal Democratic Party of
Germany (LDPD) while the former Catholic Centre Party and Protestant
Conservatives created the CDU (Christian Democratic Union).
National Democratic Party (NDPD) was designed to target former Nazis.
Democratic Peasants Party of Germany were for peasants.
All parties were to be brought together in a supposedly united ‘anti
fascist bloc’ or ‘National Front’ against Nazi remnants.
Also some were for youth and women etc- increasingly Communist.
Soviet
Zone
15. From the “ground up”- people who wanted to form a political
party had to be based at a local or regional level and apply
for a license. Only parties committed to democracy allowed.
SDP and KPD were formed but would not merge. SED could
not make any inroads western.
Christian and conservative parties became the CDU (Christian
Democratic Union) except in Bavaria (CSU- social). They
brought their Christian view with them.
Liberal parties became the Free Democratic Party (FDP), who
weren’t quite sure where they stood- liberal, with right wing
views and business interests.
Plus some smaller parties. Right wing Socialist Reich Party
(SRP) and KPD eventually banned.
Western Zone
16. By the Spring of 1946, the Western Allies claimed that the Soviets
were trying to expand through eastern Europe and beyond.
This led to the Truman Doctrine: democracy versus Communism. US
government promised to help and support any government fighting
for freedom from Communism (e.g. “Stalin, you cheeky so and so,
we know what you’re doing and if you so much as look at another
country, we’re going to kick you in the hammer and sickle”)- This is
referred to as Containment.
The US believed material well-being would help here. Discontented
people would be more likely to turn communist. So, reconstruction
of the post war European economy was to be given in the Marshall
Plan (aka the European Recovery Programme or ERP). Gave
economic aid to those who met certain conditions.
West Germany principal beneficiary. Helped defuse social discontent
in West Germany BUT widened the gap between East and West as
Stalin wouldn’t let them join.
US also got benefits from being involved in Western European
economic recovery.
17. The Truman Doctrine was
one reason why Stalin and
Truman began to be more
separated, and why there
became further tensions
between East and West
Germany.
While it is a response to
Stalin looking towards
eastern expansion, (and
Stalin had not administered
his zone as the USA would
have approved) it
nonetheless is responsible
for some conflict between
East and West.
18. Neighbours
“Come on Sam, it’s up to us again”
European market
continuing to
decline.
Concern that
poverty would
turn European
countries
communist.
German recovery
important to
European
recovery-
Germany needed
assistance to
recover.
Gave the
US influence
over the
European
economies
and would
improve
trade-
benefitting
the US.
It was run by the
Organisation for
European
Economic
Cooperation
(OEEC) and
took decisions
away from the
powers.
19. Caption: Can he block it?
The Marshall Plan was seen in context
with the Greek Civil War (conflict between
Communists and monarchists, with
monarchists backed by British troops).
The Truman Doctrine had already annoyed
Stalin.
The Marshall Plan was offered to all
European states- including all four German
zones, to the USSR and the satellites. It
would require the US having a degree of
control over the economies which Stalin
would never allow.
Stalin was aware that eastern bloc
countries would be tempted and thought
the US were trying to reduce Soviet
influence.
Because of the involvement in the OEEC,
it took decision making away from the
occupying powers, and widened the gap
20. Black market prevalent. June 1948- introduced new Deutschmark.
Soviets refused to do the same in the East- and put their own East
German mark in.
Soviet Union then tried to cut off West Berlin. Blocked off all
transport links by any method and hoped to starve out the West
Berliners so they’d incorporate that part of Berlin into the Soviet
sphere.
Berlin Airlift put into place by Allies. Maintained for nearly a year
until blockade was cut off by Stalin in May 1949.
This was it for Allies and USSR (tellingly not included in that any
more).
Division of Germany effectively sealed. France joined Bizonia making
it Trizonia and meetings from the beginning of the Blockade had
created a constitution for the new Federal Republic of Germany (as
it became in May 1949).
The German Democratic Republic was set up in October in response
(the Soviet Zone).
21. Finalises the end of relations
between the Soviets and the
Western Powers.
The foundation of the new
German States (west-
Federal Republic of
Germany- FRG or BRD; east
the German Democratic
Republic- GDR or DDR) were
declared during this crisis.
However, it hadn’t looked
likely before that they would
ever be united.
22.
23.
24. The Big Three had finalised no decisions at Yalta or Potsdam
and the four powers were able to administer their zones on
their own interpretations and interests- which were very
different.
Truman and Stalin were leading two ideologically opposed
superpowers, each wanting a buffer against the other. Neither
was willing to allow a united neutral Germany to exist.
Disagreements between all four powers: the French really
start the issues.
Post-war German politicians- unable to agree with each other,
and with their own agendas. Ulbricht in the east had a
communist agenda, Adenauer in the west, a capitalist, pro-
western agenda. No-one was committed to German unity.