Surface capping arises when soil particles bond together, preventing water and air from entering the soil. This prevents seedling growth and root respiration. Cultivation pan is formed by iron or stones compacting the subsoil, hindering root penetration and growth. Cultivation pan can be addressed through double digging. Rotavation has benefits of single digging like tilth improvement but risks clay smearing while no-dig systems avoid soil disturbance but require organic matter and may not remedy structure issues. Proper soil moisture is maintained between field capacity and permanent wilting point to provide available water for plants.