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In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
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This set of slides combines Parts 2 & 3 of the Cuban Missile Crisis (Part 1 was already sent as a video). Part 2 focuses on the escalation of tensions that led to the Cuban Missile Crisis and how it brought the world close to nuclear war. Part 3 focuses on the resolution of the conflict and how it impacted the parties involved.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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3. Significance of Cuba to USA
• Strategic importance to USA (Geographical location)
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Economic importance to USA
Sugar
Tobacco
4. Monroe Doctrine 1823
• Creation of American Sphere of
Influence
• Attempts by European
powers to colonise or
interfere in the Americas
would be viewed by USA as
‘acts of aggression’ against
the USA
6. Cuba’s Geographical
Significance
How?
■ USA intervened in the
Cuban War of
Independence against
Spain (1898)
■ Pro-US government set up
in Cuba
■ Cuban government not
allowed to make alliances
with other countries
without USA approval
7. USA’s economic interest in Cuba
• Cuba was a major producer of sugar and
tobacco which was in high demand in the
USA
• Many American companies invested heavily
in Cuba – thus a need for a pro-American
government
• By 1926, American companies owned 60%
of the Cuban sugar industry
• However, many Cubans did not like the
economic dominance of the USA over
Cuba
8. Tensions…
■ USA frequently intervened in Cuba’s politics
■ American ambassador became de facto proconsul
■ Cuban government seen as ‘puppets’ for the Americans
■ E.g. 1933, American ambassador conspired with Cuban
generals to overthrow Cuban President then
■ Last President – Colonel Batista
■ Corrupt and dictatorial
■ Worked with American mafia and businesses to exploit
Cuba’s commercial interest
■ Repress Cuban people with secret police
10. • 1 Jan 1959, Castro established a new
government in Cuba
• Castro did not immediately identify
himself as a communist
• Despite suspicions, the USA recognised
Castro’s government on the condition
that election were to be held soon to set
up a new democratic government in
Cuba
Cuban Revolution 1956 – 1 Jan 1959
12. Deteriorating Relationships..
1. Castro’s new
policies
2. Castro’s
friendship with
Khrushchev
3. Economic
pressure on
Cuba
4. Bay of Pigs
invasion
5. Operation
Mongoose
6. Cuba
alliance with
USSR
13. 1. Castro’s new Policies
■ Seeking new markets for Cuban Sugar
– USA had implemented Sugar Quota on Cuba – limited the amount
and price of Cuban sugar sold to the USA
– Castro felt that Cuba should not be reliant on the USA’s demand and
sought new markets to sell
■ For the USSR – 1960, Castro and Khrushchev agreed to exchangeCuban
sugar for Soviet oil
■ For the USA – felt that Cuba aligning with communist bloc
14. 1. Castro’s new Policies
■ Land Reform Law (May 1959)
– Sugar and tobacco plantations owned by American companies and the
rich in Cuba
– New law broke up these estates and redistribute them to poor farmers
■ For Cuba – Castro saw it as a way to solve the problem of wealth inequality
■ For the USA – saw this as a socialist/ communist action by Castro
15. 2. Castro’s friendship with Khrushchev
■ 1959 to 1960 – A close friendship
developed
■ Met while in NewYork for a UN meeting
■ For the USA – saw this as Castro
associating himself openly with the leader
of their enemy
16. Escalating tensions…
1. Castro’s new
policies
2. Castro’s
friendship with
Khrushchev
3. Economic
pressure on
Cuba
4. Bay of Pigs
invasion
5. Operation
Mongoose
6. Cuba
alliance with
USSR
17. Escalating tension
■ At this point, the USA felt that it can no longer secure American interest in
Cuba with Castro in power
1. Economic pressure
2. Physically remove him from power
– Bay of Pigs invasion
– Operation Mongoose
18. 3. Economic Pressure
■ USA used its dominance to influence American companies in Cuba to
crippleCuba’s economy
■ Nov 1960, embargo on American exports to Cuba on everything except
food and medicine (up till today)
■ USSR stepped in to fulfil Cuba’s economic needs
■ USA hoped to use economic dominance to force Castro to change policy or
to bring down Castro’s government by crippling Cuban economy
■ USA reaffirmed its perception of Cuba’s close relationship with USSR
19.
20.
21. 4. Bay of Pigs Invasion
■ CIA plan to remove Castro by training exiled Cuban fighters
■ Cuban fighters equipped and trained by Americans
■ 15 April 1961, invasion of Cuba
■ USA denied involvement but it was clear to everyone that they were behind
this invasion
■ USSR - Castro was worried of another invasion, he turned to the USSR
for help
■ USA reaffirmed its perception of Cuba’s close relationship with USSR
23. So, the US failed in
trying to take over Cuba
So they decided to try something else…
23
24. 5. Operation Mongoose
■ Authorised by President Kennedy
(JFK) in Nov 1961
■ Secret CIA operation to:
– Sabotage important Cuban
industries
– Assassinate key Cuban leaders
– Encourage Cubans to rise up
against Castro
■ By 1975, there were 24 different
attempts to assassinate Castro
25. 5. Operation Mongoose
■ Seen by Castro as USA being
hostile to his government
■ Moved Castro closer to the USSR
26. 6. Cuba’s alliance with the USSR
• Castro was convinced that a large-
scale invasion by the USA was
inevitable
• started to look for allies that could
deter the USA – a superpower –
USSR
• Dec 1961, Castro declared himself a
Marxist-Leninist and established a
new communist party in Cuba
• Cuba was now officially a member of
the communist bloc of countries –
fulfilling the fears of the USA
28. Events leading up to a potential nuclear
war
1. Soviet
installation of
missiles in Cuba
2. American’s
discovery of
missiles in Cuba
3. American’s
strategy of
brinksmanship
4. Soviet and
Cuba’s military
response
29. 1. Soviet Installation of missiles in Cuba
Cuba’s motivations for
nuclear missiles
To boost the defence of
Cuba
The presence of the
missiles would deter any
potential invasion
Soviet’s motivations
for nuclear missiles
To use Cuba as a
bargaining chip for more
political concessions
To narrow the ‘missile gap’
– finally able to have
missiles in USA’s backyard
30. 1. Soviet Installation of missiles in Cuba
Cuba as a bargaining chip
■ Khrushchev wanted to use Cuba as
leverage to demand more
concessions regardingWest Berlin
(to integrate West Berlin into East
Germany)
■ Increase USSR prestige within the
Communist bloc with China
challenging Soviet leadership in the
communist world
33. 2. American discovery of missile
deployment
■ Soviet soldiers disguised as
Russian tourists transported to
Cuba on cruise ships
■ Nuclear warheads arrived on 4
Oct 1962 and construction of
launch sites and bases began
34. 2. American discovery of missile
deployment
■ 14 Oct, America got to know of
the missile launch sites in Cuba
through photographs taken by
spy planes
■ Soviet ambassador assured
Kennedy that deployment were
purely defensive (in fact, he was
not even informed of it)
■ 16 Oct, Kennedy informed by
American intelligence that
USSR had placed nuclear
missiles in Cuba
37. 3. American strategy
USA Soviet Union
• Felt betrayed by Khrushchev
• Missiles placed in secret implied
aggressive intention
• Saw the missiles as offensive rather
than ‘defensive’
• Saw the missiles as ‘defensive’
• Had no intention of using it but rather
to counter the presence ofAmerican
missiles inTurkey
■ Kennedy faced the possibility of the USSR planning a ‘first-strike’ – advantageous in
an all-out nuclear war
■ But a nuclear war will mean MutuallyAssured Destruction
What should the US do?
40. 3. American strategy – BRINKMANSHIP
• Brinkmanship – the practice of pushing a
dangerous situation to the limits of safety
before stopping
22 Oct 1962, Kennedy addressed his
people…
• Kennedy demanded that the USSR
remove the missiles from Cuba
• He also set up a naval blockade around
Cuba – all ships going towards Cuba will
be checked
43. 4. Soviet and Cuba’s response
• The Soviet Union and Cuba were angered at the
blockade
• Khrushchev saw the blockade as an illegal act of war
• Soviet forces in Cuba were placed on high alert and
secret instructions were given to use nuclear
missiles if the US forces invade Cuba
• Castro also mobilised the Cuban army and declared
to die fighting
• The world was on the brink of a full-scale nuclear
war
46. Resolution of Crisis
1. Khrushchev’s
first appeal for
peace
2. Khrushchev’s
second appeal for
peace
3. U2 spy plane
incident
4. Khrushchev
accepts Kennedy’s
deal – removes
long range missiles
Khrushchev
removes other
missiles from Cuba
47. Both superpowers did not want an all-out
nuclear war. But somehow, it almost got to
that point in 1962…
The Crisis was eventually
averted due to negotiations…
Did either superpower ‘win’ anything from this
crisis? Or did Cuba use its position secure its
national interest?
53. 1. Khrushchev’s first appeal for peace (26
Oct 1962)
■ After the initial reaction to American blockade, Khrushchev was relieved that
the USA did not choose an immediate invasion of Cuba
■ Khrushchev realised that sending the missiles toCuba not only failed to
protect Cuba from USA but increased the chances of a military strike from
USA on Cuba
■ He offered to withdraw the missiles, in exchange for USA’s promise to not
attack Cuba
HOWEVER…
■ Castro was declaring that he would shoot American spy planes
■ Building of the missile sites were still going on (at a fast pace)
56. 2. Khrushchev’s 2nd appeal for peace (27
Oct 1962)
■ Khrushchev sent another letter
asking for the removal of missiles
inTurkey if the Soviet Union
removed the missiles in Cuba
■ Castro was ready and preparing for
war
■ He wrote a letter on 26 Oct to
Khrushchev arguing for a first strike
against the USA
57. Now we have….
… … ….… … ….
… … ….
We need to attack the
USA first!
Before they attack us!
Cuba is ready for war!
59. 3. U2 spy plane incident
Soviet troops were ordered by Moscow
to not use the missiles without
permission
However, when a Soviet commander
spot down an American U-2 plane, both
leaders were concerned about the lack
of direct control over their military
leaders
Now both leaders wanted to reach an
agreement as fast as possible Major Rudolf Anderson
Sole casualty of the Cuban MissileCrisis
60. 3. U2 spy plane incident
Kennedy willing to deal as missiles in
Turkey was obsolete and unreliable
However,Turkey opposed the deal
Kennedy also unwilling to be seen in
public as bowing to demands of the
enemy
Sent his brother, Robert Kennedy to
propose the deal verbally thatTurkey’s
missiles will be removed over time
Deal had to be done in secret
62. 4. Khrushchev accepts Kennedy’s deal
Faced with a war-hungry Castro,
Khrushchev was afraid that any rash
actions taken by Castro would jeopardise
the negotiations
On 28 Oct, Khrushchev accepted the USA
response to remove the long-range
offensive missiles fromCuba
Kennedy also agreed to withdraw its
missiles inTurkey
63. 5. Khrushchev removes the rest of the
missiles
Khrushchev removed the long range
missiles but he did not remove the
short range nuclear missiles (as they
were not part of the agreement)
Castro was very angry at Khrushchev’s
actions
Missiles were seen to be a danger if
they were to remain in Castro’s hands
Missiles were eventually removed on
22 Nov
65. Cooperation between Kennedy and
Khrushchev
CMC was peacefully resolved
because:
Time was allowed on both
sides to cool down and
consider their responses
Both leaders were aware of
the impact of a nuclear war
Both leaders understood
each other’s personal
concerns
**Textbook pg 102
66. Public and international opinion
• To Europeans, they felt that the USA overreacted, they had lived within the range
of nuclear missiles for year
• China and Cuba were prepared to support the Soviet Union in an invasion of USA
• UN Secretary-General and the Pope acted as mediators between USA and the
Soviet Union
International
opinion
• American citizens were urging President Kennedy to be careful in handling the
crisis
• Soviet public viewed the crisis as another possible war
Public
opinion
68. 1. Implications
USA
• Kennedy was seen as
courageous for
standing up against
Khrushchev
• US allies were not too
pleased with the
removal of missiles
fromTurkey
• Had to accept a
communist state in its
backyard
Soviet Union
• Khrushchev was seen
as weak in dealing
with the USA
• Cuba felt betrayed as
it was not involved in
the negotiations
• Relations with China
broke down
• Missiles threat in
Turkey was removed
Cuba
• Castro was still seen
as a national hero –
for being firm against
the USA
• Was still an ally of the
Soviet Union
• Lost nuclear
protection but
protected from a
possible US invasion
69. 2. Establishment of the Moscow-
Washington Hot Line
• Both leaders recognised that the lack of a direct
and confidential communication between them
led to an escalation of the conflict
• In crucial times, it was necessary to have a
reliable and quick line of communication
• Thus the Moscow-Washington Hotline was
establish to have a direct line of communication
between the two superpowers
70. 3. First steps towards nuclear
disarmament
• After the possible nuclear war, both
superpowers decided to limit the
development of nuclear weapons
• On 5 Aug 1963, the USA, Soviet Union
and Britain signed the LimitedTest Ban
Treaty which prohibited nuclear testing
except testing conducted underground
• This was to slow down the arms race and
to limit the radiation fallout on the earth’s
atmosphere
Editor's Notes
Cub heavy reliance on sugar for economic growth. Vulnerable to the changes in the prices. Most of the plantations owners were Cubans who worked with American investors.
Large economic disparity = rich-poor gap