Soils form from weathered rock and organic matter. The type of soil depends on factors like the underlying bedrock, climate, vegetation, and slope steepness. In the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, soils vary from place to place based on local conditions. On the mountain peaks, there is little soil due to the cold temperatures and steep slopes. On the western slopes, the soils are deep but immature yellow brown pumice soils, as nutrient leaching occurs from heavy rainfall. On the eastern side, known as the Rangipo Desert, the soils are poor and sandy, as high winds and lack of vegetation leave the soil unprotected. In the Kaimanawas, the soils are fertile and