This research deals with study of Degradation
behavior of starch blended with different percentage of
polypropylene (PP) .Twin screw extruder at 160- 190 °C and 50
rpm is used for manufacture of blend sheet. Degradation test
achieved according to ASTM standard (D 638 IV and D570-98).
Studies on their degradation properties were carried out by Soil
burial test, Water absorption test and Hydrolysis test. The
morphology test of the polypropylene / starch blend samples
was obviously seen in the (Dino- Light- Digital Microscope),
Results of soil burial test show that tensile strength and
percentage of elongation of polypropylene / starch blend
decrease with increasing the starch content and burial time. The
hydrolysis test show the weight losses increasing with the
increasing amount of starch. High percent of polypropylene
found to decrease the amount of water absorption of the blend.
The physical appearance and morphology studies of
polypropylene / starch blend after burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment showed that all blend samples
was obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas the
pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged
Karat Earth presentation about PLA plastic and Eco-friendly products.
Karat Earth is an environmental brand launched under Lollicup USA, Inc. to better service the food industry with Eco-friendly restaurant to-go containers, straws, utensils and more.
Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blendsjeff jose
Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blends, Types, properties and application of biopolymers, Physical blending, Miscibility, compatibility, starch/pla blend,Compatiblizers used for starch/PLA blends, Non-reactive compatibilization,Compatibilization strategies in poly(lactic acid)-based blends
applications of polymer blends,
Benefits And Applications of PET Plastic Packagingplasticingenuity
Polyethylene terephthalate or PET, is a staple in food and beverage packaging. It's also used in the packaging of plenty of other products, though not necessarily ones you want to eat or drink—PET is a mainstay for packaging things like cosmetics and cleaning chemicals. Just look at the recycling code on any PET plastic package, and you'll see: It's number one. Learn the benefits and applications of PET from the industry experts at Plastic Ingenuity.
Visit http://plasticingenuity.com/ for more information.
Karat Earth presentation about PLA plastic and Eco-friendly products.
Karat Earth is an environmental brand launched under Lollicup USA, Inc. to better service the food industry with Eco-friendly restaurant to-go containers, straws, utensils and more.
Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blendsjeff jose
Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blends, Types, properties and application of biopolymers, Physical blending, Miscibility, compatibility, starch/pla blend,Compatiblizers used for starch/PLA blends, Non-reactive compatibilization,Compatibilization strategies in poly(lactic acid)-based blends
applications of polymer blends,
Benefits And Applications of PET Plastic Packagingplasticingenuity
Polyethylene terephthalate or PET, is a staple in food and beverage packaging. It's also used in the packaging of plenty of other products, though not necessarily ones you want to eat or drink—PET is a mainstay for packaging things like cosmetics and cleaning chemicals. Just look at the recycling code on any PET plastic package, and you'll see: It's number one. Learn the benefits and applications of PET from the industry experts at Plastic Ingenuity.
Visit http://plasticingenuity.com/ for more information.
Manufacture of Plastic Films, HDPE and Thermoset Plastics Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Manufacture of Plastic Films, HDPE and Thermoset Plastics (Bopp Films, Polyester Films, Polyolefins, Polypropylene, Vinyls, Polyvinyl Acetate, Expanded Films, Vinyl Ester Resins, Unsaturated Polyesters, Thermoset Polyurethanes, Polyurethane Coatings, Lamination, Thermoforming, Thermoplastic Polymers)
Plastic film is a thin continuous polymeric material. Thicker plastic material is often called a “sheet”. These thin plastic membranes are used to separate areas or volumes, to hold items, to act as barriers, or as printable surfaces.
Plastic films are used in a wide variety of applications. These include: packaging, plastic bags, labels, building construction, landscaping, electrical fabrication, photographic film, film stock for movies, video tape, etc.
See more
https://goo.gl/5pMkUl
https://goo.gl/7PxKYG
https://goo.gl/jw5rJa
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Volatiles From Plastic Manufacturing Process, Production of Plastic Films, Plastic Manufacturing Process, Plastic Extrusion and Manufacturing Process, Plastic Extrusion Process, Plastic Film Manufacturing, Production Process of Plastic Film, Plastic Film and Extrusion Equipment, Thermoset Plastic Manufacturing Process, Plastic Film Manufacture, Production of Plastic Films, Process for Production of Plastic Films, Plastic Films Production, Plastic Film Manufacturing Business Plan, Business Plan on Plastic Film Manufacturing, Starting Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Profitable Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Start Small Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, High Density (HDPE) Production, High Density Polyethylene Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process for HDPE, HDPE/PP Bags Manufacturing Plant, Thermoset Processing, Plastic Manufacturing Methods, Thermoplastic Processing Methods, How are Thermosetting Plastics Made, Methods of Manufacturing Thermoplastic, Thermosetting Plastics, Manufacturing Process of Thermosetting Plastics, Business Plan on Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing, Starting Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business, Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business, Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Thermoplastic and Thermoset Processing Methods, BOPP Film Production Line, BOPP Film Production, Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Films, Bopp Film Manufacturing Process, Bopp Film Plant, Biaxially Oriented Film Production, BOPP Film Production Plant, Extrusion of Film, Water Cooled Polypropylene Film, Plastics Net From Film, Pouch Making Equipment, Sachet Making Machines, Process for Manufacturing Unsaturated Polyester Resins
BMFB 4713 GREEN MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS
- Types of food packaging Polymer
- Synthesis of PLA
- Processing Method for food packaging
- Degradation Route
- Applications of polymer in food packaging
Bio Plastic is Similar To Conventional Plastics In All Aspects Except That these are made of agricultural products and can be easily degraded...These plastics has many advantages over conventional plastics
Plastic Products Manufacturing: Profitable Plastic Industries (Spectacle Frames, P.V.C. Rexine Cloth, Plastic Granules from Scraps/Waste, P.V.C. Hand Gloves, H.D.P.E. Tarpaulins, P.V.C. Bottles, Tooth Brush, H.D.P.E. Films/Sheets, Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Pet Bottles/Containers, Plastic Syringes, Needles, Polyester Resin, Cooler Body, Plastic Cups and Glass)
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the society in a number of ways. A number of industries have been benefitted by plastic. In actuality, plastic has helped aeronautics technology take massive steps forward over the past 50 years, including advancements in satellites, shuttles, aircraft, and missiles. In addition, pharmaceuticals industry, the building and construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation industries have all benefited greatly from plastic. Plastic is superior, light, sturdy and economical to produce.
See more
https://goo.gl/NPQV4s
https://goo.gl/arXHp1
https://goo.gl/QkjtBX
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Industry, How to Start Plastic Industry, Plastic Processing, Plastic Industry in India, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Starting Plastic Manufacturing Plant, Small Plastic Products Making, Plastic Products Making Small Business Ideas, Plastic Product Making Plant, Start Your Own Plastic Industry, Commercial Plastic Industry, Small Scale Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Scale Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Small Plastic Products Manufacturing Plant, Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Business Ideas, Plastic Business Opportunities, Plastic Product Manufacturing Machinery, Plastic Packaging, Plastic Moulding Business Ideas, Plastic Packaging Product Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Packaging Manufacture, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Most Profitable Successful Small Plastic Molded Parts Manufacturing, Business Opportunities for Plastics Industry, Plastics Manufacturing Business, Packaging Business Opportunity, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Business in India, Plastic Processing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Plastics, Methods of Manufacturing Plastics, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing, Plastic Bottles Manufacturing Process, Plastics Molding & Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of Plastic Bottles, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Business Plan of Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Molding Business Plan, Plastic Manufacturing Business, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Production, Business Plan for Production of Plastics, Commercial Production of Plastics
1. Introduction: Packaging has been with humans for thousands of years in one form or the other. Packaging dates back to when people first started moving from place to place. Originally, skins, leaves, and bark were used for food transport. Four thousand years ago, sealed pottery jars were used to protect against rodents, and glass making was an important industry in Egypt. Tin-plating iron became possible in AD1200, and as steel replaced iron this method became useful. One hundred years ago there was little use for packaging in the food industries. Now, tremendous progress has been made in the development of diversified packaging materials and packaging equipment.
2. Packaging performs five main functions:
a. Product containment
b. Preservation and quality
c. Presentation and convenience
d. Protection during Distribution and Processing
e. Provide storage history
3. Ideal packaging material: Packaging material with zero toxicity, high product visibility, strong marketing appeal, the ability of moisture over a large temperature range, low cost and availability, stable performance over a large temperature range, suitable mechanical strength and suitable strength, easy machine handling and suitable friction coefficient, closure characteristics, such as opening, sealing and resealing, ability to include proper labeling, the resistance of migration of leaching from the package, protection from loss of flavor and odor, and control transmission of required or unwanted gases, etc.
4. Packaging material selection is based on:
Technical properties (strength, flexibility, etc.), fitness for purpose (moisture barrier, cushioning, etc.), availability, manufacturing capability, cost, environmental impact, and regulations.
5.Types of Packaging Materials :
a. Rigid (wood, glass, metals, and hard plastics )
b. Flexible (Plastic film, foil, paper, and textiles )
6. Industrial Overview:
Packaging is one of the fastest-growing industries and stands at USD 700 billion globally. The Indian packaging industry constitutes ~4% of the global packaging industry and is growing 18% p.a. wherein flexible and rigid packing is expected to grow at 25% and 15% respectively. The per capita packaging consumption in India is low at 4.3 kgs, compared to developed countries like Germany and Taiwan where it is 42 kgs and 19 kgs respectively. Indian packaging industry is valued at over USD 32 Bn and offers employment to more than 10 lakh people across the country through ~10,000 firms.
7. Polymeric packaging material:
a. Plastic: It is a complex organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of being molded, extruded, cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments and then used as textile fibers.
7.1. Based on the polymerization process and molecular structure, Polymeric materials are classified into various polymers.
8. Testing of polymeric Packaging Materials
-Plastic Impacts on the natural environment
-Introduction to plastic
-Why plastic is good for the environment?
-Negative impact of plastic production....
-Negative impact on land
-Negative impact on Marine life
-Negative impact on human health
-World status of plastic production and disposal
-Prevention of Plastic pollution
Functional barrier films in flexible packaging industryHenky Wibawa
Technology and market trends in flexible packaging development. Presented in Asia Flexible Packaging Summit 2016, 13-14 January, 2016 Crowne Plaza Century Park Shanghai
I recently retrieved this presentation on extrusion coating and lamination from more than 20 years ago.
Until 1998 BASF was organizing a film seminar combining classroom and practical training. I was working as a film service technician and application developer at Fos-sur-Mer, a former Shell site in southern France, where two high-pressure autoclave reactors were producing mainly extrusion coating and special blown film LDPE grades. I was at the time also the company's global extrusion coating expert when BASF and SHELL had decided to divest their polyethylene activities in a common subsidiary they branded ELENAC (that later merged with TARGOR to become Basell, which itself later acquired Lyondell to give birth to Lyondellbasell) until it was decided to exit from extrusion coating activities and sometime later to shut down the production of LDPE with autoclave reactors that had become uneconomical to operate. This presentation represents the apex of one year on my implication in extrusion coating and the first and last time I had the opportunity to present it during the last film seminar session ever taking place for german customers. After that the seminar was cancelled and never had I a chance to make an english version. The slides are mostly self-explaining and little has changed as well on the fundamental concepts of extrusion-coating and extrusion-lamination.
this presentation includes a brief about the HIPS polymer, its chemical & mechanical properties, manufacturing process and applications in various flieds
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
The technical study had been performed on
many foreign languages like Japanese; Chinese etc. but the
efforts on Indian ancient script is still immature. As the Modi
script language is ancient and cursive type, the OCR of it is still
not widely available. As per our knowledge, Prof. D.N.Besekar,
Dept. of Computer Science, Shri. Shivaji College of Science,
Akola had proposed a system for recognition of offline
handwritten MODI script Vowels. The challenges of
recognition of handwritten Modi characters are very high due
to the varying writing style of each individual. Many vital
documents with precious information have been written in
Modi and currently, these documents have been stored and
preserved in temples and museums. Over a period of time these
documents will wither away if not given due attention. In this
paper we propose a system for recognition of handwritten
Modi script characters; the proposed method uses Image
processing techniques and algorithms which are described
below.
General Terms
Preprocessing techniques: Gray scaling, Thresholding,
Boundary detection, Thinning, cropping, scaling, Template
generation. Other algorithms used- Average method, otsu
method, Stentiford method, Template-based matching method
Manufacture of Plastic Films, HDPE and Thermoset Plastics Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Manufacture of Plastic Films, HDPE and Thermoset Plastics (Bopp Films, Polyester Films, Polyolefins, Polypropylene, Vinyls, Polyvinyl Acetate, Expanded Films, Vinyl Ester Resins, Unsaturated Polyesters, Thermoset Polyurethanes, Polyurethane Coatings, Lamination, Thermoforming, Thermoplastic Polymers)
Plastic film is a thin continuous polymeric material. Thicker plastic material is often called a “sheet”. These thin plastic membranes are used to separate areas or volumes, to hold items, to act as barriers, or as printable surfaces.
Plastic films are used in a wide variety of applications. These include: packaging, plastic bags, labels, building construction, landscaping, electrical fabrication, photographic film, film stock for movies, video tape, etc.
See more
https://goo.gl/5pMkUl
https://goo.gl/7PxKYG
https://goo.gl/jw5rJa
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Volatiles From Plastic Manufacturing Process, Production of Plastic Films, Plastic Manufacturing Process, Plastic Extrusion and Manufacturing Process, Plastic Extrusion Process, Plastic Film Manufacturing, Production Process of Plastic Film, Plastic Film and Extrusion Equipment, Thermoset Plastic Manufacturing Process, Plastic Film Manufacture, Production of Plastic Films, Process for Production of Plastic Films, Plastic Films Production, Plastic Film Manufacturing Business Plan, Business Plan on Plastic Film Manufacturing, Starting Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Profitable Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Start Small Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, High Density (HDPE) Production, High Density Polyethylene Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process for HDPE, HDPE/PP Bags Manufacturing Plant, Thermoset Processing, Plastic Manufacturing Methods, Thermoplastic Processing Methods, How are Thermosetting Plastics Made, Methods of Manufacturing Thermoplastic, Thermosetting Plastics, Manufacturing Process of Thermosetting Plastics, Business Plan on Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing, Starting Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business, Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business, Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Thermoplastic and Thermoset Processing Methods, BOPP Film Production Line, BOPP Film Production, Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Films, Bopp Film Manufacturing Process, Bopp Film Plant, Biaxially Oriented Film Production, BOPP Film Production Plant, Extrusion of Film, Water Cooled Polypropylene Film, Plastics Net From Film, Pouch Making Equipment, Sachet Making Machines, Process for Manufacturing Unsaturated Polyester Resins
BMFB 4713 GREEN MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS
- Types of food packaging Polymer
- Synthesis of PLA
- Processing Method for food packaging
- Degradation Route
- Applications of polymer in food packaging
Bio Plastic is Similar To Conventional Plastics In All Aspects Except That these are made of agricultural products and can be easily degraded...These plastics has many advantages over conventional plastics
Plastic Products Manufacturing: Profitable Plastic Industries (Spectacle Frames, P.V.C. Rexine Cloth, Plastic Granules from Scraps/Waste, P.V.C. Hand Gloves, H.D.P.E. Tarpaulins, P.V.C. Bottles, Tooth Brush, H.D.P.E. Films/Sheets, Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Pet Bottles/Containers, Plastic Syringes, Needles, Polyester Resin, Cooler Body, Plastic Cups and Glass)
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the society in a number of ways. A number of industries have been benefitted by plastic. In actuality, plastic has helped aeronautics technology take massive steps forward over the past 50 years, including advancements in satellites, shuttles, aircraft, and missiles. In addition, pharmaceuticals industry, the building and construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation industries have all benefited greatly from plastic. Plastic is superior, light, sturdy and economical to produce.
See more
https://goo.gl/NPQV4s
https://goo.gl/arXHp1
https://goo.gl/QkjtBX
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Industry, How to Start Plastic Industry, Plastic Processing, Plastic Industry in India, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Starting Plastic Manufacturing Plant, Small Plastic Products Making, Plastic Products Making Small Business Ideas, Plastic Product Making Plant, Start Your Own Plastic Industry, Commercial Plastic Industry, Small Scale Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Scale Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Small Plastic Products Manufacturing Plant, Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Business Ideas, Plastic Business Opportunities, Plastic Product Manufacturing Machinery, Plastic Packaging, Plastic Moulding Business Ideas, Plastic Packaging Product Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Packaging Manufacture, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Most Profitable Successful Small Plastic Molded Parts Manufacturing, Business Opportunities for Plastics Industry, Plastics Manufacturing Business, Packaging Business Opportunity, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Business in India, Plastic Processing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Plastics, Methods of Manufacturing Plastics, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing, Plastic Bottles Manufacturing Process, Plastics Molding & Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of Plastic Bottles, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Business Plan of Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Molding Business Plan, Plastic Manufacturing Business, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Production, Business Plan for Production of Plastics, Commercial Production of Plastics
1. Introduction: Packaging has been with humans for thousands of years in one form or the other. Packaging dates back to when people first started moving from place to place. Originally, skins, leaves, and bark were used for food transport. Four thousand years ago, sealed pottery jars were used to protect against rodents, and glass making was an important industry in Egypt. Tin-plating iron became possible in AD1200, and as steel replaced iron this method became useful. One hundred years ago there was little use for packaging in the food industries. Now, tremendous progress has been made in the development of diversified packaging materials and packaging equipment.
2. Packaging performs five main functions:
a. Product containment
b. Preservation and quality
c. Presentation and convenience
d. Protection during Distribution and Processing
e. Provide storage history
3. Ideal packaging material: Packaging material with zero toxicity, high product visibility, strong marketing appeal, the ability of moisture over a large temperature range, low cost and availability, stable performance over a large temperature range, suitable mechanical strength and suitable strength, easy machine handling and suitable friction coefficient, closure characteristics, such as opening, sealing and resealing, ability to include proper labeling, the resistance of migration of leaching from the package, protection from loss of flavor and odor, and control transmission of required or unwanted gases, etc.
4. Packaging material selection is based on:
Technical properties (strength, flexibility, etc.), fitness for purpose (moisture barrier, cushioning, etc.), availability, manufacturing capability, cost, environmental impact, and regulations.
5.Types of Packaging Materials :
a. Rigid (wood, glass, metals, and hard plastics )
b. Flexible (Plastic film, foil, paper, and textiles )
6. Industrial Overview:
Packaging is one of the fastest-growing industries and stands at USD 700 billion globally. The Indian packaging industry constitutes ~4% of the global packaging industry and is growing 18% p.a. wherein flexible and rigid packing is expected to grow at 25% and 15% respectively. The per capita packaging consumption in India is low at 4.3 kgs, compared to developed countries like Germany and Taiwan where it is 42 kgs and 19 kgs respectively. Indian packaging industry is valued at over USD 32 Bn and offers employment to more than 10 lakh people across the country through ~10,000 firms.
7. Polymeric packaging material:
a. Plastic: It is a complex organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of being molded, extruded, cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments and then used as textile fibers.
7.1. Based on the polymerization process and molecular structure, Polymeric materials are classified into various polymers.
8. Testing of polymeric Packaging Materials
-Plastic Impacts on the natural environment
-Introduction to plastic
-Why plastic is good for the environment?
-Negative impact of plastic production....
-Negative impact on land
-Negative impact on Marine life
-Negative impact on human health
-World status of plastic production and disposal
-Prevention of Plastic pollution
Functional barrier films in flexible packaging industryHenky Wibawa
Technology and market trends in flexible packaging development. Presented in Asia Flexible Packaging Summit 2016, 13-14 January, 2016 Crowne Plaza Century Park Shanghai
I recently retrieved this presentation on extrusion coating and lamination from more than 20 years ago.
Until 1998 BASF was organizing a film seminar combining classroom and practical training. I was working as a film service technician and application developer at Fos-sur-Mer, a former Shell site in southern France, where two high-pressure autoclave reactors were producing mainly extrusion coating and special blown film LDPE grades. I was at the time also the company's global extrusion coating expert when BASF and SHELL had decided to divest their polyethylene activities in a common subsidiary they branded ELENAC (that later merged with TARGOR to become Basell, which itself later acquired Lyondell to give birth to Lyondellbasell) until it was decided to exit from extrusion coating activities and sometime later to shut down the production of LDPE with autoclave reactors that had become uneconomical to operate. This presentation represents the apex of one year on my implication in extrusion coating and the first and last time I had the opportunity to present it during the last film seminar session ever taking place for german customers. After that the seminar was cancelled and never had I a chance to make an english version. The slides are mostly self-explaining and little has changed as well on the fundamental concepts of extrusion-coating and extrusion-lamination.
this presentation includes a brief about the HIPS polymer, its chemical & mechanical properties, manufacturing process and applications in various flieds
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
The technical study had been performed on
many foreign languages like Japanese; Chinese etc. but the
efforts on Indian ancient script is still immature. As the Modi
script language is ancient and cursive type, the OCR of it is still
not widely available. As per our knowledge, Prof. D.N.Besekar,
Dept. of Computer Science, Shri. Shivaji College of Science,
Akola had proposed a system for recognition of offline
handwritten MODI script Vowels. The challenges of
recognition of handwritten Modi characters are very high due
to the varying writing style of each individual. Many vital
documents with precious information have been written in
Modi and currently, these documents have been stored and
preserved in temples and museums. Over a period of time these
documents will wither away if not given due attention. In this
paper we propose a system for recognition of handwritten
Modi script characters; the proposed method uses Image
processing techniques and algorithms which are described
below.
General Terms
Preprocessing techniques: Gray scaling, Thresholding,
Boundary detection, Thinning, cropping, scaling, Template
generation. Other algorithms used- Average method, otsu
method, Stentiford method, Template-based matching method
RFID-based public transport ticketing systems
rely on widespread networks of RFID readers that locate
the user within the transport network in real time to be
able to verify whether he can travel at that time with the
ticket he holds. This paper presents a system that uses that
same RFID-based location information to give the user
navigation indications depending on his current location
provided that the user has indicated beforehand the places
he intends to visit. The system was designed to be costeffectively
deployable on the short term but open for easy
extension. This paper is based on ticketing and
identification of the passenger in the public transport. In
the metropolitan city like Mumbai, Kolkata we have a
severe malfunction of public transport and various
security problems. Firstly, there is a lot of confusion
between the passengers regarding fares which lead to
corruption, Secondly due to mismanagement of public
transport the passengers faces the problem of traffic jam,
thirdly nowadays we have severe security problems in
public transport due anti-social elements.The entire
network comprises of three modules; Base Station Module,
In-Bus Modules and Bus Stop Module. The base station
module consists of monitoring system which includes GSM
and a PC. The In-Bus Modules consists of two
Microcontrollers, GSM Modem, GPS, Zigbee, RFID, LCD
and infrared sensor. RFID for ticketing purpose, GSM,
GPS is used for mobile data transmission and tracking
location. The Zigbee module is also interfaced with the
microcontroller which is used to send the bus information
to bus stop and to get the information from the bus stop to
bus. The Bus Stop Module is fixed at every bus stop
consists of Zigbee node which is interfaced with the
Microcontroller.
Cloud computing solves the problem of real
time demand information and visibility at different location by
which information can be delivered with reliability, scalability
and flexibility between the supplier and customer. Logistics
network requires effective information flow for technical support
by which logistics infrastructures can be totally utilized and
tracked the information collection, transmission and operation.
Cloud is fast growing technology which can effectively reduce the
intermediate cost of flow of information and improve the link
between the logistics partners and customers. This paper
analyzes the advantages of cloud based logistics network and
defines in which way a logistics network manages Information
Flow Control (IFC) over the cloud, which allows the logistics
network to do work effectively.
Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of
biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira).
They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells
were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and
1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained.
Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were
examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of biochar.
Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also
evaluated.
The combination of steganography and
cryptography is considered as one of the best security methods
used for message protection, due to this reason, in this paper, a
data hiding system that is based on image steganography and
cryptography is proposed to secure data transfer between the
source and destination. Animated GIF image is chosen as a
carrier file format for the steganography due to a wide use in web
pages and a LSB (Least Significant Bits) algorithm is employed to
hide the message inside the colors of the pixels of an animated
GIF image frames. To increase the security of hiding, each frame
of GIF image is converted to 256 color BMP image and the
palette of them is sorted and reassign each pixels to its new index,
furthermore, the message is encrypted by LZW ( Lempel _
Ziv_Welch) compression algorithm before being hidden in the
image frames. The proposed system was evaluated for
effectiveness and the result shows that, the encryption and
decryption methods used for developing the system make the
security of the proposed system more efficient in securing data
from unauthorized users. The system is therefore, recommended
to be used by the Internet users for establishing a more secure
communication
To help corporations survive amidst worldwide
quality competition, the authors have focused on the strategic
development of a Higher-Cycled Product Design CAE Model
employing a Highly Reliable CAE Analysis Technology
Component Model. Their efforts are part of principle-based
research aimed at evolving product design and CAE development
processes to ensure better quality assurance. To satisfy the
requirements of developing and producing high quality products
while also reducing costs and shortening development times, the
effectiveness of this model was verified by successfully applying it
to the technological problems of loosening bolts and other
product design bottlenecks at auto manufacturers.
—Stochastic processes have many useful applications
and are taught in several university programmers. In this paper
we are using stochastic process with complex concept on Markov
chains which uses a transition matrix to plot a transition diagram
and there are several examples which explains various type of
transition diagram. The concept behind this topic is simple and
easy to understand.
On the surface a packet is a chunk of information
but at the deeper level a packet is one unit of binary data capable
of being transferred through a network. Delivering data packets
for highly dynamic mobile ad hoc networks in a reliable and
timely manner. Driven by this issue, an efficient Position-based
Opportunistic Routing (POR) protocol which takes advantage of
the stateless property of geographic routing. In proactive routing
protocols the route discovery and recovery procedures are time
and energy consuming process. Once the path breaks, data
packets will get lost or be delayed for a long time until the
reconstruction of the route, causing transmission interruption.
but Geographic routing (GR) uses location information to
forward data packets, in a hop-by-hop routing fashion. Greedy
forwarding is used to select next hop forwarder with the largest
positive progress toward the destination while void handling
mechanism is triggered to route around communication voids. No
end-to-end route need to be maintained, leading to GR’s high
efficiency and scalability. In the operation of greedy forwarding,
the neighbour which is relatively far away from the sender is
chosen as the next hop. If the node moves out of the sender’s
coverage area, the transmission will fail. In GPSR (a very famous
geographic routing protocol), the MAC-layer failure feedback is
used to offer the packet another chance to reroute.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on mice
orgons . (In vivo),In vivo, the acute toxicity of 70 % ethanolic
extract of the plant on normal mice was studied. No toxic effect
was noted on normal mice even at 9500 mg /kg B.W S/C
injection.Histopathological changes due to ethanolic extract of
the plant in healthy mice were summarized in hyperplasia of
white pulp with amyloid deposition, proliferation of
megakaryocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver and
kidney parenchyma. There were no significant lesions detected in
the brain, heart and ovary in all treated groups.
A young astronomer’s by now ten years old
results are re-told and put in perspective. The implications are
far-reaching. Angular-momentum shows its clout not only in
quantum mechanics where this is well known, but is also a
major player in the space-time theory of the equivalence
principle and its ramifications. In general relativity, its
fundamental role was largely neglected for the better part of a
century. A children’s device – a friction-free rotating bicycle
wheel suspended from its hub that can be lowered and pulled
up reversibly – serves as an eye-opener. The consequences are
embarrassingly far-reaching in reviving Einstein’s original
dream
-In the field of Agriculture most important things
are fertility of soil, nutrition’s available in soil, water availability
in that area, atmospheric conditions .All these parameters are
playing the measure roll regarding the productivity of crop .In
this paper we are trying to go through the techniques which will
show us how to improve productivity with the minimum use of
natural resources like water, and avoid leaching of soil by using
fertilizers through drip. This can be used in greenhouse or open
environments to efficiently monitor soil moisture and
temperature, ambient temperature, and humidity. Wired
communications, sensor networks, and other complementary
technologies provide the necessary tools to compile and processes
physical variables, including temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, pH of soil, fertilizer concentrations. Greenhouse and
precision agricultural, in general, demand real-time precise
measurement of these parameters in order to avoid unnecessary
exposure to unhealthy ambient conditions, assure maximum
productivity and provide value-added quality. This paper aims to
implement the basic application of automizing the irrigation field
by programming the components and building the necessary
hardware with ARM7 Processor. This is used to find the exact
field condition and maintaining their levels in the soil
A supply chain consists of all parties involved
directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The supply
chain includes not only the manufacturers and suppliers, but also
transporters, workhouse, retailers and even customers
themselves. Within each organization, such as a manufactures,
the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and
filling a customer request. These functions include, but are not
limited to, new product development, marketing operations,
distributions, finance, and customer service. Supply chain
management (SCM) is the management of an interconnected or
interlinked between network, channel and node businesses
involved in the provision of product and service packages
required by the end customers in a supply chain. Supply chain
management spans the movement and storage of raw materials,
work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of
origin to point of consumption. It is also defined as the "design,
planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain
activities with the objective of creating net value, building a
competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics,
synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance
globally.
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
When a ductile material with a crack is loaded in
tension, the deformation energy builds up around the crack tip
and it is understood that at a certain critical condition voids are
formed ahead of the crack tip. The crack extension occurs by
coalescence of voids with the crack tip. The “characteristic
distance” (Lc) defined as the distance b/w the crack tip & the void
responsible for eventual coalescence with the crack tip. Nucleation
of these voids is generally associated with the presence of second
phase particles or grain boundaries in the vicinity of the crack tip.
Although approximate, Lc assumes a special significance since it
links the fracture toughness to the microscopic mechanism
considered responsible for ductile fracture. The knowledge of the
“characteristic distance” is also crucial for designing the size of
mesh in the finite element simulations of material crack growth
using damage mechanics principles. There is not much work
(experimental as well as numerical) available in the literature
related to the dependency of “characteristic distance” on the
fracture specimen geometry. The present research work is an
attempt to understand numerically, the geometry dependency of
“characteristic distance” using three-dimensional FEM analysis.
The variation of “characteristic distance” parameter due to the
change of temperature across the fracture specimen thickness was
also studied. The work also studied the variation of “characteristic
distance”, due to the change in fracture specimen thickness.
Finally, the ASTM requirement of fracture specimen thickness
criteria is evaluated for the “characteristic distance” fracture
parameter. “Characteristic distance” is found to vary across the
fracture specimen thickness. It is dependent on fracture specimen
thickness and it converges after a specified thickness of fracture
specimen. “Characteristic distance” value is also dependent on the
temperature of ductile material. In Armco iron material, it is
found to decrease with the increase in temperature.
This paper focuses on the numerous techniques that
have been proposed over the years for metamaterial
characterization. These techniques are categorized into
analytical, field averaging and experimental methods, which
provide various methods to determine the complex permittivity,
complex permeability and refractive index of metamaterials.
Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a signal
processing technique most commonly used in radar systems where
interference is a problem. The radar signal processor is used to
remove the unintentional cluttering effects caused by ground
reflections and echoes due to sea, desert, forest, etc. and intentional
jamming and make the received signal useful. In this paper a new
approach to STAP based on subspace projection has been described
in detail. According to linear algebra and three dimensional
geometry, if we project a range space on to a subspace spanned by
linearly independent vectors, we can suppress data which is
perpendicular to that subspace. In subspace based technique, the
received data is projected on to a subspace which is orthogonal to
clutter subspace to remove the clutter. The probability of target
detection can be find out in order to analyse the performance of the
proposed algorithm. Two existing algorithms, SMI and DPCA are
chosen to do the comparison. while plotting the detection Probability
against SINR , the results obtained are better for subspace technique
than DPCA and SMI. We got the SINR improved for subspace based
technique for same detection probability. The effect of subspace rank
on SINR was also analysed for understanding the computational load
caused by the technique. We also analysed the convergence of the
algorithm by taking plots of SINR against range snapshots.
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
The Application Programming Interface restricts
the types of queries that the Web service can answer. For
instance, a Web service might provide a method that returns the
books of a given author in fast manner, but it might not provide a
method that returns the authors of a given book. If the user asks
for the author of some specific book, then the Web service cannot
be called – even though the underlying database might have the
preferred piece of information, this scenario is called asymmetry.
This asymmetry is particularly problematic if the service is used
in a Web service orchestration system. In this survey, we propose
to use on-the-fly information extraction (IE).IE used to collect
values, and then the value can be used as parameter Bindings for
the Web service. This survey shows how the information
extraction can be integrated into a Web service orchestration
system. The proposed approach is fully implemented in a
prototype called Search Using Services and Information
Extraction (SUSIE). Real-life data and services are used to
demonstrate the practical viability and good performance of our
approach
Technical presentation on the latest class of environmental friendly class of bio-plastics which are completely degradable and uses low energy. These bio-plastics are widely used in European markets and are being used in food, pharmaceutical and in sanitary products.
The development of sustainable bioplastics for new applications in packaging ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The advantage of biodegradable plastics is their degradation under the influence of biological systems into substances naturally present in the environment, which are then placed in a natural circulation cycle of matter. Moreover, the biodegradable plastics waste not require additional segregation and separation from households, and are collected together with other organic waste and subjected to recycling under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Use of bioplastics reduces the harmful effects of waste on the environment, but does not eliminate it completely.
The article presents the results of (bio) degradation studies under industrial and laboratory (MicroOxymax) composting conditions as well as at atmospheric conditions of commercial disposable dishes from the Nature Works® PLA. Were also carried out investigation of abiotic degradation under laboratory conditions. It was found, from the macro- and microscopic observations, that the tested cups (bio) degraded in the selected environments, wherein in a greater extent under industrial composting conditions than in MicroOxymax. The GPC results, which show significantly reduce in the molar mass of the tested samples after specified incubation times in all environments, indicates that the hydrolytic degradation process occurs predominantly.
Biopolymers for Paperboard Extrusion Coating and Converting - SPE FlexPackCon...C. Carey Yang, Ph.D.
Biopolymers have shown promising options for sustainable packaging applications. This article presents an overview of challenges and opportunities in biopolymers for paperboard extrusion coating and converting processes. Material properties, extrusion coating process and equipment requirements, regulatory compliance, and downstream converting are reviewed. The latest developments and emerging trends in biopolymer technology and innovation are discussed.
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
- In this paper, we introduce a practical mechanism of
compressing a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal
according to Barker code with 13 chips in presence of additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) by using a digital matched filter
(DMF) corresponding to time domain convolution algorithm of
input and reference signals using Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6
FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development
board DE2-70 with the following parameters: frequency of
BPCM signal fIF=2 MHz, sampling frequency
f MHz SAM 50
,pulse period
T 200s
, pulse width
S 13sc
, chip width
CH 1sc
, compressing factor
KCOM 13
, SNRinp=1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and processing
gain factor SNRout/SNRinp=11.14 dB.
The results of filter operation are evaluated using a digital
oscilloscope GDS-1052U to display the input and output signals
for different SNRinp.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
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SOIL BURIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYPROPYLENE/ STARCH BLEND
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 91-96
91| P a g e
SOIL BURIAL DEGRADATION OF
POLYPROPYLENE/ STARCH BLEND
Zuhair J. Abdul Amer1 and Anwar Qasim Saeed2
1,2
Department of Non-Metallic Engineering, College of Materials Engineering
Babylon university, hilla P. O. Box: 4, Iraq
1
drengpolymer@Gmail.com, 2
Tammar1989@yahoo.com
Abstract: This research deals with study of Degradation
behavior of starch blended with different percentage of
polypropylene (PP) .Twin screw extruder at 160- 190 °C and 50
rpm is used for manufacture of blend sheet. Degradation test
achieved according to ASTM standard (D 638 IV and D570-98).
Studies on their degradation properties were carried out by Soil
burial test, Water absorption test and Hydrolysis test. The
morphology test of the polypropylene / starch blend samples
was obviously seen in the (Dino- Light- Digital Microscope),
Results of soil burial test show that tensile strength and
percentage of elongation of polypropylene / starch blend
decrease with increasing the starch content and burial time. The
hydrolysis test show the weight losses increasing with the
increasing amount of starch. High percent of polypropylene
found to decrease the amount of water absorption of the blend.
The physical appearance and morphology studies of
polypropylene / starch blend after burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment showed that all blend samples
was obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas the
pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged.
Key Words- Polypropylene, Starch, Degradation
properties, Dino-Light-Digital-Microscopy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Synthetic plastics such as polyvinyl chloride,
polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene
are used widely in daily life, food industry, biomedical fields,
and agriculture. Use of these synthetic plastics has brought a
heavy environmental pollution because they take hundreds of
years to degrade. Thus, disposal of waste plastics has become
a serious problem. In the past two decades, biodegradable
materials have been drawing attention as an alternative to the
petroleum-derived plastics [1-3].
PE and PP are some of the most dominant packaging
materials and responsible by part of the problems in the
disposal of one-trip packaging. They are high hydrophobic
level, water repellence and high molecular weight and their
lack of functional groups recognizable by microbial
enzymatic systems. Being hydrophobic hydrocarbon
polymers, poly olefins are resistant to hydrolysis and for this
reason they cannot hydro biodegrade. Poly olefins, as
commercial products, are also resistant to oxidation and
biodegradation due to the presence of anti-oxidants and
stabilizers [4].
Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in the
development of biodegradable polymers by the synthesis of
biodegradable polymers and by the incorporation of natural
products as cellulose acetate and starch into polymers to
enhance the potential biodegradability of poly olefins. The
major degradation effect promoted by the microbial
assimilation of the natural polymers in the blends is to
increase of the surface area of the synthetic bulk material
rendering it more susceptible to abiotic oxidation [4].
Natural biopolymers including starch, cellulose, and
chitosan were tested, alone or combined with synthetic
polymers, to explore the possibility of forming a fully or
partially biodegradable film [1,5].
Among the natural polymers, starch is of interest. It is
regenerated from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis
in plants[6-8]. Owing to its complete biodegradability, low
cost and renewability, starch is considered as a promising
candidate for developing sustainable materials. In view of
this, starch has been receiving growing attention since 1970s
Many efforts have been exerted to develop starch-based
polymers for conserving the petrochemical resources,
reducing environmental impact and searching more
applications [9].
Biodegradable starch-based plastics have recently been
investigated for their great potential marketability in
agricultural foils, garbage or composting bags, food
packaging, fast food industry as well as biomedical fields [1].
Recently, starch was used as a main component in
polymer blend, and it was not used in the native case, but it
was used in plastic case, where the starch granules were
plasticized by using plasticizers under heating, giving rise to
a continuous phase in the form of a viscous melt which can
be processed by using traditional plastic processing
techniques, such as injection molding and extrusion. This
kind of starch composite is called thermoplastic starch
Several plasticizers have been used with starch to convert it
into thermoplastic starch (TPS) to be used in polymer blends
such as glycerol, ethylene bisformamide, and Urea, but the
most used is glycerol [10-12].
Plasticized starch or thermoplastic starch (TPS) is
prepared under specific extrusion conditions in the presence
of plasticizers, such as glycerol and water. However, four
challenges hinder TPS from becoming a commonly used
plastic, including the following [11]:
1. Hydrophilic nature of TPS and its poor water resistance.
2. Deterioration of mechanical properties upon exposure to
environmental conditions like humidity.
3. Brittleness in the absence of suitable plasticizers.
4. Soft and weak nature in the presence of some
plasticizers.
Therefore, many attempts have been made to overcome
these problems by blending starch with synthetic polymers
such as PP[12].
Polypropylene (PP), a thermoplastic polymer, consists
mainly of two elements, carbon and hydrogen. Hence,
polypropylene is very similar in structure to its polyolefin
counterpart polyethylene, with the exception of every other
carbon atom in the backbone chain bonded to a methyl group
[13].
Polypropylene has excellent chemical resistance and
high purity. It has better mechanical properties than other
polyolefin materials. In fact, polypropylene is the lightest of
all commercial plastics with a good balance of properties.
When employed in applications, polypropylene operates
safely at temperatures up to 85˚C. Particularly in the
automotive industry, polypropylene contributes to the fuel
efficiency, reduced material cost, and passenger comfort
[14].
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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The aim of this study is to: produce a "Blend polymer
material" which is biodegradable under influence of
environmental or biological factors using "starch" as a
natural material and polypropylene as a synthetics material
with different mixing ratios, Soil burial test, hydrolysis test
and water absorption test are measured of the samples that
prepared by twin extruder at 160-190°C with speed of screw
50 rpm.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
A. Materials
Polypropylene pellets has a trade name of "575 S" with Melt
Index 6.9 (g/10 min), Density 0.9 (g/cmᶾ), and Softening
Point 230 (ºC) was supplied from Sabic Company, Saudi
Arabia. Corn starch which is a white powder, provided by the
food industry Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Glycerol (glycerin,
C3H8O3) was supplied from Fisher Chemicals, and has
(molecular weight = 92gmol-1) was used as a Plasticizer.
Distilled water was obtained from Iraqi markets, It was added
as a plasticizers materials for starch.
B. Preparation of Plasticized Starch
Plasticized Starch (PS) was prepared from starch using a
mechanical stirrer model (RZR2021), Mixing conditions of
starch, water, and glycerol was at 70˚C and 50 rpm, Mixing
time was reduced to the minimum where the blend could be
homogeneous, The PS obtained was oven dried at 90˚C for
24 h to reduce its moisture content (MC) [15].
C. Preparation of polymer blend
Plasticized Starch (PS) blended with different
polypropylene ratio (20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,
90% and 100%) (prepared in twin – screw extruder with 50
rpm at 160-190 °C. electrical saw with very soft teeth used to
cutting test sample According to standard ASTM D 638 IV
sample tensile and ASTM D570-98 sample water absorption.
D. Tests
1. Soil Burial Test
To examine the biodegradability of the PP/ starch blend,
soil burial test was carried out on a laboratory scale.
Dumbbell shaped specimens of definite sizes were cut from
each of the blend. Moist soil was placed into plastic
containers with tiny holes was perforated at the bottom and
on the body of the container to increase air, and water
circulation. The test was carried outside the room and lasted
for 90 days. The specimens were buried in the soil at a depth
of 10 cm from the surface and thus subjected to the action of
microorganisms in which soil is their major habitant. After
the test, the blend samples were removed, washed with
distilled water and dried in an oven at 70˚C for 24 h and then
kept in a desiccator. Figure (1) show the soil burial test
samples before and after the test [16].
Fig.1: The soil burial test samples a) before and b) after the test.
Fig.2: Tensile test device.
2. Hydrolysis Test
The purpose of this test is to study the response of
samples to water and influenced its and the impact of
hydrolysis on the samples.
Weight loss of the samples were assessed by weighing
the sample before and after biodegradation testing at every
regular time interval (15 day). The weight loss of the
Samples with time was used to indicate the amount of
biodegradation in water environment. The percentage weight
loss of samples in the water environments were obtained by
deducting the observed weight at each interval from the
original weight to its original weight. Dried samples before
and after test at 80 degree to ensure the accuracy of results.
weight loss, surface examination and mechanical properties
such as hardness and flexural properties determined as a
function of water immersing time .
3. Water absorption Test
Water absorption test is the most important properties of
biodegradable based plastic. The purpose of this test was to
study the effect of immersion in water on the
polypropylene/starch blend samples. The water absorption
test was carried out according to ASTM D570-98
specification[17], in the following manner:
The blend samples were dried at 80 0C for 30 min and
cooled to room temperature before subjecting to a water
absorption test. The dried samples were immersed in distilled
water at for specific time (one hour) interval. The samples
were removed from the water, blotted with tissue paper to
remove excess surface water, and then weighed. The water
absorption (WA) was determined gravimetrically from the
weight difference of the sample at a given immersion time
and the initial weight (before immersion in water) enter the
initial weight [18].
4. The Morphology Test
The Morphology of the polypropylene/starch blend films
before and after biodegradation was investigated with a
(Dino-Light-Digital-Microscopy) made in (Kyoto Japan),
operating at (200 X magnification). Each sample was washed
with distilled water and dried in convection oven model (DZ-
2BC),made in China, which is available in laboratory of
Materials Engineering college /University of Babylon, at 50
0C until a constant weight before testing .
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 91-96
93| P a g e
Fig.3: The Digital Microscope device.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Soil burial test Result
Figures (4) and (5) showed the effect of soil burial tests
on the tensile properties of polypropylene/starch blend that
were exposed to soil environment for the periods of 30, 60
and 90 day. Tensile strength and elongation percent decrease
with increase the starch content and burial time.
Decrease in mechanical properties with increasing the
proportion of starch due to the dispersion the starch
molecules between the polypropylene chains leading to
increase chains spacing thus, the secondary bonding strength
between them will decrease and which reflect negatively on
those properties. As well as the presence of starch, especially
in the surface of samples serve as stress concentration which
helps emergence of notch and thus, the crack propagation
with load increasing.
Absorption of moisture from the soil during the burial
and the emergence of micro-organisms leads to reducing in
mechanical properties such as tensile strength (see figure. 4)
and elongation percent shown in figure (5).
The moisture absorption of the samples is mainly due to the
starch. the blend with higher moisture absorption is usually
more prone to microorganism attack. this is likely to allow
microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, access to the
inferior of the polymer using water as a medium; this
suggests that the microorganisms consume starch and create
pits and voids on the surface of polymer and weaken the
structure of the polymer to work it's as centers for the
beginning of the incision and thus spread, therefore decrease
the tensile properties of the blend [16,18], all the blend films
showed a reduction in tensile properties with increase in
starch content as burial progressed [16] .
Fig. (4): Tensile strength of Polypropylene/starch blend
after soil burial test
Fig.5: Elongation of Polypropylene/starch blend after soil
burial test
B. The Hydrolysis Test
Figure (6) shows weight loss (%) of Polypropylene /
starch blend against degradation time in water environment.
Results showed that Pure polypropylene Sample
revealed no weight loss and no surface deterioration in water
environments within the 90-day study period, On the other
hand the weight losses increase with the amount of starch
increase. these results reveal that higher starch content
enhances the degradation kinetics and thus increases mass
loss. this could be due to the hydrophilic nature of starch. the
starch being hydrophilic in nature retains moisture that
contributes to the degradation of the polymer. The higher the
starch content in the blend, the higher the moisture content
that renders faster degradation. these results corroborates the
works of [19],wherein the amount of biodegradation recorded
for these works were between 40 and 100 % .
Fig.6: Weight loss (%) of polypropylene/starch blend
against degradation time (Day) in water environment.
Figure (7) and (8) shows the variation of bending
strength and hardness with polypropylene percentage of
polypropylene/starch blend after degradation in water-
environment. The results from the bending strength and
hardness tests after exposure to water environment indicated
that the blend exhibited a decline in the investigated
properties with the increase in degradation time and increase
in starch content for all the blend films. So, polypropylene -
mixed starch degrade by loss of structural integrity and this
renders it advantageous in terms of environmental protection.
this is in good agreement with the result of soil burial test
described earlier.
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 91-96
94| P a g e
Fig. (7): Bending strength of Polypropylene/starch blend
after hydrolysis
Fig. (8): Hardness of Polypropylene/starch blend after
hydrolysis
C. The water absorption (WA):
Figure (9) show the water absorption of
polypropylene/starch blend against time (one hour) in water
environment.
Results showed that the water absorption (WA) decrease
with the increase in the polypropylene percent in the blend.
This is completely logical since Polypropylene is
hydrophobic and Starch is hydrophilic.
When the amount of starch is increased in the blend, its
polar character increases and hence the water retention
increases[20] .
Fig.9:The water absorption (WA) (%) of
polypropylene/starch blend against time (One hour) in
water environment.
D. The Physical Appearance:
Figures (10)and (11) shows the Physical appearances of
starch samples containing various percentages of polypropylene
levels of degradation in soil and water environment during
periods of 30, 60 and 90 day. the polypropylene samples before
burial test in soil and hydrolysis in water environment were
smooth. It can be seen that the polypropylene samples after
biodegradation test remained unchanged, without any alteration
in the original shape. this result indicated the stability of
polypropylene samples, which cannot be degraded easily in soil
burial condition and water environment.
As a result, the decrease in tensile properties of
polypropylene samples might be occurred from some structural
deformation and initial degradation of molecular chains due to
moisture and microorganisms in soil.
The photographs of polypropylene /starch blend at different
ratio of polypropylene are displayed in figures (10) and (11). All
the blend films deformed and distorted as degradation
processed, whereas the polypropylene samples remained
unchanged in their shape. Nevertheless, there were differences
in the degree of degradation between the blend ratio. that is, the
loss of surface and shape occurred slower in the blend with low
starch content than those with high starch content.
As a result, the physical appearance of all blend films was
obviously changed after 90 day of burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment. For example, some of black
and yellow stains were noticed on the film surface, associating
with a microbial growth or morphological alterations. Normally,
natural materials such as starch and cellulose initially promote
microbial growth, appearing as discolorations or stains on the
materials due to high organic components. many
microorganisms will alter the pH of materials causing color
changes and promoting damage on material properties by
hydrolytic reaction [21]
. Besides, these small stains still evolved
to form the holes and sometimes led to the partial or total
disappearance of the sample. The blend films after 90day of
burial test in soil and hydrolysis in water environment showed
the distorted shape and film deformation compared to the
original blend films, affecting to their mechanical properties.
Fig. (10): Physical appearances of starch samples
containing various percentages of polypropylene levels of
degradation in soil.
5. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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Fig. (11): Physical appearances of starch samples
containing various percentages of polypropylene levels of
degradation in water environment.
E. The Morphology test:
Figures (12) and (13) Shows the surface morphology for
pure polypropylene and polypropylene/starch blend before
and after degradation for 3 month (200X).
The influence of degradation time on the
biodegradability of the polypropylene/starch blend films was
obviously seen in the digital microscope.
Before burial test in soil and hydrolysis in water
environment, the smooth surface of pure polypropylene and
the blend films was observed. In contrast, the films after
burial in soil and hydrolysis in water environment were
rough and had a lot of small holes on the surface, whereas the
polypropylene samples remained unchanged. The existence
of holes can be noticed on the surface of both films in soil
and in water environment. However, the blend with 20 %
starch seemingly showed less amount of the holes compared
to the blend with 80 % starch.
The polymer sample’s gross morphology was observed
to be changed physically; for example, the surface holes over
the degradation period the increased starch content resulted
in higher surface holes of the samples due to increased
degradation. the change in physical appearance (surface
holes) of the sample in the soil and water environment could
be considered as an evidence of biodegradation of this
polymer in the landfills or natural environment. the results
indicate that the incorporation of hydrophobic polypropylene
with hydrophilic starch enhances the hydrophilicity and
degradability of the overall polymer. Therefore, the
degradation characteristic of the starch-mixed polypropylene
polymer could be modulated by manipulating the starch
content in the polymer. Indeed, the polymer should be
developed with essentially a controlled degradation
characteristic while maintaining the required strength of the
polymeric object during its designed life time for a particular
application [19].
Fig.12: The surface morphology for pure Polypropylene
before and after degradation for 3 month (200X).
Fig.13: The surface morphology for polypropylene
/Starch blend before and after degradation for 3 month
(200X).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. Results of soil burial test showed that tensile strength
and percentage of elongation of Polypropylene/starch
blend decrease with increase the starch content and
burial time.
2. The hydrolysis of Polypropylene/ starch blend showed
that, polypropylene sample showed no weight loss and
no surface deterioration in water environments within
the 90-day study period. On the other hand the weight
losses increase with the amount of starch increase.
3. The water absorption (WA) decrease with the increase
in the polypropylene percent in the blend of
Polypropylene/starch. This is completely logical since
Polypropylene is hydrophobic and Starch is hydrophilic.
4. The physical appearance studies of Polypropylene
/starch blend after burial test in soil and hydrolysis in
water environment showed that all blend films was
obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas
the pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged.
5. The morphology test result showed that voids and
pitting are formed after burial in soil and hydrolysis and
increased with increasing the time which indicates
clearly the prevalence of degradation process.
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