The document summarizes a model-based approach to prioritizing regression test cases. It involves generating test cases from UML models, prioritizing them based on the number of states and transitions covered, and clustering them by severity using a dendrogram approach. This helps decrease the time and cost of regression testing by focusing testing efforts on the most important and affected areas first. The proposed approach constructs models from requirements, identifies states, prioritizes flows, generates test cases, and prioritizes the test cases based on severity to improve regression testing efficiency.
Configuration Navigation Analysis Model for Regression Test Case Prioritizationijsrd.com
Regression testing has been receiving increasing attention nowadays. Numerous regression testing strategies have been proposed. Most of them take into account various metrics like cost as well as the ability to find faults quickly thereby saving overall testing time. In this paper, a new model called the Configuration Navigation Analysis Model is proposed which tries to consider all stakeholders and various testing aspects while prioritizing regression test cases.
One of the core quality assurance feature which combines fault prevention and fault detection, is often known as testability approach also. There are many assessment techniques and quantification method evolved for software testability prediction which actually identifies testability weakness or factors to further help reduce test effort. This paper examines all those measurement techniques that are being proposed for software testability assessment at various phases of object oriented software development life cycle. The aim is to find the best metrics suit for software quality improvisation through software testability support. The ultimate objective is to establish the ground work for finding ways reduce the testing effort by improvising software testability and its assessment using well planned guidelines for object-oriented software development with the help of suitable metrics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This is chapter 1 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR TEST CASEPRIORITIZATIONIJCSEA Journal
Test case prioritization techniques basically schedule the execution of test cases in a definite order such that to attain an objective function with greater efficiency. This scheduling of test cases improves the results of regression testing. Test case prioritization techniques order the test cases such that the most important ones are executed first encountering the faults first and thus makes the testing effective. In this paper an approach is presented which calculates the product of statement coverage and function calls. The results illustrate the effectiveness of formula computed with the help of APFD metric.
AN APPROACH FOR TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION BASED UPON VARYING REQUIREMENTS IJCSEA Journal
Software testing is a process continuously performed by the development team during the life cycle of the software with the motive to detect the faults as early as possible. Regressing testing is the most suitable technique for this in which we test number of test cases. As the number of test cases can be very large it is always preferable to prioritize test cases based upon certain criterions.In this paper prioritization strategy is proposed which prioritize test cases based on requirements analysis. By regressing testing if the requirements will vary in future, the software will be modified in such a manner that it will not affect the remaining parts of the software. The proposed system improves the testing process and its efficiency to achieve goals regarding quality, cost, and effort as well user satisfaction and the result of the proposed method evaluated with the help of performance evaluation metric.
Real time implementation of the software system requires being more versatile. In the maintenance phase, the modified system under regression testing must assure that the existing system remains defect free. Test case prioritization technique of regression testing includes code as well as model based methods of prioritizing the test cases. System model based test case prioritization can detect the severe faults early as compare to the code based test case prioritization. Model based prioritization techniques based on requirements in a cost effective manner has not been taken for study so far. Model based testing used to test the functionality of the software system based on requirement. An effective model based approach is defined for prioritizing test cases and to generate the effective test sequence. The test cases are rescheduled based on requirement analysis and user view analysis. With the use of weighted approach the overall cost is estimated to test the functionality of the model elements. Here, the genetic approach has been applied to generate efficient test path. The regression cost in terms of effort has been reduced under model based prioritization approach.
Configuration Navigation Analysis Model for Regression Test Case Prioritizationijsrd.com
Regression testing has been receiving increasing attention nowadays. Numerous regression testing strategies have been proposed. Most of them take into account various metrics like cost as well as the ability to find faults quickly thereby saving overall testing time. In this paper, a new model called the Configuration Navigation Analysis Model is proposed which tries to consider all stakeholders and various testing aspects while prioritizing regression test cases.
One of the core quality assurance feature which combines fault prevention and fault detection, is often known as testability approach also. There are many assessment techniques and quantification method evolved for software testability prediction which actually identifies testability weakness or factors to further help reduce test effort. This paper examines all those measurement techniques that are being proposed for software testability assessment at various phases of object oriented software development life cycle. The aim is to find the best metrics suit for software quality improvisation through software testability support. The ultimate objective is to establish the ground work for finding ways reduce the testing effort by improvising software testability and its assessment using well planned guidelines for object-oriented software development with the help of suitable metrics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This is chapter 1 of ISTQB Specialist Performance Tester certification. This presentation helps aspirants understand and prepare the content of the certification.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR TEST CASEPRIORITIZATIONIJCSEA Journal
Test case prioritization techniques basically schedule the execution of test cases in a definite order such that to attain an objective function with greater efficiency. This scheduling of test cases improves the results of regression testing. Test case prioritization techniques order the test cases such that the most important ones are executed first encountering the faults first and thus makes the testing effective. In this paper an approach is presented which calculates the product of statement coverage and function calls. The results illustrate the effectiveness of formula computed with the help of APFD metric.
AN APPROACH FOR TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION BASED UPON VARYING REQUIREMENTS IJCSEA Journal
Software testing is a process continuously performed by the development team during the life cycle of the software with the motive to detect the faults as early as possible. Regressing testing is the most suitable technique for this in which we test number of test cases. As the number of test cases can be very large it is always preferable to prioritize test cases based upon certain criterions.In this paper prioritization strategy is proposed which prioritize test cases based on requirements analysis. By regressing testing if the requirements will vary in future, the software will be modified in such a manner that it will not affect the remaining parts of the software. The proposed system improves the testing process and its efficiency to achieve goals regarding quality, cost, and effort as well user satisfaction and the result of the proposed method evaluated with the help of performance evaluation metric.
Real time implementation of the software system requires being more versatile. In the maintenance phase, the modified system under regression testing must assure that the existing system remains defect free. Test case prioritization technique of regression testing includes code as well as model based methods of prioritizing the test cases. System model based test case prioritization can detect the severe faults early as compare to the code based test case prioritization. Model based prioritization techniques based on requirements in a cost effective manner has not been taken for study so far. Model based testing used to test the functionality of the software system based on requirement. An effective model based approach is defined for prioritizing test cases and to generate the effective test sequence. The test cases are rescheduled based on requirement analysis and user view analysis. With the use of weighted approach the overall cost is estimated to test the functionality of the model elements. Here, the genetic approach has been applied to generate efficient test path. The regression cost in terms of effort has been reduced under model based prioritization approach.
Determination of Software Release Instant of Three-Tier Client Server Softwar...Waqas Tariq
Quality of any software system mainly depends on how much time testing take place, what kind of testing methodologies are used, how complex the software is, the amount of efforts put by software developers and the type of testing environment subject to the cost and time constraint. More time developers spend on testing more errors can be removed leading to better reliable software but then testing cost will also increase. On the contrary, if testing time is too short, software cost could be reduced provided the customers take risk of buying unreliable software. However, this will increase the cost during operational phase since it is more expensive to fix an error during operational phase than during testing phase. Therefore it is essentially important to decide when to stop testing and release the software to customers based on cost and reliability assessment. In this paper we present a mechanism of when to stop testing process and release the software to end-user by developing a software cost model with risk factor. Based on the proposed method we specifically address the issues of how to decide that we should stop testing and release the software based on three-tier client server architecture which would facilitates software developers to ensure on-time delivery of a software product meeting the criteria of achieving predefined level of reliability and minimizing the cost. A numerical example has been cited to illustrate the experimental results showing significant improvements over the conventional statistical models based on NHPP.
Test Case Optimization and Redundancy Reduction Using GA and Neural Networks IJECEIAES
More than 50% of software development effort is spent in testing phase in a typical software development project. Test case design as well as execution consume a lot of time. Hence, automated generation of test cases is highly required. Here a novel testing methodology is being presented to test objectoriented software based on UML state chart diagrams. In this approach, function minimization technique is being applied and generate test cases automatically from UML state chart diagrams. Software testing forms an integral part of the software development life cycle. Since the objective of testing is to ensure the conformity of an application to its specification, a test “oracle” is needed to determine whether a given test case exposes a fault or not. An automated oracle to support the activities of human testers can reduce the actual cost of the testing process and the related maintenance costs. In this paper, a new concept is being presented using an UML state chart diagram and tables for the test case generation, artificial neural network as an optimization tool for reducing the redundancy in the test case generated using the genetic algorithm. A neural network is trained by the backpropagation algorithm on a set of test cases applied to the original version of the system.
EXTRACTING THE MINIMIZED TEST SUITE FOR REVISED SIMULINK/STATEFLOW MODELijaia
Test case generation techniques are successfully employed to generate test cases from a formal model. A problem is that as the model evolves, test suites tend to grow in size, making it too costly to execute entire test suites. This paper aims to propose a practical approach to reduce the size of test suites for modified Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) model, which is popularly used for modeling software behavior in many industries like automobile manufacturers. The model for describing a system is frequently modified until it is fixed. The proposed technique is capable of extracting the minimized sized test suite in terms of test coverage, by taking into account both the modified and the affected portion of revised SL/SF model. Two real models for the ECUs deployed in a commercial car are used for an empirical study.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
TRANSFORMING SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS INTO TEST CASES VIA MODEL TRANSFORMATIONijseajournal
Executable test cases originate at the onset of testing as abstract requirements that represent system
behavior. Their manual development is time-consuming, susceptible to errors, and expensive. Translating
system requirements into behavioral models and then transforming them into a scripting language has the
potential to automate their conversion into executable tests. Ideally, an effective testing process should
start as early as possible, refine the use cases with ample details, and facilitate the creation of test cases.
We propose a methodology that enables automation in converting functional requirements into executable
test cases via model transformation. The proposed testing process starts with capturing system behavior in
the form of visual use cases, using a domain-specific language, defining transformation rules, and
ultimately transforming the use cases into executable tests.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute
every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to re- execute every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization, Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also depicted.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute
every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
Determination of Software Release Instant of Three-Tier Client Server Softwar...Waqas Tariq
Quality of any software system mainly depends on how much time testing take place, what kind of testing methodologies are used, how complex the software is, the amount of efforts put by software developers and the type of testing environment subject to the cost and time constraint. More time developers spend on testing more errors can be removed leading to better reliable software but then testing cost will also increase. On the contrary, if testing time is too short, software cost could be reduced provided the customers take risk of buying unreliable software. However, this will increase the cost during operational phase since it is more expensive to fix an error during operational phase than during testing phase. Therefore it is essentially important to decide when to stop testing and release the software to customers based on cost and reliability assessment. In this paper we present a mechanism of when to stop testing process and release the software to end-user by developing a software cost model with risk factor. Based on the proposed method we specifically address the issues of how to decide that we should stop testing and release the software based on three-tier client server architecture which would facilitates software developers to ensure on-time delivery of a software product meeting the criteria of achieving predefined level of reliability and minimizing the cost. A numerical example has been cited to illustrate the experimental results showing significant improvements over the conventional statistical models based on NHPP.
Test Case Optimization and Redundancy Reduction Using GA and Neural Networks IJECEIAES
More than 50% of software development effort is spent in testing phase in a typical software development project. Test case design as well as execution consume a lot of time. Hence, automated generation of test cases is highly required. Here a novel testing methodology is being presented to test objectoriented software based on UML state chart diagrams. In this approach, function minimization technique is being applied and generate test cases automatically from UML state chart diagrams. Software testing forms an integral part of the software development life cycle. Since the objective of testing is to ensure the conformity of an application to its specification, a test “oracle” is needed to determine whether a given test case exposes a fault or not. An automated oracle to support the activities of human testers can reduce the actual cost of the testing process and the related maintenance costs. In this paper, a new concept is being presented using an UML state chart diagram and tables for the test case generation, artificial neural network as an optimization tool for reducing the redundancy in the test case generated using the genetic algorithm. A neural network is trained by the backpropagation algorithm on a set of test cases applied to the original version of the system.
EXTRACTING THE MINIMIZED TEST SUITE FOR REVISED SIMULINK/STATEFLOW MODELijaia
Test case generation techniques are successfully employed to generate test cases from a formal model. A problem is that as the model evolves, test suites tend to grow in size, making it too costly to execute entire test suites. This paper aims to propose a practical approach to reduce the size of test suites for modified Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) model, which is popularly used for modeling software behavior in many industries like automobile manufacturers. The model for describing a system is frequently modified until it is fixed. The proposed technique is capable of extracting the minimized sized test suite in terms of test coverage, by taking into account both the modified and the affected portion of revised SL/SF model. Two real models for the ECUs deployed in a commercial car are used for an empirical study.
Software testing is an activity which is aimed for evaluating quality of a program and also for improving it, by identifying defects and problems. Software testing strives for achieving its goal (both implicit and explicit) but it has certain limitations, still testing can be done more effectively if certain established principles are to be followed. In spite of having limitations, software testing continues to dominate other verification techniques like static analysis, model checking and proofs. So it is indispensable to understand the goals, principles and limitations of software testing so that the effectiveness of software testing could be maximized.
TRANSFORMING SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS INTO TEST CASES VIA MODEL TRANSFORMATIONijseajournal
Executable test cases originate at the onset of testing as abstract requirements that represent system
behavior. Their manual development is time-consuming, susceptible to errors, and expensive. Translating
system requirements into behavioral models and then transforming them into a scripting language has the
potential to automate their conversion into executable tests. Ideally, an effective testing process should
start as early as possible, refine the use cases with ample details, and facilitate the creation of test cases.
We propose a methodology that enables automation in converting functional requirements into executable
test cases via model transformation. The proposed testing process starts with capturing system behavior in
the form of visual use cases, using a domain-specific language, defining transformation rules, and
ultimately transforming the use cases into executable tests.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute
every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to re- execute every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization, Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also depicted.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION FOR OPTIMIZING A REGRESSION TESTijfcstjournal
Regression testing makes sure that upgradation of software in terms of adding new features or for bug
fixing purposes should not hamper previously working functionalities. Whenever a software is upgraded or
modified, a set of test cases are run on each of its functions to assure that the change to that function is not
affecting other parts of the software that were previously running flawlessly. For achieving this, all existing
test cases need to run as well as new test cases might be required to be created. It is not feasible to reexecute
every test case for all the functions of a given software, because if there is a large number of test
cases to be run, then a lot of time and effort would be required. This problem can be addressed by
prioritizing test cases. Test case prioritization technique reorders the priority in which test cases are
implemented, in an attempt to ensure that maximum faults are uncovered early on by the high priority test
cases implemented first. In this paper we propose an optimized test case prioritization technique using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the cost, effort and time taken to perform regression testing and also
uncover maximum faults. Comparison of different techniques such as Retest All, Test Case Minimization,
Test Case Prioritization, Random Test Case Selection and Test Case Prioritization using ACO is also
depicted.
Testing throughout the software life cycle & statistic techniquesNovika Damai Yanti
CATEGORIES OF TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Recall reasons that both specification-based (black-box) and structure-based (white-box) approaches to test case design are useful, and list the common techniques for each. (K1)
Top Challenges in Functional Testing and How to Overcome Them.pdfAlpha BOLD
Functional testing plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and reliability of software applications. However, it is not without its challenges. In this blog, we will explore some of the top challenges faced in functional testing services and provide strategies to overcome them.
Regression testing concentrates on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it
exposes software regressions or old bugs that have reappeared. It is an expensive testing process that has
been estimated to account for almost half of the cost of software maintenance. To improve the regression
testing process, test case prioritization techniques organizes the execution level of test cases. Further, it
gives an improved rate of fault identification, when test suites cannot run to completion.
Software Quality Analysis Using Mutation Testing SchemeEditor IJMTER
The software test coverage is used measure the safety measures. The safety critical analysis is
carried out for the source code designed in Java language. Testing provides a primary means for
assuring software in safety-critical systems. To demonstrate, particularly to a certification authority, that
sufficient testing has been performed, it is necessary to achieve the test coverage levels recommended or
mandated by safety standards and industry guidelines. Mutation testing provides an alternative or
complementary method of measuring test sufficiency, but has not been widely adopted in the safetycritical industry. The system provides an empirical evaluation of the application of mutation testing to
airborne software systems which have already satisfied the coverage requirements for certification.
The system mutation testing to safety-critical software developed using high-integrity subsets of
C and Ada, identify the most effective mutant types and analyze the root causes of failures in test cases.
Mutation testing could be effective where traditional structural coverage analysis and manual peer
review have failed. They also show that several testing issues have origins beyond the test activity and
this suggests improvements to the requirements definition and coding process. The system also
examines the relationship between program characteristics and mutation survival and considers how
program size can provide a means for targeting test areas most likely to have dormant faults. Industry
feedback is also provided, particularly on how mutation testing can be integrated into a typical
verification life cycle of airborne software. The system also covers the safety and criticality levels of
Java source code.
Navigating Automated Testing_ Avoiding Common Pitfalls.pdfkalichargn70th171
In a recent survey done by Gartner, 60% of users adopted automation to improve product quality. Automation has become a requirement for efficient and effective software quality assurance.
While the transition from manual to automated methods offers significant advantages in speed and consistency, it's not without challenges. This blog explores the intricate world of automated testing, highlighting key strategies to leverage its benefits while avoiding common pitfalls.
Beaglebone Black Webcam Server For SecurityIJTET Journal
Web server security using BeagleBone Black is based on ARM Cortex-A8 processor and Linux operating system
is designed and implemented. In this project the server side consists of BeagleBone Black with angstrom OS and interfaced
with webcam. The client can access the web server by proper authentication. The web server displays the web page forms
like home, video, upload, settings and about. The home web page describes the functions of Web Pages. The video Web page
displays the saved videos in the server and client can view or download the videos. The upload web page is used by the client
to upload the files to server. The settings web page is used to change the username, password and date if needed. The about web page provides the description of the project
Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry PiIJTET Journal
Biometric authentication is one of the most popular and accurate technology. Nowadays, it is used in many real time
applications. However, recognizing fingerprints in Linux based embedded computers (raspberry pi) is still a very complex problem.
This entire work is done on the Linux based embedded computer called raspberry pi , in which database creation and management
using postgresql, web page creation using PHP language, fingerprint reader access, authentication and recognition using python were
entirely done on raspberry pi This paper discusses on the standardized authentication model which is capable of extracting the
fingerprints of individual and store that in database . Then I use the final fingerprint to match with others in fingerprints present in the
database (postgresql) to show the capability of this model.
Conceal Traffic Pattern Discovery from Revealing Form of Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Number of techniques has been planned supported packet secret writing to safeguard the
communication in MANETs. STARS functioning supported stastical characteristics of captured raw traffic.
STARS discover the relationships of offer to destination communication. To forestall STAR attack associate
offer hidding technique is introduced.The pattern aims to derive the source/destination probability distribution.
that's the probability for each node to entire traffic captured with link details message source/destination and
conjointly the end-to-end link probability distribution that's the probability for each strive of nodes to be
associate end-to-end communication strive. thence construct point-to-point traffic originate and then derive the
end-to-end traffic with a set of traffic filtering rules; thus actual traffic protected against revelation attack.
Through this protective mechanism efficiency of traffic enlarged by ninety fifth from attacked traffic. For a lot of
sweetening to avoid overall attacks second shortest path is chosen.
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
Prevention of Malicious Nodes and Attacks in Manets Using Trust worthy MethodIJTET Journal
In Manet the first demand is co-operative communication among nodes. The malicious nodes might cause security issues like grey hole and cooperative attacks. To resolve these attack issue planning Dynamic supply routing mechanism, that is referred as cooperative bait detection theme (CBDS) that integrate the advantage of each proactive and reactive defence design is used. In region attacks, a node transmits a malicious broadcast informing that it's the shortest path to the destination, with the goal of intercepting messages. During this case, a malicious node (so-called region node) will attract all packets by victimisation solid Route Reply (RREP) packet to incorrectly claim that “fake” shortest route to the destination then discard these packets while not forwarding them to the destination. In grey hole attacks, the malicious node isn't abs initio recognized in and of itself since it turns malicious solely at a later time, preventing a trust-based security resolution from detective work its presence within the network. It then by selection discards/forwards the info packets once packets undergo it. During this we have a tendency to focus is on detective work grey hole/collaborative region attacks employing a dynamic supply routing (DSR)-based routing technique.
Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
Wireless detector nodes are a promising technology to play three-dimensional applications. Even it
will sight correct lead to could on top of ground and underground. In solid underground watching system makes
some challenges are there to propagating the signals. The detector node is moving entire the underground
pipeline and sending information to relay node that's placed within the on top of ground. If any relay node is
unsuccessful during this condition suggests that it'll not sending the info. In this watching system can specially
designed as a heterogeneous networks. Every high power relay nodes most covers minimum 2 low power relay
node. If any relay node is unsuccessful within the network, the constellation can modification mechanically
supported the heterogeneous network. The high power relay node is change the unsuccessful node and sending
the condition of pipeline. The benefits are thought-about to be extremely distributed, improved packet delivery
Raspberry Pi Based Client-Server Synchronization Using GPRSIJTET Journal
A low cost Internet-based attendance record embedded system for students which uses wireless technology to
transfer data between the client and server is designed. The proposed system consist of a Raspberry Pi which acts as a
client which stores the details of the students in the database by using user login system using web. When the user logs
into the database the data is sent through GPRS to the server machine which maintains the records of the employees and
the attendance is updated in the server database. The GPRS module provides a bidirectional real-time data transfer
between the client and server. This system can be implemented to any real time application so as to retrieve information
from a data source of the client system and send a file to the remote server through GPRS. The main aim is to avoid the
limitations in Ethernet connection and design a low cost and efficient attendance record system where the data is
transferred in a secure way from the client database and updated in the server database using GPRS technology
ECG Steganography and Hash Function Based Privacy Protection of Patients Medi...IJTET Journal
Data hiding can hide sensitive information into signals for covert communication. Most data hiding
techniques will distort the signal in order to insert additional messages. The distortion is often small; the irreversibility is
not admissible to some sensitive techniques. Most of the applications, lossless data hiding is desired to extract the
embedded data and the original host signal. The project proposes the enhancement of protection system for secret data
communication through encrypted data concealment in ECG signals of the patient. The proposed encryption technique
used to encrypt the confidential data into unreadable form and not only enhances the safety of secret carrier information by
making the information inaccessible to any intruder having a random method. For that we use twelve square ciphering
techniques. The technique is used make the communication between the sender and the receiver to be authenticated is hash
function. To evaluate the effectiveness of ECG wave at the proposed technique, distortion measurement techniques of two
are used, the percentage residue difference (PWD) and wavelets weighted PRD. Proposed technique provides high security protection for patient data with low distortion is proven in this proposed system.
An Efficient Decoding Algorithm for Concatenated Turbo-Crc CodesIJTET Journal
In this paper, a hybrid turbo decoding algorithm is used, in which the outer code, Cyclic Redundancy Check code is
not used for detection of errors as usual but for error correction and improvement. This algorithm effectively combines the iterative
decoding algorithm with Rate-Compatible Insertion Convolution Turbo Decoding, where the CRC code and the turbo code are
regarded as an integrated whole in the Decoding process. Altogether we propose an effective error detecting method based on
normalized Euclidean distance to compensate for the loss of error detection capability which should have been provided by CRC
code. Simulation results show that with the proposed approach, 0.5-2dB performance gain can be achieved for the code blocks
with short information length
Improved Trans-Z-source Inverter for Automobile ApplicationIJTET Journal
In this paper a new technology is proposed with a replacement of conventional voltage source/current
source inverter with Improved Trans-Z-source inverter in automobile applications. The improved Trans-Z-source
inverter has a high boost inversion capability and continues input current. Also this new inverter can suppress the
resonant current at the startup; this resonant current in the startup may lead the device to permanent damage. In
improved Trans-Z-source inverter a couple inductor is needed, instead of this coupled inductor a transformer is used.
By using a transformer with sufficient turns ratio the size can be reduced. The turn’s ratio of the transformer decides
the input voltage of the inverter. In this paper operating principle, comparison with conventional inverters, working
with automobiles simulation results, THD analysis, Hardware implementation using ATMEGA 328 P are included.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
Comprehensive Path Quality Measurement in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
A wireless sensor network mostly relies on multi-hop transmissions to deliver a data packet. It is of essential importance to measure the quality of multi-hop paths and such information shall be utilized in designing efficient routing strategies. Existing metrics like ETF, ETX mainly focus on quantifying the link performance in between the nodes while overlooking the forwarding capabilities inside the sensor nodes. By combining the QoF measurements within a node and over a link, we are able to comprehensively measure the intact path quality in designing efficient multihop routing protocols. We propose QoF, Quality of Forwarding, a new metric which explores the performance in the gray zone inside a node left unattended in previous studies. We implement QoF and build a modified Collection Tree Protocol.
Optimizing Data Confidentiality using Integrated Multi Query ServicesIJTET Journal
Query services have experienced terribly massive growth within past few years for that reason large usage of services need to balance outsourcing data management to Cloud service providers that provide query services to the client for data owners, therefore data owner needs data confidentiality as well as query privacy to be guaranteed attributable to disloyal behavior of cloud service provider consequently enhancing data confidentiality must not be compromise the query processed performance. It is not significant to provide slow query services as the result of security along with privacy assurance. We propose the random space perturbation data perturbation method to provide secure with kNN(k-nearest-neighbor) range query services for protecting data in the cloud and Frequency Structured R-Tree (FSR-Tree) efficient range query. Our schemes enhance data confidentiality without compromising the FSR-TREE query processing performance that also increases the user experience.
Foliage Measurement Using Image Processing TechniquesIJTET Journal
Automatic detection of fruit and leaf diseases is essential to automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as early as they appear on the growing stage. This system helps to detect the diseases on fruit during farming , right from plan and easily monitoring the diseases of grapes leaf and apple fruit. By using this system we can avoid the economical loss due to various diseases in agriculture production. K-means clustering technique is used for segmentation. The features are extracted from the segmented image and artificial neural network is used for training the image database and classified their performance to the respective disease categories. The experimental results express that what type of disease can be affected in the fruit and leaf .
Harmonic Mitigation Method for the DC-AC Converter in a Single Phase SystemIJTET Journal
This project suggest a sine-wave modulation technique is to achieve a low total harmonic distortion of Buck-Boost converter connected to a changing polarity inverter in a system. The suggested technique improves the harmonic content of the output. In addition, a proportional-resonant Integral controller is used along with harmonic compensation techniques for eliminating the DC component in the system. Also, the performance of the Proposed controller is analyzed when it connecting to the converter. The design of Buck-Boost converter is fed by modulated sine wave Pulse width modulation technique are proposed to mitigate the low order harmonics and to control the output current. So, that the output complies within the standard limit without use of low pass filter.
Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Experimental Investigation of Lateral Pressure on Vertical Formwork Systems u...IJTET Journal
The modeling of pressure distribution of fresh concrete poured in vertical formwork are rather dynamic than complex. Many researchers had worked on the pressure distribution modeling of concrete and formulated empirical relationship factors like formwork height, rate of pour, consistency classes of concrete. However, in the current scenario, most of high rise construction uses self compacting concrete(SCC) which is a special concrete which utilizes not only mineral and chemical admixtures but also varied aggregate proportions and hence modeling pressure distribution of SCC over other concrete in vertical formwork systems is necessitated. This research seeks to bridge the gap between the theoretical formulation of pressure distribution with the actual modeled (scaled) vertical formwork systems. The pressure distribution of SCC in the laboratory will be determined using pressure sensors, modeled and analyzed.
A Five – Level Integrated AC – DC ConverterIJTET Journal
This paper presents the implementation of a new five – level integrated AC – DC converter with high input power factor and reduced input current harmonics complied with IEC1000-3-2 harmonic standards for electrical equipments. The proposed topology is a combination of boost input power factor pre – regulator and five – level DC – DC converter. The single – stage PFC (SSPFC) approach used in this topology is an alternative solution to low – power and cost – effective applications.
A Comprehensive Approach for Multi Biometric Recognition Using Sclera Vein an...IJTET Journal
Sclera and finger print vein fusion is a new biometric approach for uniquely identifying humans. First, Sclera vein is identified and refined using image enhancement techniques. Then Y shape feature extraction algorithm is used to obtain Y shape pattern which are then fused with finger vein pattern. Second, Finger vein pattern is obtained using CCD camera by passing infrared light through the finger. The obtained image is then enhanced. A line shape feature extraction algorithm is used to get line patterns from enhanced finger vein image. Finally Sclera vein image pattern and Finger vein image pattern were combined to get the final fused image. The image thus obtained can be used to uniquely identify a person. The proposed multimodal system will produce accurate results as it combines two main traits of an individual. Therefore, it can be used in human identification and authentication systems.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Prioritizing Test Cases for Regression Testing A Model Based Approach
1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
1
Prioritizing Test Cases for Regression Testing
A Model Based Approach
Vinothkumar.N1
1
Sona College of Technology,
Department of CSE.
vinothkumaaraa@gmail.com
Galeebathullah.B2
2
Sona College of Technology,
Department of CSE.
kalifathullah@gmail.com
Abstract— Testing is an important phase of quality control of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). There are various
types of testing methodologies involved to test the application. Regression Testing is a type of testing, which is done to ensure whether
the modified features or bug fix had an impact over the existing functionality. Defects are identified by executing the set of test cases.
Regression Test case selection is not at all possible to conclude how much retesting is required to identify the deviation when the test
suites are larger in size. Prioritization of test cases is done to change the order of test case execution based on the severity. In the
proposed a model based approach prioritization of test cases are generated based on UML diagrams (Sequence and State Chart). The
modified features have the reflection in the model generation and the number of states and transitions covered. Prioritized test cases
are then clustered based upon the severities using dendragram approach. It leads to decrease in the time and cost of regression testing.
Index Terms— Model Based Testing, Test cases, Regression Testing, Software Engineering, Test Case Prioritization.
————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
OFTWARE Testing is one of the important activities in software
development process. Depending on the testing method
employed, software testing can be implemented at any stage in
the development process. Traditionally, most of the test effort occurs
once the requirements had been collected and the coding process has
completed. Regression testing is used to verify the correctness of the
software under development and in maintenance process. It is very
inefficient and time consuming process to re-execute every test case
in regression testing to find the small changes over the application.
Hence model based test case prioritization is used to schedule the
test cases in a specific order that maximizes the testing efficiency.
In model based prioritization the regression test cases are
prioritized from the models and test cases are clustered based on its
severity factor. The test effort is on-going and test cases are
prioritized from the models before the coding process begins. This
technique involves constructing a graph model for the source code to
represent those controls, data dependence as well as object oriented
relations such as inheritance, polymorphism, data abstraction and
message passing. Model based approach for test case prioritization
involves model augmentation with the information such as message
paths and object states which are available from the UML design
models. Changes in the model will be reflected in UML diagrams
where states can be compared to identify the absence of any
functionality. Forward slice of the constructed model is used to
identify all the possible states in the program that may be affected
during the modification or bug fix. Test information available from
the intersection of the forward slice of the model and the changed
state is then used to prioritize the test cases.
——————————————
Vinothkumar. N is currently pursuing a masters degree program in software
engineering in Sona College of Technology, India, PH-9865123410.
E-mail: vinothkumaaraa@gmail.com
Galeebathullah.B is currently working as Assistant Professor in computer
science and engineering in Sona College of Technology, India, PH-
9790722912. E-mail: kalifathullah@gmail.com
Test case prioritization using a model based approach has opened
up new opportunities for software testing, which provides
prioritizing a large number of test cases by clustering factor. It
reduces the execution time of retesting of large applications and lead
to cost-effective solutions. However, it also explores challenges such
as test automation and a lack of testing deadlines to be met.
2 TEST CASE
Test Case is defined as a set of conditions or variables with step by
step procedure in a sequential flow to test the application. It contains
the set of inputs, expected output and actual output. The strategy
which is used to measure whether a software program or system has
passed or failed in a test is stored in the test report and termed as a
test oracle. In some conditions, an oracle could be a requirement or
the use case for defining the system. Various test cases are required
to determine the overall functionality of the system by incorporating
performance, load and stress test cases. Test cases are often referred
as test scripts, particularly when written are stored in a test repository
to share among the test server. A group of test cases is named as Test
suites, where all the possible test cases are stored in the execution.
Each test case should contain minimum of two test cases for
each requirement where it should consist of positive and negative
test cases. In case of any sub-requirements, each sub-requirement
must also have at least two test cases. Requirements can be mapped
to improve the efficiency of testing by mapping with the
Requirement document using Requirement Traceability Matrix. Test
cases should include a description about the performance and
functionality of the application to be tested, and the master test plan
is required to ensure that the test could be conducted formally. A
formal test-case must contain a valid input and the expected output.
Based on the types of testing going to be done, test case format will
differ, where the precondition is the input and the expected output is
the post condition to compare the actual and expected results.
S
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
2
3 REGRESSION TESTING
Regression testing is the process of re-executing the old test cases in
the new build to ensure that enhancements or defect fixes made to
the software works properly and does not affect the existing
functionality. It is done every time where any changes are made in
the application or any new modules are integrated in the application.
It is very essential in the system testing to test the end functionalities
by selecting the appropriate minimum set of test efforts required to
cover a particular change. Regression testing types are classified as,
i) Unit Regression-Retest
ii) Linear Regression
iii) Full Regression
4 TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION
Test Case Prioritization is the process of scheduling the test cases
which are to be executed in a specified order by assigning the values.
Test cases with the highest priority are executed first in the test
sequence. Test cases are arranged in a logical manner based on the
required conditions and run them according to their logical order. It
offers test cases having highest priority to be run earlier than the
other test cases in the test suite. Based on the criticality of the
function in an application and deadlines the test cases are prioritized.
Test cases having a highest priority need to be run earlier to prevent
blocking state and test cases having low priority can be run later.
Prioritization decreases the time consumption in test planning and
executing where it will lead to early detection of fault during the
integration.
5 RELATED WORK
Santosh Kumar Swain and Subhendu Kumar Pani [1] et al,
demonstrate the various important software models used in Model
Based Testing. A model contains a UML Based Testing, Finite State
Machines, Markov Chains and Grammars [1]. It describes a typical
model based testing process to generate test cases and automatic
execution of test cases. The Behavior of a system is difficult to
extract from the code, but it is easily obtained from design models.
State diagram represents the various states involved in the model.
Gurudiksha and Janpreet Singh [2] stated the approaches used for
regression test case prioritization and its importance in Software
Testing Life Cycle. Defines the prioritization approaches using
Dependency Structure, Model Based Prioritization, Requirement
Based Prioritization and Prioritization based on Clustering. Test case
generation processes are compared and its efficiencies are calculated
with respect to the time and cost. It compares the traditional method
which is entirely code based and used for a post implementation
phase of software development.
A.Hartman and K.Nagin [3] describes about the MBT tool AGEDIS
and its interfaces [3]. The approach includes an environment for
model test case generations, execution and model checking. It is used
for automation and widely accepted tool by industries where it
supports model based testing. AGEDIS tool is suitable for small
projects where it does not support large scale projects.
Hassan Reza et al.[4] discussed a software testing method for
dynamic websites which utilizes the model behavior of the SUT
from State chart models originally devised by Harel (1987,1988).
State chart models can be used in modeling and generating of test
cases to test the applications. However, the major focus was on the
flow of design in the module and testing those interactions. Their
approach was a systematic to test the front-end functionality of web
applications. Usability of links, forms and graphical arrangements
are mostly concerned based on the requirement specification
documents and also they describe the method of modeling the web
applications with the State chart in their work. Generation of test
cases from the State chart diagram depends on five coverage criteria:
(1) all-blobs (2) all- transitions (3) all- transitions -pairs (4) all-
conditions (5) all-paths.
Samaila Musa [5] present an evolutionary prioritized approach that
will select the best test cases from the existing test suite T, which is
used to test the original program P by using Dependence Graph as
an intermediate to identify the changes in P, at statements level.
Identification of the changes using this kind of graph will lead to the
precise detection of changes. The changed statements will be used to
identify the affected statements and test cases that execute the
affected statements are selected for regression testing. The selected
test cases will be prioritized by using genetic algorithm in order to
have a superior rate of fault detection. This approach will reduce the
cost of regression testing by increasing the rate of fault detection and
reducing the number of test cases to be used in testing the modified
program which changes the model. Methodologies available for
regression testing involve retest all, regression test selection, test
suite reduction, test case prioritization.
Sanjukta Mohany, Arup Abhinna Acharya [6], et al defined that in
code-based test case prioritization, source code of the system is used
to prioritize the test cases. Most of the test case prioritization
methods are code based. In model-based test case prioritization a
system‟s model is used to prioritize the test cases. System models are
used to capture some aspects of the system behavior. Fault can be
detected earlier in a model based testing, when compared to code-
based test case prioritization method. Model-based test prioritization
may be an efficient alternative to the existing prioritization methods.
However, model-based test case prioritization may be sensitive to the
correct/incorrect information provided by the testers/developers.
G. Rothermel, R. Untch, M. Harrol [7] described Regression testing
is the process of testing a modified system using the old test suites.
Developers need to make sure that modifications are correct and do
not adversely affect the unchanged portion of the system. During
regression testing the modified parts of the system are first tested.
Then the whole system needs to be retested using the old test suite to
have confidence that the modifications did not introduce new faults
into the system. Because of the large size of a test suite, system
retesting tends to consume a large amount of time and computing
resources; where it may last for hours, or even days. So one of the
issues developer‟s facing during retesting of the system is ordering
the test cases for execution. Test case prioritization tries to address
this issue. Test case prioritization orders tests for execution so that
the test cases with the highest priority, based on some criterion, are
executed before lower priority test cases. Several test prioritization
criteria are compared. For example, tests can be ordered to achieve
selected code coverage at the fastest rate.
3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
3
Siripong and Jirapun [8], made researches on test case prioritization
techniques where testing consumes 40-70% of the time and cost of
software development process. Many techniques are proposed to
reduce the testing time, including test case prioritization techniques.
It introduces and organizes a new „„4C‟ classification of existing
prioritization algorithm such as Customer requirement-based
techniques, Coverage-based techniques, Cost effective-based
techniques and Chronographic history-based techniques.
Salam AL-EMARI and Izzat Mahmoud ALSMADI [9] evaluated the
usage of Spec Explorer from Microsoft Research for model based
test suite generations. It clearly defines the application functionalities
in the form of activity states where the possible states for the
modules can be re-explored to identify the modifications done on the
application. The two necessary states which are used to explore the
functionalities are the initial state and end state. The initial state is to
initiate the flow of the application and based on the GUI and final
state is the end of the FSM. The finite state machine plays an
important role in software testing to plan the flow of the test. State
graphs generated for the selected modules can be compared with the
other states to explore the input and output conditions for testing. It
is also known as finite automation to explore the available finite
number of states.
Shin Yoo, Mark Harman [10], et al performs analysis on criteria for
test case prioritization where single criterion prioritization will not
dominate other methods. They proposed a potential way to enhance a
prioritization criterion to utilize the domain expert judgement by
asking the human tester to compare the importance of different test
cases. Test cases are clustered based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) algorithm. Using dendragram approach the test cases are
selected at defined level.
6 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The design model from the requirement defines the state variables
and rules written in the application and the states are identified by
state machine which is written in cord scripts for exploring the
models. The states are compared and prioritized based on severity.
Test case generator generates and clustering the test cases using
Agglomerative Hierarchical Process which is cost effective method
using dendragram. The following architecture describes the
schematic representation of the proposed approach. The architectural
design of the proposed system is shown in Figure 1.
The process starts with exploring the models with an application
using spec explorer. States and transitions are absorbed for the model
and state graph is generated. The model is then modified and a model
program for the model is created by configuration cords where the
test suites are stored. The machine is created for the test suite and the
model programs to explore the possible states are created.
The machine is validated for the available states and transitions
which covers code coverage results. A test code and test suite for the
model is visualized in test suite graph. The model program illustrates
the flow of events in the state based graph. Test case generator
generates the test case using test code and test is executed. Test
results and states executed can be displayed in the test view editor.
Test suites for modified model can be obtained in the test view by
refreshing the tests.
The proposed system has the following modules,
(i) Design Model
(ii) States Identification and Comparison
(iii) Flows Prioritization
(iv) Test Case Generator
(v) Prioritized Test Cases
6.1 Design Model
Fig 1. Architectural Design of the Proposed System
The design model describes the behavior of the specified
functionality in the state based diagram. Models are used to create
the design and possible to find weakness in the design before
implementation. Design models are created using spec explorer with
UML plug-in. The state based graph is generated based on the
requirements and modifications done. Whenever the changes are
made the model program has to be changed for exploring the new
FSM Model. Dependency graph can be generated to understand the
model clearly.
6.2 States Identification and Comparison
The states are explored for a given model using spec explorer. The
machine explores the number of transitions and states available for
the specified model. Test suites are generated from the defined
models. States are compared with previous versions to ensure the
modifications had done. It shows the total number of transitions and
states covered such as (S0, S1, S2….S10) with start and end states in
a graph.
6.3 Flows Prioritization
Flows of a module or event are important to achieve and understand
the functionality of the application. In this module flows are
prioritized to generate the specified test cases in order to achieve
regression test cases .Flows are prioritized to improve testing effort
where functionalities are very important in the application under test.
Based on the start and end states of the model design flow of an
event is achieved.
6.4 Test Case Generation
In this module the test suites are generated and clustered using the
hierarchical method. Test cases are prioritized and group together
based on severity factor such as Low, Medium and High. The
priority value of the test cases depends on the severity factor where
high severity test cases are prioritized first and generated according
4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 – APRIL 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
4
to the criteria given. Generations of test cases are based on the
prioritization criteria and clustering is done to group similar test
cases having High, Medium and Low priorities.
6.5 Prioritized Test Cases
The test cases that are generated based on the prioritization criteria
for regression testing is stored in test case repositories, with a set of
test data. Test cases are grouped based on the testing to be performed
such as retest or regression test. Regression test cases are executed
on the modified application to ensure the correctness. These test
cases are compared with old test cases in the previous build to verify
the changes.
TABLE 1
SEVERITY TABLE
CONCLUSION
Model Based Testing is an effective approach to understand the
behavior of any applications. Test case generation and prioritization
play an important role in software testing. Test cases are generated
earlier in a model based approach when compared to other
approaches. It offers high reliability where changes in the models
have a direct impact on the application. Existing techniques for
prioritization of test cases are a post implementation testing process.
Fig 2.Testing Efforts
The model based approach proposed here is a pre-
implementation testing process starts at the design phase. Changes in
the requirements have a quicker effect on the models rather than
changes in coding phases. Agglomerative Clustering approach is
used to group similar test cases based on severity factor provide an
efficient method to group similar test cases. Prioritization of test
cases for multiple criteria can be improved in the future work.
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SEVERITY PRIORITY
S1- Low P1- Low
S2- Medium P2- Medium
S3- High P3- High
S4- Severe P4- Very High
0
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5
Regressiontesting
No of Builds
Test Cases