IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cause-Effect Graphing: Rigorous Test Case DesignTechWell
A tester’s toolbox today contains a number of test case design techniques—classification trees, pairwise testing, design of experiments-based methods, and combinatorial testing. Each of these methods is supported by automated tools. Tools provide consistency in test case design, which can increase the all-important test coverage in software testing. Cause-effect graphing, another test design technique, is superior from a test coverage perspective, reducing the number of test cases needed to provide excellent coverage. Gary Mogyorodi describes these black box test case design techniques, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, and provides a comparison of the features of the tools that support them. Using an example problem, he compares the number of test cases derived and the test coverage obtained using each technique, highlighting the advantages of cause-effect graphing. Join Gary to see what new techniques you might want to add to your toolbox.
Test Case Optimization and Redundancy Reduction Using GA and Neural Networks IJECEIAES
More than 50% of software development effort is spent in testing phase in a typical software development project. Test case design as well as execution consume a lot of time. Hence, automated generation of test cases is highly required. Here a novel testing methodology is being presented to test objectoriented software based on UML state chart diagrams. In this approach, function minimization technique is being applied and generate test cases automatically from UML state chart diagrams. Software testing forms an integral part of the software development life cycle. Since the objective of testing is to ensure the conformity of an application to its specification, a test “oracle” is needed to determine whether a given test case exposes a fault or not. An automated oracle to support the activities of human testers can reduce the actual cost of the testing process and the related maintenance costs. In this paper, a new concept is being presented using an UML state chart diagram and tables for the test case generation, artificial neural network as an optimization tool for reducing the redundancy in the test case generated using the genetic algorithm. A neural network is trained by the backpropagation algorithm on a set of test cases applied to the original version of the system.
Defect prediction models help software quality assurance teams to effectively allocate their limited resources to the most defect-prone software modules. Model validation techniques, such as k-fold cross-validation, use this historical data to estimate how well a model will perform in the future. However, little is known about how accurate the performance estimates of these model validation techniques tend to be. In this paper, we set out to investigate the bias and variance of model validation techniques in the domain of defect prediction. A preliminary analysis of 101 publicly available defect prediction datasets suggests that 77% of them are highly susceptible to producing unstable results. Hence, selecting an appropriate model validation technique is a critical experimental design choice. Based on an analysis of 256 studies in the defect prediction literature, we select the 12 most commonly adopted model validation techniques for evaluation. Through a case study of data from 18 systems that span both open-source and proprietary domains, we derive the following practical guidelines for future defect prediction studies: (1) the single holdout validation techniques should be avoided; and (2) researchers should use the out-of-sample bootstrap validation technique instead of holdout or the commonly-used cross-validation techniques.
Software Cost Estimation Using Clustering and Ranking SchemeEditor IJMTER
Software cost estimation is an important task in the software design and development process.
Planning and budgeting tasks are carried out with reference to the software cost values. A variety of
software properties are used in the cost estimation process. Hardware, products, technology and
methodology factors are used in the cost estimation process. The software cost estimation quality is
measured with reference to the accuracy levels.
Software cost estimation is carried out using three types of techniques. They are regression based
model, anology based model and machine learning model. Each model has a set of technique for the
software cost estimation process. 11 cost estimation techniques fewer than 3 different categories are
used in the system. The Attribute Relational File Format (ARFF) is used maintain the software product
property values. The ARFF file is used as the main input for the system.
The proposed system is designed to perform the clustering and ranking of software cost
estimation methods. Non overlapped clustering technique is enhanced with optimal centroid estimation
mechanism. The system improves the clustering and ranking process accuracy. The system produces
efficient ranking results on software cost estimation methods.
Cause-Effect Graphing: Rigorous Test Case DesignTechWell
A tester’s toolbox today contains a number of test case design techniques—classification trees, pairwise testing, design of experiments-based methods, and combinatorial testing. Each of these methods is supported by automated tools. Tools provide consistency in test case design, which can increase the all-important test coverage in software testing. Cause-effect graphing, another test design technique, is superior from a test coverage perspective, reducing the number of test cases needed to provide excellent coverage. Gary Mogyorodi describes these black box test case design techniques, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, and provides a comparison of the features of the tools that support them. Using an example problem, he compares the number of test cases derived and the test coverage obtained using each technique, highlighting the advantages of cause-effect graphing. Join Gary to see what new techniques you might want to add to your toolbox.
Test Case Optimization and Redundancy Reduction Using GA and Neural Networks IJECEIAES
More than 50% of software development effort is spent in testing phase in a typical software development project. Test case design as well as execution consume a lot of time. Hence, automated generation of test cases is highly required. Here a novel testing methodology is being presented to test objectoriented software based on UML state chart diagrams. In this approach, function minimization technique is being applied and generate test cases automatically from UML state chart diagrams. Software testing forms an integral part of the software development life cycle. Since the objective of testing is to ensure the conformity of an application to its specification, a test “oracle” is needed to determine whether a given test case exposes a fault or not. An automated oracle to support the activities of human testers can reduce the actual cost of the testing process and the related maintenance costs. In this paper, a new concept is being presented using an UML state chart diagram and tables for the test case generation, artificial neural network as an optimization tool for reducing the redundancy in the test case generated using the genetic algorithm. A neural network is trained by the backpropagation algorithm on a set of test cases applied to the original version of the system.
Defect prediction models help software quality assurance teams to effectively allocate their limited resources to the most defect-prone software modules. Model validation techniques, such as k-fold cross-validation, use this historical data to estimate how well a model will perform in the future. However, little is known about how accurate the performance estimates of these model validation techniques tend to be. In this paper, we set out to investigate the bias and variance of model validation techniques in the domain of defect prediction. A preliminary analysis of 101 publicly available defect prediction datasets suggests that 77% of them are highly susceptible to producing unstable results. Hence, selecting an appropriate model validation technique is a critical experimental design choice. Based on an analysis of 256 studies in the defect prediction literature, we select the 12 most commonly adopted model validation techniques for evaluation. Through a case study of data from 18 systems that span both open-source and proprietary domains, we derive the following practical guidelines for future defect prediction studies: (1) the single holdout validation techniques should be avoided; and (2) researchers should use the out-of-sample bootstrap validation technique instead of holdout or the commonly-used cross-validation techniques.
Software Cost Estimation Using Clustering and Ranking SchemeEditor IJMTER
Software cost estimation is an important task in the software design and development process.
Planning and budgeting tasks are carried out with reference to the software cost values. A variety of
software properties are used in the cost estimation process. Hardware, products, technology and
methodology factors are used in the cost estimation process. The software cost estimation quality is
measured with reference to the accuracy levels.
Software cost estimation is carried out using three types of techniques. They are regression based
model, anology based model and machine learning model. Each model has a set of technique for the
software cost estimation process. 11 cost estimation techniques fewer than 3 different categories are
used in the system. The Attribute Relational File Format (ARFF) is used maintain the software product
property values. The ARFF file is used as the main input for the system.
The proposed system is designed to perform the clustering and ranking of software cost
estimation methods. Non overlapped clustering technique is enhanced with optimal centroid estimation
mechanism. The system improves the clustering and ranking process accuracy. The system produces
efficient ranking results on software cost estimation methods.
Software testing defect prediction model a practical approacheSAT Journals
Abstract Software defects prediction aims to reduce software testing efforts by guiding the testers through the defect classification of software systems. Defect predictors are widely used in many organizations to predict software defects in order to save time, improve quality, testing and for better planning of the resources to meet the timelines. The application of statistical software testing defect prediction model in a real life setting is extremely difficult because it requires more number of data variables and metrics and also historical defect data to predict the next releases or new similar type of projects. This paper explains our statistical model, how it will accurately predict the defects for upcoming software releases or projects. We have used 20 past release data points of software project, 5 parameters and build a model by applying descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression models with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In this appropriate multiple linear regression model the R-square value was 0.91 and its Standard Error is 5.90%. The Software testing defect prediction model is now being used to predict defects at various testing projects and operational releases. We have found 90.76% precision between actual and predicted defects.
Software Quality Assurance (SQA) teams play a critical role in the software development process to ensure the absence of software defects. It is not feasible to perform exhaustive SQA tasks (i.e., software testing and code review) on a large software product given the limited SQA resources that are available. Thus, the prioritization of SQA efforts is an essential step in all SQA efforts. Defect prediction models are used to prioritize risky software modules and understand the impact of software metrics on the defect-proneness of software modules. The predictions and insights that are derived from defect prediction models can help software teams allocate their limited SQA resources to the modules that are most likely to be defective and avoid common past pitfalls that are associated with the defective modules of the past. However, the predictions and insights that are derived from defect prediction models may be inaccurate and unreliable if practitioners do not control for the impact of experimental components (e.g., datasets, metrics, and classifiers) on defect prediction models, which could lead to erroneous decision-making in practice. In this thesis, we investigate the impact of experimental components on the performance and interpretation of defect prediction models. More specifically, we investigate the impact of the three often overlooked experimental components (i.e., issue report mislabelling, parameter optimization of classification techniques, and model validation techniques) have on defect prediction models. Through case studies of systems that span both proprietary and open-source domains, we demonstrate that (1) issue report mislabelling does not impact the precision of defect prediction models, suggesting that researchers can rely on the predictions of defect prediction models that were trained using noisy defect datasets; (2) automated parameter optimization for classification techniques substantially improve the performance and stability of defect prediction models, as well as they change their interpretation, suggesting that researchers should no longer shy from applying parameter optimization to their models; and (3) the out-of-sample bootstrap validation technique produces a good balance between bias and variance of performance estimates, suggesting that the single holdout and cross-validation families that are commonly-used nowadays should be avoided.
Programming testing is the stage which makes programming as usable quality
scholarly amount. Programming testing under experiences distinctive stages. The
accompanying stages according to the examination are investigation test, test
arranging, experiment or test information or test condition creation, test execution,
bugs logging, following and test strategy. Past research has been improved the
situation advance test process in nature of programming. All accessible testing forms
incorporate distinctive advancement models and diverse programming testing
procedures are performed. Each organization chooses their testing procedure
dependent on the basic condition of the applications each organization selects their
testing procedure. The security, execution and utilitarian parts are most basic in every
application these are altogether to be tried and carrying on obviously. This paper will
clarify and guaranteeing about programming applications quality to do enhanced
testing forms. The real programming testing systems are Security, Performance and
Functional are handled by Analysis, Preparation and Execution will be finished up.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Software Testing Outline Performances and Measurementsijtsrd
The procedure of carrying out a program or else scheme by means of the target of ruling bugs called “Software s w Testing”. It is whichever action intended by estimating a characteristic or else ability of a program system plus shaping that it congregates its requisite consequences. Testing is an essential piece in s w growth. It is generally arranged in each stage in the s w progress sequence. Classically, in excess of fifty two perecent of the progress period is used up in testing. Metrics are attainmenting significance plus receiving in commercial segments as associations raise, grown up and endeavour to get better venture values. This study talks about s w testing methods as well as measurements. Indu Maurya "Software Testing Outline: Performances and Measurements" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38550.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/38550/software-testing-outline-performances-and-measurements/indu-maurya
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXTRACTING THE MINIMIZED TEST SUITE FOR REVISED SIMULINK/STATEFLOW MODELijaia
Test case generation techniques are successfully employed to generate test cases from a formal model. A problem is that as the model evolves, test suites tend to grow in size, making it too costly to execute entire test suites. This paper aims to propose a practical approach to reduce the size of test suites for modified Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) model, which is popularly used for modeling software behavior in many industries like automobile manufacturers. The model for describing a system is frequently modified until it is fixed. The proposed technique is capable of extracting the minimized sized test suite in terms of test coverage, by taking into account both the modified and the affected portion of revised SL/SF model. Two real models for the ECUs deployed in a commercial car are used for an empirical study.
Regression testing concentrates on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it
exposes software regressions or old bugs that have reappeared. It is an expensive testing process that has
been estimated to account for almost half of the cost of software maintenance. To improve the regression
testing process, test case prioritization techniques organizes the execution level of test cases. Further, it
gives an improved rate of fault identification, when test suites cannot run to completion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prioritizing Test Cases for Regression Testing A Model Based ApproachIJTET Journal
Abstract— Testing is an important phase of quality control of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). There are various types of testing methodologies involved to test the application. Regression Testing is a type of testing, which is done to ensure whether the modified features or bug fix had an impact over the existing functionality. Defects are identified by executing the set of test cases. Regression Test case selection is not at all possible to conclude how much retesting is required to identify the deviation when the test suites are larger in size. Prioritization of test cases is done to change the order of test case execution based on the severity. In the proposed a model based approach prioritization of test cases are generated based on UML diagrams (Sequence and State Chart). The modified features have the reflection in the model generation and the number of states and transitions covered. Prioritized test cases are then clustered based upon the severities using dendragram approach. It leads to decrease in the time and cost of regression testing.
Applicability of Hooke’s and Jeeves Direct Search Solution Method to Metal c...ijiert bestjournal
Role of optimization in engineering design is prominent one with the advent of computers. Optimization has become a part of computer aided design activities. It is prima rily being used in those design activities in which the goal is not only to achieve just a feasible design,but also a des ign objective. In most engineering design activities,the design objective could be simply to minimize the cost of production or to maximize the efficiency of the production. An optimization algorithm is a procedure which is executed it eratively by comparing various solutions till the optimum or a satisfactory solution is found. In many industri al design activities,optimization is achieved indirectly by comparing a few chosen design solutions and accept ing the best solution. This simplistic approach never guarantees and optimization algorithms being with one or more d esign solutions supplied by the user and then iteratively check new design the true optimum solution. There ar e two distinct types of optimization algorithms which are in use today. First there are algorithms which are deterministic,with specific rules for moving from one solution to the other secondly,there are algorithms whi ch are stochastic transition rules.
Emission analysis of bio diesel blends on variable compression ratio engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of reactances and time constants of synchronous generatoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Software testing defect prediction model a practical approacheSAT Journals
Abstract Software defects prediction aims to reduce software testing efforts by guiding the testers through the defect classification of software systems. Defect predictors are widely used in many organizations to predict software defects in order to save time, improve quality, testing and for better planning of the resources to meet the timelines. The application of statistical software testing defect prediction model in a real life setting is extremely difficult because it requires more number of data variables and metrics and also historical defect data to predict the next releases or new similar type of projects. This paper explains our statistical model, how it will accurately predict the defects for upcoming software releases or projects. We have used 20 past release data points of software project, 5 parameters and build a model by applying descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression models with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In this appropriate multiple linear regression model the R-square value was 0.91 and its Standard Error is 5.90%. The Software testing defect prediction model is now being used to predict defects at various testing projects and operational releases. We have found 90.76% precision between actual and predicted defects.
Software Quality Assurance (SQA) teams play a critical role in the software development process to ensure the absence of software defects. It is not feasible to perform exhaustive SQA tasks (i.e., software testing and code review) on a large software product given the limited SQA resources that are available. Thus, the prioritization of SQA efforts is an essential step in all SQA efforts. Defect prediction models are used to prioritize risky software modules and understand the impact of software metrics on the defect-proneness of software modules. The predictions and insights that are derived from defect prediction models can help software teams allocate their limited SQA resources to the modules that are most likely to be defective and avoid common past pitfalls that are associated with the defective modules of the past. However, the predictions and insights that are derived from defect prediction models may be inaccurate and unreliable if practitioners do not control for the impact of experimental components (e.g., datasets, metrics, and classifiers) on defect prediction models, which could lead to erroneous decision-making in practice. In this thesis, we investigate the impact of experimental components on the performance and interpretation of defect prediction models. More specifically, we investigate the impact of the three often overlooked experimental components (i.e., issue report mislabelling, parameter optimization of classification techniques, and model validation techniques) have on defect prediction models. Through case studies of systems that span both proprietary and open-source domains, we demonstrate that (1) issue report mislabelling does not impact the precision of defect prediction models, suggesting that researchers can rely on the predictions of defect prediction models that were trained using noisy defect datasets; (2) automated parameter optimization for classification techniques substantially improve the performance and stability of defect prediction models, as well as they change their interpretation, suggesting that researchers should no longer shy from applying parameter optimization to their models; and (3) the out-of-sample bootstrap validation technique produces a good balance between bias and variance of performance estimates, suggesting that the single holdout and cross-validation families that are commonly-used nowadays should be avoided.
Programming testing is the stage which makes programming as usable quality
scholarly amount. Programming testing under experiences distinctive stages. The
accompanying stages according to the examination are investigation test, test
arranging, experiment or test information or test condition creation, test execution,
bugs logging, following and test strategy. Past research has been improved the
situation advance test process in nature of programming. All accessible testing forms
incorporate distinctive advancement models and diverse programming testing
procedures are performed. Each organization chooses their testing procedure
dependent on the basic condition of the applications each organization selects their
testing procedure. The security, execution and utilitarian parts are most basic in every
application these are altogether to be tried and carrying on obviously. This paper will
clarify and guaranteeing about programming applications quality to do enhanced
testing forms. The real programming testing systems are Security, Performance and
Functional are handled by Analysis, Preparation and Execution will be finished up.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Software Testing Outline Performances and Measurementsijtsrd
The procedure of carrying out a program or else scheme by means of the target of ruling bugs called “Software s w Testing”. It is whichever action intended by estimating a characteristic or else ability of a program system plus shaping that it congregates its requisite consequences. Testing is an essential piece in s w growth. It is generally arranged in each stage in the s w progress sequence. Classically, in excess of fifty two perecent of the progress period is used up in testing. Metrics are attainmenting significance plus receiving in commercial segments as associations raise, grown up and endeavour to get better venture values. This study talks about s w testing methods as well as measurements. Indu Maurya "Software Testing Outline: Performances and Measurements" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38550.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/38550/software-testing-outline-performances-and-measurements/indu-maurya
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXTRACTING THE MINIMIZED TEST SUITE FOR REVISED SIMULINK/STATEFLOW MODELijaia
Test case generation techniques are successfully employed to generate test cases from a formal model. A problem is that as the model evolves, test suites tend to grow in size, making it too costly to execute entire test suites. This paper aims to propose a practical approach to reduce the size of test suites for modified Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) model, which is popularly used for modeling software behavior in many industries like automobile manufacturers. The model for describing a system is frequently modified until it is fixed. The proposed technique is capable of extracting the minimized sized test suite in terms of test coverage, by taking into account both the modified and the affected portion of revised SL/SF model. Two real models for the ECUs deployed in a commercial car are used for an empirical study.
Regression testing concentrates on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it
exposes software regressions or old bugs that have reappeared. It is an expensive testing process that has
been estimated to account for almost half of the cost of software maintenance. To improve the regression
testing process, test case prioritization techniques organizes the execution level of test cases. Further, it
gives an improved rate of fault identification, when test suites cannot run to completion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prioritizing Test Cases for Regression Testing A Model Based ApproachIJTET Journal
Abstract— Testing is an important phase of quality control of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). There are various types of testing methodologies involved to test the application. Regression Testing is a type of testing, which is done to ensure whether the modified features or bug fix had an impact over the existing functionality. Defects are identified by executing the set of test cases. Regression Test case selection is not at all possible to conclude how much retesting is required to identify the deviation when the test suites are larger in size. Prioritization of test cases is done to change the order of test case execution based on the severity. In the proposed a model based approach prioritization of test cases are generated based on UML diagrams (Sequence and State Chart). The modified features have the reflection in the model generation and the number of states and transitions covered. Prioritized test cases are then clustered based upon the severities using dendragram approach. It leads to decrease in the time and cost of regression testing.
Applicability of Hooke’s and Jeeves Direct Search Solution Method to Metal c...ijiert bestjournal
Role of optimization in engineering design is prominent one with the advent of computers. Optimization has become a part of computer aided design activities. It is prima rily being used in those design activities in which the goal is not only to achieve just a feasible design,but also a des ign objective. In most engineering design activities,the design objective could be simply to minimize the cost of production or to maximize the efficiency of the production. An optimization algorithm is a procedure which is executed it eratively by comparing various solutions till the optimum or a satisfactory solution is found. In many industri al design activities,optimization is achieved indirectly by comparing a few chosen design solutions and accept ing the best solution. This simplistic approach never guarantees and optimization algorithms being with one or more d esign solutions supplied by the user and then iteratively check new design the true optimum solution. There ar e two distinct types of optimization algorithms which are in use today. First there are algorithms which are deterministic,with specific rules for moving from one solution to the other secondly,there are algorithms whi ch are stochastic transition rules.
Emission analysis of bio diesel blends on variable compression ratio engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of reactances and time constants of synchronous generatoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Congestion control based on sliding mode control and scheduling with prioriti...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Umts femto access point for higher data rate and better quality of service to...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sensitivity based optimal location of tcsc for improvement of power system se...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Lab view based self tuning fuzzy logic controller for sterilizing equipments ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design of wide band microstrip array antenna using direct coupled techniqueeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Configuration Navigation Analysis Model for Regression Test Case Prioritizationijsrd.com
Regression testing has been receiving increasing attention nowadays. Numerous regression testing strategies have been proposed. Most of them take into account various metrics like cost as well as the ability to find faults quickly thereby saving overall testing time. In this paper, a new model called the Configuration Navigation Analysis Model is proposed which tries to consider all stakeholders and various testing aspects while prioritizing regression test cases.
A Novel Approach to Derive the Average-Case Behavior of Distributed Embedded ...ijccmsjournal
Monte-Carlo simulation is widely used in distributed embedded system in our present era. In this
research work, we have put an emphasis on reliability assessment of any distributed embedded system
through Monte-Carlo simulation. We have done this assessment on random data which represents input
voltages ranging from 0 volt to 12 volt; several numbers of trials have been executed on those data to
check the average case behavior of a distributed real time embedded system. From the experimental result, a saturation point has been achieved against the time behavior which shows the average case behavior of the concerned distributed embedded system.
Proceedings of the 2015 Industrial and Systems Engineering Res.docxwkyra78
Proceedings of the 2015 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference
S. Cetinkaya and J. K. Ryan, eds.
Use of Symbolic Regression for Lean Six Sigma Projects
Daniel Moreno-Sanchez, MSc.
Jacobo Tijerina-Aguilera, MSc.
Universidad de Monterrey
San Pedro Garza Garcia, NL 66238, Mexico
Arlethe Yari Aguilar-Villarreal, MEng.
Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon
San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66451, Mexico
Abstract
Lean Six Sigma projects and the quality engineering profession have to deal with an extensive selection of tools
most of them requiring specialized training. The increased availability of standard statistical software motivates the
use of advanced data science techniques to identify relationships between potential causes and project metrics. In
these circumstances, Symbolic Regression has received increased attention from researchers and practitioners to
uncover the intrinsic relationships hidden within complex data without requiring specialized training for its
implementation. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of using computer assisted
Symbolic Regression within the Analyze phase of a Lean Six Sigma project. An application of this approach in a
service industry project is also presented.
Keywords
Symbolic Regression, Data Science, Lean Six Sigma
1. Introduction
Lean Six Sigma (LSS) has become a well-known hybrid methodology for quality and productivity improvement in
organizations. Its wide adoption in several industries has shaped Process Innovation and Operational Excellence
initiatives, enabling LSS to become a main topic in quality practitioner sites of interest [1], recognized Six Sigma
(SS) certification body of knowledge contents [2], and professional society conferences [3].
However LSS projects and the quality engineering profession have to deal with an extensive selection of tools most
of them requiring specialized training. To assist LSS practitioners it is common to categorize tools based on the
traditional DMAIC model which stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control phases. Table 1
presents an overview of the main tools that are commonly used in each phase of a LSS project, allowing team
members to progressively develop an understanding between realizing each phase’s intent and how the selected
tools can contribute to that purpose.
This paper focuses on the Analyze phase where tools for statistical model building are most likely to be selected.
The increased availability of standard statistical software motivates the use of advanced data science techniques to
identify relationships between potential causes and project metrics. In these circumstances Symbolic Regression
(SR) has received increased attention from researchers and practitioners even though SR is still in an early stage of
commercial availability.
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks o ...
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Software Fault Detection and Prevention Mechanism in Software Dev...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Complexity Based Regression Test Selection StrategyCSEIJJournal
Software is unequivocally the foremost and indispensable entity in this technologically driven world.
Therefore quality assurance, and in particular, software testing is a crucial step in the software
development cycle. This paper presents an effective test selection strategy that uses a Spectrum of
Complexity Metrics (SCM). Our aim in this paper is to increase the efficiency of the testing process by
significantly reducing the number of test cases without having a significant drop in test effectiveness. The
strategy makes use of a comprehensive taxonomy of complexity metrics based on the product level (class,
method, statement) and its characteristics.We use a series of experiments based on three applications with
a significant number of mutants to demonstrate the effectiveness of our selection strategy.For further
evaluation, we compareour approach to boundary value analysis. The results show the capability of our
approach to detect mutants as well as the seeded errors.
One of the core quality assurance feature which combines fault prevention and fault detection, is often known as testability approach also. There are many assessment techniques and quantification method evolved for software testability prediction which actually identifies testability weakness or factors to further help reduce test effort. This paper examines all those measurement techniques that are being proposed for software testability assessment at various phases of object oriented software development life cycle. The aim is to find the best metrics suit for software quality improvisation through software testability support. The ultimate objective is to establish the ground work for finding ways reduce the testing effort by improvising software testability and its assessment using well planned guidelines for object-oriented software development with the help of suitable metrics.
A lean model based outlook on cost & quality optimization in software projectsSonata Software
A large quantum of effort and research is being invested to address the Cost and Quality factors in software projects. Though the solutions, models and methodologies are well established through experimented processes, adoption and optimization of the required parameters for a specific project to obtain predictable and acceptable quality with minimum costs has always remained a challenge.
This paper discusses the Lean process in detail with the help of project data and demonstrates that simple, affordable and adoptable processes are more economical and focused on quality. Also, it is observed that the Lean Model enables a project to be well monitored and controlled by focusing on critical elements, thereby reducing overheads of bulky documentation and irrelevant processes. The above findings are statistically analyzed using the coefficient of variation, which strikes a direct correlation with the predictable quality in a project.
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJShildredzr1di
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-2, Issue-3, July 2012
251
Abstract— In recent years, software testing is becoming more
popular and important in the software development industry.
Indeed, software testing is a broad term encircling a variety of
activities along the development cycle and beyond, aimed at
different goals. Hence, software testing research faces a collection
of challenges. A consistent roadmap of most relevant challenges is
proposed here. In it, the starting point is constituted by some
important past achievements, while the destination consists of two
major identified goals to which research ultimately leads, but
which remains as reachable as goals. The routes from the
achievements to the goals are paved by outstanding research
challenges, which are discussed in the paper along with the
ongoing work.
Software testing is as old as the hills in the history of digital
computers. The testing of software is an important means of
assessing the software to determine its quality. Since testing
typically consumes 40~50% of development efforts, and consumes
more effort for systems that require higher levels of reliability, it is
a significant part of the software engineering
Software testing is a very broad area, which involves many
other technical and non-technical areas, such as specification,
design and implementation, maintenance, process and
management issues in software engineering. Our study focuses on
the state of the art in testing techniques, as well as the latest
techniques which representing the future direction of this area.
Today, testing is the most challenging and dominating activity
used by industry, therefore, improvement in its effectiveness, both
with respect to the time and resources, is taken as a major factor
by many researchers
The purpose of testing can be quality assurance, verification,
and validation or reliability estimation. It is a tradeoff between
budget, time and quality. Software Quality is the central concern
of software engineering. Testing is the single most widely used
approach to ensuring software quality.
(Keywords: SDLC, Software quality, Testing techniq
Technique .)
I. INTRODUCTION
I. Introduction: Software Testing
Software testing is the process of executing a program or
system with the intent of finding errors. Software is not unlike
other physical processes where inputs are received and
outputs are produced. Where software differs is in the manner
in which it fails. Most physical systems fail in a fixed (and
reasonably small) set of ways. By contrast, software can fail in
Manuscript received: on July, 2012
Maneela Tuteja, Department of Information TechnologyDronacharya
College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana,.
Gaurav Dubey, Amity School of Computer Sciences, Amity University,
Uttar Pradesh,India.,
.
many bizarre ways. Detec ...
Threshold benchmarking for feature ranking techniquesjournalBEEI
In prediction modeling, the choice of features chosen from the original feature set is crucial for accuracy and model interpretability. Feature ranking techniques rank the features by its importance but there is no consensus on the number of features to be cut-off. Thus, it becomes important to identify a threshold value or range, so as to remove the redundant features. In this work, an empirical study is conducted for identification of the threshold benchmark for feature ranking algorithms. Experiments are conducted on Apache Click dataset with six popularly used ranker techniques and six machine learning techniques, to deduce a relationship between the total number of input features (N) to the threshold range. The area under the curve analysis shows that ≃ 33-50% of the features are necessary and sufficient to yield a reasonable performance measure, with a variance of 2%, in defect prediction models. Further, we also find that the log2(N) as the ranker threshold value represents the lower limit of the range.
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Software testing effort estimation with cobb douglas function a practical application
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 750
SOFTWARE TESTING EFFORT ESTIMATION WITH COBB-DOUGLAS
FUNCTION: A PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Shaik Nafeez Umar
Lead-industry consultant, Test Management Consultant, AppLabs – a CSC Company, Hyderabad, India
nshaik5@csc.com, nafishaik123@gmail.com
Abstract
Effort estimation is one of the critical challenges in Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC). It is the basis for the project’s effort
estimation, planning, scheduling and budget planning. This paper illustrates model with an objective to depict the accuracy and bias
variation of an organization’s estimates of software testing effort through Cobb-Douglas function (CDF). Data variables selected for
building the model were believed to be vital and have significant impact on the accuracy of estimates. Data gathered for the
completed projects in the organization for about 13 releases.
Statistically, all variables in this model were statistically significant at p<0.05 and p<0.01 levels. The Cobb-Douglas function was
selected and used for the software testing effort estimation. The results achieved with CDF were compared with the estimates provided
by the area expert. The model’s estimation figures are more accurate than the expert judgment. CDF has one of the appropriate
techniques for estimating effort for software testing. CDF model accuracy is 93.42%.
Index Terms: Effort estimation, software testing, Cobb-Douglas function, STLC and SDLC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Effort estimation in software industry is highly based on human
judgment, Most of the IT organizations fail to deliver the
projects on time. Most of the IT organizations use traditional and
composite techniques effort estimation. There are different
models available in market that is discussed below in brief.
Singh, Bhatia et al. [1] gave a more detailed classification of
effort estimation empirical techniques, model/theory, expertise
techniques, regression techniques, composite techniques and
machine learning languages.
Empirical techniques correspond to the analogy-based
techniques which estimations are based on the practice and
previous experience.
Model/Theory based techniques are the algorithm based
techniques that include Function Point Analysis, SLIM,
Checkpoints and COCOMO model.
Expertise techniques are equivalent to the expert judgment
when a person carries out estimation based on non-explicit
and non-recoverable reasoning [1];
Regression based models are used to infer how the Y-
variables are related to X-variable(s), requiring data from
previous projects;
Composite techniques combine both approaches - expert
judgment and project data - in a consistent way in order to
obtain the effort estimation [2, 3].
In the Software engineering literature there are many of the
traditional models used to estimate the effort. Typically, the
most common effort model used in testing field is COCOMO
basic model [4, 5], SEL model, Walston –Felix model [6, 5],
Bailey-Basil model [7], Halstead model [8], Doty model. From
the existing effort prediction models no one indentify the right
model to use in test effort estimation. These are all just about
prediction models.
Advantages
Help to effort prediction for each release
Help to plan for preventive actions for effort estimation
Improves the overall quality of the software product
Streamlining the SDLC/STLC
Insure users next to the costs of field defect occurrence
Determine the reliability
2. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
The main objective of this paper is to predict test effort in
different test phases like Requirements Analysis, Test case
design, Test execution, Test Automation, Test Governance and
Project management. The proposed Cobb-Douglas model was
implemented in excel sheet. The foremost step is to identify
independent parameters of the testing effort model. These
parameters should have impact or any relationship between
effort and their corresponding independent parameters.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 751
Before deployment of CMMI practices, organizations estimates
were based on the judgment of only one expert. But, this is not
considered to be a valid method and also not validated
statistically. Two possible solutions were identified to meet the
requirements of CMMI. One of the methods was Delphi method
[9] with participation of at least three algorithmic models for the
testing effort prediction. The other solution was implementation
of algorithm model for the effort estimation based on the
historical data of organization [9].
Model specifications includes input parameters like number of
requirements, number of test cases, complexity of the release,
number of resources, domain experience, requirements, test case
design, test execution, test automation, test governance and
project management. It predicts individual effort of testing
phases and total effort. This model has analyzed the data of 14
software releases with parameters that are derived from the
project dataset. The next step is to normalize the data. Next,
check the correlation between the parameters and multi-
collinerity crisis within the independent parameters. Then
transform the data into logarithmic using the method of least
squares to find coefficient values. Eventually, multiple linear
regressions is used. The Cobb-Douglas function is given by
Y= β0+X1β1+ X2 β2+ X3 β3+ …………+ Xn βn
Where Y=Effort, β0=Constant, β1, β2, β3…… βn are coefficient
values and X1, X2, X3…, Xn are independent parameters.
Accuracy of the model
In statistical modeling, accuracy is the one of the important
criteria for measuring the performance of the model. After
building the model, performance and precision of the model is
evaluated. In this model, we used Theil’s statistics to find out
model performance. The Theil’s statistical values lies between 0
and 1, the accuracy of the model is determined based on how
close the value is to 1.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Due to organization security and policy names of the projects are
not disclosed. The Table#1 shows the distribution of release
wise test data of different testing phases collected for 13
releases. The test data is depicted for both dependent and
independent parameters.
The most significant R-squares (Table#2) of the dependent
parameters of the model are Requirements (0.66), Test case
design (0.75), Automated testing (0.68), Test governance (0.75)
and Project management (0.85) which is highly statistically
significant at 0.01 levels. This shows the selected dependent
parameters selected for this model has significant impact on
estimating the effort for software testing.
The standard error is comparatively less for requirement
(6.58%), test case design (7.2%) and automated testing (5.69%).
This shows statistically error of the model is very less for these
variables when compared to other parameters. This indicates that
these parameters are reliable and has significant impact in
estimating the effort for software testing. In software testing
organization most of the parameters are not associated with the
effort due to frequent changes in the business requirements.
Apparently, test execution is not statistically significant in
model, it may be poorly correlated with effort and also its
standard error is 11.52%, which is high in the model. The
proposed Cobb-Douglas model gave 93.42% of accuracy of the
actual and predicted values.
The variation between actual and predicted values using this
model is significantly very low. When comparison of each every
independent Cobb-Douglas model for testing phase it was good
prediction actual vs predicted values. It was shows (Table#4)
predicted values close to actual values. Finally in Cobb-Douglas
model putting the actual independent parameters we will get
predicted effort values.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 753
Table3: Predicted Effort (Hrs) of testing phases-using Cobb-Douglass function
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the objective of the study Cobb-Douglas testing effort
estimation model proposed is statistically and scientifically
significant. Using the model the accuracy of effort estimation
calculated is93.42%.It clearly states Cobb-Douglas model is
more robust than other models as the model is blend of using
historical data and scientific approach. With this level of
accuracy, this model brings in huge relief for the software
industry by helping them in estimating the testing efforts
required for executing the project and thereby increasing the
accuracy levels of the overall project effort estimates..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I want to thank Narendra singh Rajput, Lead Associate Manager,
for his valuable feedback and guidance and Prof Balasiddamuni,
Department of Statistics, S V University, Tirupati and Raghav
Beeram, Global Head - Test Management Consulting,
Independent Testing Services, CSC, Hyderabad for guiding me
and supporting me in my research paper.
I would like to express my love affection to my mother Smt.
Shaik Zaibunnisa, My Father Sri. Late S. Mahaboob Basha,
Brothers and Sisters, My spouse Ballary Ameen, Children’s
Shaik Mohammed Wafeeq, Shaik Waneeya, my Niece Samreen
Aaleia for enthusing me throughout the work
REFERENCES
[1]. Y. Singh, P.K. Bhatia, A. Kaur, and O. Sangwan, A Review
of Studies on Effort Estimation Techniques of Software
Development, in Proc. Conference Mathematical Techniques:
Emerging Paradigms for Electronics and IT Industries, New
Delhi, 2008, pp. 188-196.
[2]. B. Boehm, C. Abts and S. Chulani, Software development
cost estimation approaches - A survey, Annal of Software
Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 177-205, 2000.
[3]. L.C. Briand and I. Wieczorek, Resource Estimation in
Software Engineering, Encyclopedia of Software Eng., J.J.
Marcinak, ed., pp. 1160-1196, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[4]. M.V. Deshpande and S.G. Bhirud, “Analysis of Combining
Software Estimation Techniques,” International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 5 –
No.3.
[5]. Y. Singh, K.K.Aggarwal. Software Engineering Third
edition, New Age International Publisher Limited New Delhi.
[6]. Pressman. Software Engineering - a Practitioner’s
Approach. 6th Eddition Mc Graw Hill international Edition,
Pearson education, ISBN 007 - 124083 – 7.
Predicted effort (Hrs)-Testing phases
Release
Requirements
Testcasedesign
Testexecution
Automatedtesting
Testgovernance
Product/Project
management
Totaleffort
1 19 40 16 51 45 51 221
2 18 41 15 47 50 47 218
3 18 36 14 47 50 47 212
4 19 25 15 42 30 42 172
5 17 38 19 43 36 43 196
6 18 26 13 48 34 48 187
7 18 27 18 44 31 44 182
8 20 24 15 39 30 39 166
9 19 23 14 40 29 40 166
10 17 19 12 40 27 40 154
11(Assumed) 18 17 17 32 18 32 134
12(Assumed) 18 29 19 38 28 38 170
13(Assumed) 18 33 16 44 38 44 192
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 754
[7]. S. Devnani-Chulani, "Bayesian Analysis of Software Cost
and Quality Models”. Faculty of the Graduate School,
University Of Southern California May 1999.
[8]. O. Benediktsson and D. Dalcher, “Effort Estimation in
incremental Software Development,” IEEE Proc. Software, Vol.
150, no. 6, December 2003, pp. 351-
[9] H. Leung and Z. Fan, Software Cost Estimation, in
Handbook of Software Engineering and Knowledge
Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2002
BIOGRAPHIES
Working as Lead Industry Consultant in Test
Management Consulting group, AppLabs – a
Computer Science Corporation Company,
Hyderabad, India. He has 9 years in IT
experience as Statistician and Statistical
modeler. He has published 14 papers in
National/International journals. He is expert
in Statistical and Econometric modeling