Revision powerpoint for 3.2 Tourism Development focusing on Hawaii and Rotorua by Takapuna Grammar Geography

1. TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
REVISION
3.2

2. In this session:
• It will be more like a lecture because of time
• I suggest you listen and understand rather than
trying to make copious notes
• I will make the power point available on
knowledge net so you can look at it in more
detail later.

3. This standard is titled:
Demonstrate understanding of
how a cultural process shapes
geographic environment(s)

4. This standard is titled:
Shapes an environment =
how it has got to be how it
is today via TD
Demonstrate understanding of
how a cultural process shapes
geographic environment(s)

5. This standard is titled:
Demonstrate understanding of
how a cultural process shapes
geographic environment(s)
Your cultural process is Tourism Development

6. It is important to appreciate
that the AS states:
• Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of how
a cultural process shapes geographic environment(s)
involves:
• • providing an insightful analysis of aspects of the
cultural process and how they shape the geographic
environment(s)
• • integrating comprehensive supporting case study
evidence.
• An insightful analysis includes an analysis of the links
between the elements of the cultural process to
draw conclusions.

7. Hence to score marks you
must:
• 1. Analyse not just describe (always give
depth)
• 2. Show understanding of the process
• 3. Use 2 different settings in the paper
with specifics on each(or you can do one)
but that’s not a great idea IMHO

8. Understand this is different to
the 3.1
• There is only ONE process (3.1 has several)
• There are 2 settings (3.1 only has 1)
• Hence is more about ONE process that you must
know well.

9. How Well Do You Know Your
Specifics?
• On some paper write down:
• 5 specifics based on Rotorua
• 5 specifics based on Waikiki

10. We will break up this revision
session into:
• 1. Going over content
• 2. How To answer Questions
• 3. What to expect with this exam.

11. Part 1: CONTENT

12. 3.2 CONTENT
• There are 5 main parts to the AS:
• the operation of the cultural process
• spatial variations found in the cultural process
• temporal variations found in the cultural process
• factors that have brought about change in the
cultural process
• effects of the cultural process on people and
places.
•

13. Background to the settings:

14. Location

15. Describe each location:
• Rotorua lies approx 200km SE of Auckland in the
Bay of Plenty region. It has a latitude of 38°S and
longitude of 176°E.
• Waikiki lies 3km SE of Honolulu on the Southern
coast of Oahu Island in Hawaii. Longitude157°
50' W Latitude: 21° 16‘N.

16. Background to the Process
INPUTS
PROCESS
Attractions
OUTPUTS
Spatial Patterns
OPERATION OF
Tourists
Facilities
TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Effects of the
process

17. Background to the elements
• How can we analyse or break down these categories in a
logical way?
•
•
•
•
ATTRACTIONS
Natural and Cultural
Primary and Secondary
Fixed and Footloose
•
•
•
•
•
TOURISTS
Domestic and International
Different Ages
Different Socio-economic groups
Allocentric (wanderlust) and Psychocentric (sunlust)

18. • FACILITIES
• Accommodation (Hotels, motels, backpackers, campgrounds
and specialist)
• Transport (roads, air)
• Retail (shopping centres, souvenirs, cafes and nightclubs)
• Services (information, conference centres)
•
•
•
•
REGULATORS
Government (visas, immigration, exchange rate)
Local Council (planning zones, bye laws)
Local Community (positive attitude or otherwise, Iwi)

19. Now need to add the details:

20. TOURISTS
ROTORUA
-3.2
million tourists of which 1.5 million stay overnight. 70% of these
are domestic and 30% International mainly from Australia and UK.
Stay 2.1 nights and contribute $250 million into regions economy.
Wanderlust and families dominate
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Mainly fixed natural such as Waimangu valley or Hell’s Gate or cultural
connected to Maori culture such as Tamaki Village.
TOURIST FACILITIES
-Accommodation 150 establishments mostly motels like 4 Canoes
but a few high quality hotels like Rydges
-Transport Where 3 major highways converge. Easy road and air
access to Auckland and International traffic to Australia.
-Services Tourism Rotorua provides good information. Good
conference venue with Unison Arena

21. TOURISTS
WAIKIKI
-5
million tourists 65% of these are domestic and 25% International
mainly from Japan (17%). Mainly young and single. Sunlust.
Stay 9 nights and contribute $12 billion into regions economy.
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Mainly natural based around water sports (Outrigger canoes or
Haunama Bay snorkelling) or cultural connected to Polynesian culture
( Polynesian cultural Centre or Paradise Valley Lu’au). Secondary
attractions in shopping.
TOURIST FACILITIES
-Accommodation 39,000 rooms of which 17% high class. Most
hotels such as Sheraton Moana or Ohana Malia.
Transport Easy access from airport via Lunalilo highway.
Retail 12 shopping centres within walking distance of hotels such as
Ala Moana centre.
-Services good conference centre for business market

22. Criteria 1: The Operation of the
Process
• A process is a series of actions. This happens then this
and then this.
• First you start with an Attraction then the tourists come,
then there is a need for facilities, then more tourists
come so you provide more attractions and on it goes.
• This is trickier to see than for a natural process in 3.1 as
there is no end product. It is all interconected.

23. Criteria 1: The operation Of the
Process
• Hence it is easier to show this as the interaction between the 3
main elements:
TOURISTS
TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS
TOURIST
FACILITIES

24. The operation Of the Process
REGULATORS
TOURISTS
REGULATORS
TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS
TOURIST
FACILITIES

25. Regulators
TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS
Government- Zoning, visas, Expos
Social- Locals favour tourism
Mainly fixed natural such as
Waimangu valley or Hell’s
Gate or cultural connected
to Maori culture such as
Tamaki Village.
TOURISTS
-3.2 million tourists of which 1.5
million stay overnight. 70% of
these are domestic and 30%
International mainly from
Australia and UK.
Stay 2.1 nights and contribute
$250 million into regions
economy.
TOURIST FACILITIES
-Accommodation
150 establishments mostly motels like 4
Canoes but a few high quality hotels like
Rydges
-Transport
Regulators
Local operators – band together
to promote tourism ie Tourism
Rotorua
Iwi – own much of land used for
tourism
-Where 3 major highways converge. Easy
road and air access to Auckland and
International traffic to Australia.
-Services
Tourism Rotorua provides good information.
Good conference venue with Unison Arena

27. Check you understand these
interactions:
My resort has lots of lovely
beaches - who do I want to
attract?

28. Check you understand these
interactions:
Young, single tourists
Provide good night life
Adventure tourism

29. Check you understand these
interactions:
Older tourists
More sedate attractions
Cafes and nice
restaurants

30. For Our Settings:
• International Tourists in Rotorua
• Families in Rotorua
• Domestic Market in Rotorua and Waikiki
• Wanderlust tourist to Rotorua
• Japanese in Waikiki
• More expensive tourist to Waikiki

31. For Our Settings:
• International Tourists in Rotorua (Agrodome, Te Puia)
• Families in Rotorua (Paradise Valley,Motels)
• Domestic Market (Luge, Agroventures,Fast Food Chains)
• Wanderlust tourist to Rotorua (Backpackers and motels)
• Japanese in Waikiki (Japanese shops,)
• More expensive tourist to Waikiki (luxury hotels)

32. Interactions show 2 way
effects:
I demand a nice
place to stay
I supply a nice hotel
to attract those who
want it.

33. Criteria 2: Temporal Variation
This is easier to see over time:
Starts with
an
attraction
A few
people
come to
see it
They tell
more
people
who also
come
As more
people
come more
facilities
and
attractions
are
provided
This
attracts
more
tourists to
come

34. This results in the stages of the
Butler model:

37. Check you understand the
term ‘Temporal Variation”
• A process happens fast at some stages in time
and slow in others. This is dependant on the
elements that are present.

38. You can see that the operation of the process
is not constant. This varies over time
(temporal variations)
STAGE
Tourists
Attractions
Facilities
Regulators
ONE
TWO
THREE
FOUR

39. You can see that the operation of the process
is not constant. This varies over time
(temporal variations)
STAGE
ONE
TWO
THREE
FOUR
Tourists
Very few
A few
Lots
Fluctuates
around max
Attractions
One main one
A few
Lots
Upgrades only
Facilities
Very few
A few
Lots
Upgrades only
Regulators
Too small to
effect locals
Start to have a
small impact
Positive as
effects spread
– need for
schemes
Negative
effects as
problems
occur. Laws.
For temporal variations choose 2 different stages to compare

40. So put this together:
• STAGE 1: Based on one attraction only, Few tourists, no facilities, no
one aware of it so no impacts on area. TD shows very little growth.
• STAGE 2: A couple of attractions, slightly more tourists but tend to
be wealthy only, Starting to get more known, more facilities for
these few, hard to reach. TD starting to slowly grow
• STAGE 3: Boom of tourists as open to all socio-economic groups,
easier to get to, rapid rise in attractions and facilities, need for
planning as having impact on area both positive and negative. TD
grows rapidly
• STAGE 4: Number of tourists plateau as reached max can cope with,
problems arise, need to upgrade attractions and facilities. TD slows.

41. So details for each setting: A.
Rotorua
• STAGE 1: First attraction Pink and white Terraces and moved to
Whakarewarewa after 1886, Few wealthy English tourists, Princes
Gate hotel, no one aware of it so no impacts on area. TD shows very
little growth.
• STAGE 2: government invests in new bath house and starts spa
attraction, slightly more tourists but tend to be wealthy Europeans
only, Starting to get more known, more facilities for these few such
as Fenton St, hard to reach. TD starting to slowly grow
• STAGE 3: Boom of tourists in 1960’s as open to all socio-economic
groups following development in air and road travel, easier to get to,
rapid rise in attractions such as Paradise Valley and facilities like Four
Canoes motel, need for planning by RDC as having impact on area
both positive and negative. TD grows rapidly

42. B. Waikiki:
• STAGE 1: Based on one attraction of beach only, Few tourists from
Honolulu only, only facility is Sheraton Moana hotel, no one aware of it
so no impacts on area. Unpleasant due to swamp and mosquitoes so TD
shows very little growth.
• STAGE 2: Draining of swamp in 1922 led to more facilities like Pink
Palace 1927, slightly more tourists but tend to be wealthy Californians
only, Starting to get more known, hard to reach. TD starting to slowly
grow
• STAGE 3: Boom of tourists as open to all socio-economic groups, grew
from 300,000 1960 to 7 million by 1990, due to planes so easier to get
to, rapid rise in attractions and facilities, 13,000 rooms 1960 to 39,000
by 1990. TD grows rapidly
• STAGE 4: Number of tourists plateau around 7 million as reached max
can cope with and last piece of real estate sold, problems arise, Set
room cap at 39,000 and introduce one way street system, need to
upgrade attractions and facilities. TD slows.

43. SPECIALISATION PHASE
UK
ROTORUA
AUCKLAND
USA
Paradise
Valley
Agrodome
Museum
Plane
Plane/ car
Buried
Village
Australia
Te Puia
Rydges
Japan
Backpackers
Attraction for domestic visitor
Motel
South Korea
Hotel
Attraction for international
visitor

45. When the process operates it
results in spatial patterns
• You should be able to show the distribution of attractions
and facilities (accommodation, transport, retail and
services) on a map of your setting. Where are they
located
• From this you should then identify specific patterns. Use
terms such as linear, clustered and dispersed.

47. This is not enough alone:
• From this you should then identify specific
patterns. Use terms such as linear, clustered and
dispersed.

51. Criteria 3: Spatial Variation
• Check you know what this means. The process is not
happening uniformly everywhere. It happens more here than
here.
• For a ‘variation/difference’ you must mention 2 places to
count.
• We break this down into the core, the fringe and the
periphery. You will need to describe the variation and explain
it.

52. Spatial variations exist because the
elements differ in different parts:
CORE
Tourists
Attractions
Facilities
Transport
FRINGE
PERIPHERY

53. Spatial variations exist because the
elements differ in different parts:
CORE
FRINGE
PERIPHERY
Tourists
Lots
Some
Few
Attractions
Lots both primary
and secondary
Those needing
more land
Fixed only that are
unique
Facilities
Lots
Those needing
land like camp
grounds
Specialised like
resorts
Transport
Good network
Some roads
Few roads
TD extensive
in core
TD specialised only in
periphery. Operators
need to publicise this
area more.

54. Give Reasons for these
patterns:
• HISTORY: Where it began and acted as a node for further
development of necessary infrastructure.
• ACCESSIBILITY: Must be easy for tourists to reach via road
network and air. Generally where these meet.
• LAND NEEDS: Importance of being near to the centre or does
it need lots of land so have to move to outskirts, how unique
is it?
• TOURISTS: Need to be where the tourists are, where are main
roads, how much as tourists prepared to travel to get there?

55. Apply to Each setting. A.
Rotorua
• History: Began Bath house and Whakarewarewa so developed along
Fenton St. Infrastructure build along here.
• Accessibility: where State highway 5 and 30 meet, close to airport.
Fenton Street easy for tourists to get to places. Development of
airport opens up to other destinations like Australia and
Queenstown.
• Tourists: Wanderlust tourists who only stay 2 days. Prepared to
travel so can afford to locate some attractions on fringes
• Land Needs: Attractions often unique (geothermal valleys) and fixed
so tourists will go there. Also those needing lots of land on outskirts
like Agrodome on main road or travel part of the attraction like
Tamaki village. Cheaper accommodation on fringes like
campgrounds and backpackers.

56. Apply to Each setting. B.
Waikiki
• History: Beach main attraction so area most in demand.
Infrastructure build along here. Sheltered part of Island.
• Accessibility: Easy access from airport on Lunalilo highway and along
Kalakau Ave, easy for tourists to get to places.
• Tourists: Sunlust tourists who stay 9 days. Not so prepared to travel
so most attractions need to be within waking distance of the hotels.
• Land Needs: Attractions which are unique (North Shore beaches)
and fixed so tourists will go there. Also those needing lots of land on
outskirts like Polynesian cultural Centre on main road or travel part
of the attraction like Paradise Cove Lu’au. Get land use zones away
from beach with residential pushed to back of beach. Also
morphological pattern of building height.

57. Some factors change the way that
the process operates.
FACTOR
MAKES TD
INCREASE
OR
DECREASE

58. YOU CAN BREAK THEASE
FACTORS DOWN:
• We remember this by the word:
• S ocial
You can also break this down
in internal and external factors
and those that cause TD to
• P olitical
increase and those that make it
decrease
• E conomic
• N atural
• T echnological

59. • Social – Commercialism of culture, crime, fear of
flying, trends like adventure tourism and
ecotourism, friendly nature
• Political – Exchange rate, need for visas, airport
security, local laws, planning schemes,
government agreements

60. • Economic – Stock market crash, worldwide
recession, tourist prices, oil prices, competition of
airlines, injection of capital, upgrading, multiplier
effect.
• Natural – disasters like cyclones, earthquakes and
tsunamis, climate change.
• Technological – transport, internet booking and
information, new inventions

61. Finally is the effects on people
and place
OPERATION OF
TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
EFFECT ON
PEOPLE
EFFECT ON
PLACE
Note this is the opposite way round to the
former

62. We can break this down
further:
• People refers to the cultural environment
• Place refers to the natural environment
• Effects can be positive or negative

63. • Think SEE
• Social
• Economic
• Environmental
•
• This is tricky – many factors causing change
also become an effect like commercialism of
culture, high prices, crime

64. • Social – Effect of commercialism, crime, lots to
do, preservation of culture, pushing locals to
outskirts, anti-tourist feeling
• Economic – Tourist prices, jobs, economy
• Environmental – pollution, way of preserving
local ecosystems, education.

65. End of content
• Do you feel you understand this
better?
• Get up and have a 3 min break.

66. Part B: How To Answer
questions
• They are asked in 3 ways:
• 1. An Essay (diagrams may be included)
• 2. A diagram only (one or a series of them)
• 3. A diagram for (a) with a written component
for (b)

67. Let us start with Essays

68. Rules for different grades:
• Be clear what the different grades are
awarded for
• There are at least 2 marks per question
• 1 refers to depth of answer
• 1 refers to use of specific information

69. Let’s look at depth of answer first:
• Analyse the temporal variations that occur in
your chosen cultural process in one of your
settings
• Tourism is happening at a fast rate in Rotorua
today as so many tourists go there.
• This gets an NA as does not show an
understanding of ‘temporal variation’ or
analyses.

70. • Tourism is happening at a faster rate in the
centre of Rotorua than in the periphery
today since more facilities occur in the
centre compared to the periphery.
•
• This now would get an A as has some
explanation/ analysis in it

71. • Tourism is happening at different rates in
different parts of Rotorua. It is happening more
extensively in central Rotorua where most
attractions and facilities occur compared to the
periphery where it only occurs in a few locations
as attractions and facilities here are more
dispersed.
• This has some depth so gets a Merit.

72. To lift this further you need to
give technical understanding
• As a process Tourism Development does not act equally
in all parts of an environment but is concentrated into
specific locations. In Rotorua it is concentrated in the
centre where the process began. As a consequence the
main elements required for the process , attractions and
facilities are numerous. These attract tourists and the
process grows by cumulative causation. In contrast the
process occurs to a much lesser extent in the periphery.
Such areas are harder to reach so are less accessible for
tourists. As a result only the few attractions and facilities
able to locate on the main road are visited and are part
of the process. Attractions and facilities here are much
more dispersed and rely on their unique characteristics
or need for extensive areas of land to attract visitors to
them.

73. Then you must add specific
information to this:
• First time it is linked to setting is equal to an A
• When 3 mentions made becomes an M
• When more than 3 used throughout the answer
becomes an E.
• (you can repeat specifics in different questions)

74. So if we take our Excellence
example it becomes:
• Tourism Development (TD) is an important process in Rotorua, located
200km SE of Auckland since it is visited by over 3 million people a year of
which 1.5 million stay an average of 2.1 nights. As a process TD does not act
equally in all parts of an environment but is concentrated into specific
locations. In Rotorua it is concentrated in the centre where the process
began when Whakarewarewa was set up as a major tourist attraction in the
1890’s. As a consequence the main elements required for the process ,
attractions and facilities are numerous. Over 100 motels occur along Fenton
Street. These attract tourists and the process grows by cumulative
causation. In contrast the process occurs to a much lesser extent in the
periphery. Such areas are harder to reach so are less accessible for tourists.
As a result only the few attractions and facilities able to locate on the main
road such as the Agrodome are visited and are part of the process.
Attractions and facilities here are much more dispersed and rely on their
unique characteristics such as the Waimangu geothermal valley or need for
extensive areas of land such as Tamaki Village to attract visitors to them.

75. What Are the other rules about
essays?
• 1. Read the question carefully and highlight key words
• 2. Do a rough plan on the planning page and keep to it.
• 3. It needs an introduction, body and conclusion
• 4. You must write in full sentences. Bullet points or note form
is only able to score a maximum of an A.
• 5. Use space as a guide to length needed. Aim to fill this.
• 6. Try to include at least one diagram even if rough and refer
to it in text.

76. Learn a few short cuts:
• Start with a standard paragraph that includes
your 3 specifics:
• Tourism Development is an important process in
Rotorua which is located 200km SE of Auckland
and is visited by over 3 million tourists a year.
• Specifics can also count in a map so include this.

77. Diagrams

81. What is the difference?
• 1. A stand alone diagram question
• You need to give extensive notes that allow analysis and
specific information. If it says ‘use correct mapping
conventions” remember FACKTS
• 2. A diagram as part (a) with written part (b).
• Again usually asks for FACKTS. However as both sections
marked as a whole do not need to give as extensive notes as
in 1.
• 3. A diagram within an essay
• This does not need its FACKTS or any annotations but adds to
info in your essay.

83. Add this to your map as well as FACKTS

85. Part 3 : What is this years exam
likely to look like?

86. Assessment Specifications
• Format of the assessment
• Candidates will be provided with a choice
of TWO questions to answer.
• Candidates will be expected to answer
ONE question using both an annotated
map or diagram and a related written
component.
• Both parts contribute toward the single
grade that will be awarded.

87. • Format of the assessment
• Candidates should use specific information and / or case
studies to illustrate their answers
•
• Equipment to bring
• Scientific calculator, coloured pencils, and a ruler.
• Candidates should use coloured pencils in their diagrams /
maps. Annotations on these diagrams / maps must be in pen.
Any work done in pencil will not be eligible for reconsideration.

88. What can we learn from this?
• Format is 2 questions but you choose 1 only
• You must include both Rotorua and Waikiki to get best
marks. Read all questions first to see which setting applies
the most
• There is the need to justify. This can be based on one setting
by looking at other elements/factors or comparing Rotorua
to Waikiki.

89. Finally
• Have we answered all your questions
• Do you have any other questions on
3.2?

90. Tips for 3.4:
• 1. It will take the longest as material new to you. Suggest
leave to last unless it is your strength.
• 2. As will take longest try to get others done in correct time so
you can have time for this.
• 3. Attempt every question especially a skills and an ideas
question. You need to pass 2 of the 3 to Achieve the paper
• 4. Read questions carefully and look for the key words to
highlight.
• 5. Use space given as a guide to length of answer.

91. • 6. You must use the resources provided so if a familiar
setting do not be tempted to bring in extra information
• 7. Look at instruction words – accurate
, detailed, justify, evaluate, critically evaluate.
• 8. Remember you graphing rules. Title, Even Scale, Axes
labelled, key or labels, accurate points and shading.

92. General Tips For All Papers:
• 1. Don’t forget to bring correct equipment. Know how to
delete memory of calculator.
• 2. Work out the order you intend to do exams before and stick
to it.
• 3. Watch the clock!!
• 4. Use time wisely – if you finish early check your answers. You
cannot go back later!!
• 5. Please leave resource booklet on the desk so we can use
these in future.

93. FINALLY
• Get in touch if you think of any other questions
s.smith@takapuna.school.nz
• If you have any concerns re marking then bring
in your papers to us at start of Feb next year. You
have only a few weeks for this.
• Bring in ANY Social Studies resources you have at
home – no questions asked!!

94. •Good luck – show what you
can do!!! We will be thinking of you.
• See you at leavers dinner!!!