What is Sociology? Essays
My Career As A Sociology
Reflective Sociology Essay
What is Sociology?
Essay on Groups in a Society
Essay on Why Should We Study Sociology?
Reflection In Sociology
Sociological Theories Essay
Sociology In Sociology
Sociology
Vgsfghhjkoommnbvvcxzsddghkpiyreqq I think it's social media or not I can't get over the next few weeks are reconsidering the same time was mercantilism and how historians I can do that yet I will let you know what I will do that t I will get i toh sa story nmo tom I think it's just time I get there in a few more days I
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
Module 3 The Individual in Postmodern SocietyDiscussion Questio.docxroushhsiu
Module 3: The Individual in Postmodern Society
Discussion Question : Name two negative outcomes of low fertility rates? Would Malthus agree with these arguments
Learning Resources
What Is Postmodernism?
In module 2 we discussed how modern society grew out of rational design and organization. Modernist systems reject disorganization and chaos. They strongly support the power of the institution and institutionalized systems such as corporations, school systems, and the government overall. Because of a strong belief in the rationality and usefulness of the system, challenges to the modern system seem unreasonable and unacceptable. This is roughly where U.S. culture was in the middle of the twentieth century, until many challenges seemed quite reasonable and became more common in occurrence. Postmodernism not only approves of the disorganized or chaotic side of society, but embraces it (Klages, 2003).
Postmodernism recognizes that individual differences and personal self-expression are left out of the equation of the modern, rationalized system. Closed and narrow systems and rigidly defined roles were questioned in the mid-twentieth century, thus ushering in an era of postmodernism. The civil rights movement, the women's movement, the gay rights movement, and the environmental movement are examples of how postmodernism has become tied to social movements in the last half century. This module will explore postmodernism and social movement theory and how these factors have had an impact on the individual in the postmodern world.
Postmodernism, Subjective Reality, and Social Constructivism
One of the primary differences between modernism and postmodernism is how each movement defines truth. Modernity is based on the belief in universal truths, which are generally tested and proven scientifically or analytically. Postmodernism recognizes that truth is more likely based on individual perception and interpretation ("Postmodernism," 2005). Postmodernists see that there is no absolute truth; rather, truth depends on life experience and point of view. During the second half of the twentieth century, many new theories arose in sociology to challenge the classic perspectives of functionalism and conflict theory. One of these alternative perspectives defines reality more subjectively.
Subjective Reality and Social Constructivism
One of the main historical subtopics in sociological theory is the study of ideology, or the study of the conditions under which some, but not other, ideas come to be held as the authoritative basis for a given set of social relations. For example, as feminist theorists have studied the gender patterns of various societies, they have found that much of gender interaction is governed by the ideology of patriarchy (Lerner, 1986), or a cultural construct that has historically emphasized male dominance over and/or the ownership of property, women, children, and animals. Further, feminists have noted many of the sources or key ideas grou ...
Introduction to SociologyInstructor Glenna L. SimonsGUIDEL.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
Instructor: Glenna L. Simons
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
GOOD LUCK AND HAVE FUN WITH THIS ---GET CREATIVE! J
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—wh.
Outline of the TheoristsKarl Marx Turned Hegel on his head .docxalfred4lewis58146
Outline of the Theorists
Karl Marx: Turned Hegel on his head by arguing that the foundation of all societies, human lifeways, and
historical change was based in material concerns, our real life issues. A functionalist. Change occurs when the
current mode of production and relations of production break down. Ideas don’t matter.
Society is composed of: Base & Superstructure
The Base is composed of Mode of Production and Relations of Production:
The Mode of Production (Foraging, Horticulturalism, Pastoralism, Agriculturalism, Industrial Agriculturalism
[Capitalism]) is the foundation of society. It is the system by which you produce all the necessary material
needs of life. It gives rise to:
The Relations of Production: The set of social relationships that attain within a given Mode of Production (in
Capitalism—>owners and wage-workers; in Agriculturalism—>Nobles and Peasants/Serfs). Provides the
social/labor fabric through which the material needs are produced, distributed, and consumed.
The Superstructure is composed of art, philosophy, politics, religion, the cultural ethos, and other ideologies.
These social ideas exist to hide or naturalize the real inequalities that are inherent in a given Mode of
Production and the resultant Relations of Production. Two classic examples: The Divine Right of Kings and
Preachers using the bible to naturalize slavery in the American South.
Max Weber: Argues with Marx. Ideas may have a powerful effect on the current Mode of Production and
Relations of Production. These ideas move, in modern society, toward the greater and greater rational
organization and bureaucratization of daily life. The classic example: Luther—>Calvin—>Predestination—>The
Calling—>altered productive and social relationships—>Capitalism.
For Weber, society exists, and changes occur, in the following manner:
There is a synthesis between new ideas<—>current Mode of Production and Relations of Production.
For Weber, ideas and material both matter, but new ideas may be the driving seat.
Emile Durkheim: The most complex & wide-ranging of the early sociologists. I will only give a brief
overview of a few pieces. A functionalist. The basis of society is embedded in value systems.
Society types: Mechanical Solidarity (Society) & Organic Solidarity (Society). Mechanical Solidarity is
found in simple societies. Simple division of labor, common ethos, common language, common knowledge,
common religion, common morality, and common ethics. Organic societies are held together by the far weaker
bonds of Interdependence. They share little else and feature many of the tensions we associate with our
society when we try to figure out who belongs.
Social Facts: Things in the mind that are real because they have an effect on not just one mind but many. Not
caused by genetic inheritance, so they are cultural and learned. Durkheim demonstrates the power of social
facts by studying suicide and proving that rates of suicide.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- GENE THERAPY
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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5. To briefly explain, there are what are called
Macro and Micro theories (perspectives) in
sociology.
Macro looks at very large sectors of society or
the society in its entirety.
Micro looks at elements that explain how the
macro formations came about.
6. Think of macro as taking a picture from an
airplane at 30,000 feet. You see large squares,
some green, some brown. You see blue pools of
water. You see mountains, and you see cities.
You begin to se patterns of where the squares
are usually located in relation to where the
cities are. And even some of the pools of water
appear to be related to the cities.
7. Now you are in a car driving through those
areas you have seen from above. The green
squares, you discover, are crops growing on
farmland. The brown squares are farmland too,
but fallow between plantings. The pools of
water are not all the same. Some are reservoirs,
and some are recreational lakes. One large on is
even a lake of salt water.
8. From the plane you saw the big picture. And
in such a view of society we look at the big
influences on society such as the economy,
ethnic conflicts, power struggles. From the
car you see the origins of the squares and that
they were constructed by people, and not the
other way around. The social world is
constructed by people and society from this
perspective is based upon the interaction of
individuals and groups with each other.
9. Conflict and Functionalism, both macro, work
on the ideas of how societies evolve, change,
and hold together in terms of economics,
history, and politics.
Symbolic Interactionism is interested in how
we create social structure through language
and social interaction. The way humans
construct the larger features of society.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. But, a discussion of Social Darwinism and its
most sinister spin-offs in more recent history is
important to think about.
What does the word “eugenics” mean to you?
How about “The Bell Curve” by Herrenstein and
Murray? (this article is a bit long, but look for
the parts on how it is flawed.)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Before we
leave the world
of Structural
Functionalism,
a word about
Merton. His
addition to the
concept is
important.
24.
25. the consequences of a social process that
are sought or anticipated.
A manifest function of college education,
for example, includes gaining
knowledge, preparing for a career, and
finding a good job that utilizes that
education.
(Citation lost)
26. the unsought consequences of a social
process.
Latent functions of your college years
include meeting new people,
participating in extracurricular
activities, or even finding a spouse or
partner. Another latent function of
education is creating a hierarchy of
employment based on the level of
education attained.
(Citation lost)
27. Again, the unsought consequences of a
social process.
This would be unintended consequences
such as those, in the education
example, of the creations of cliques and
the reinforcement of class structure.
Bullying. Stereotyping.
28. Unfortunately,
functionalism was unable
to explain a number of
features of American
society, such as poverty,
social change, dissent, and
the continuing influence
and political and economic
power of the wealthy.
33. Conflict view: Where functionalists see
stability and consensus, conflict sociologists
see a social world in continual struggle.
Think in terms of “who benefits” from social
conflict. In ecological conflict between
business and the environment, who
generally wins? Who is really winning the
war in Iraq?
34. Marx viewed struggle between classes as
inevitable.
Thus he applied the philosopher, Hegel’s
concept of the dialectic, but applying it to
the real world – materialism..
35. Dialectics is the method of reasoning which
aims to understand things concretely in all
their movement, change and interconnection,
with their opposite and contradictory sides in
unity.
~Encyclopedia of Marxism
36. Class struggle is the central contradiction to be
resolved by Marxist dialectics, because of its
central role in the social and political lives of a
society.
39. Conflict theorists are interested in how
society’s institutions—including the family,
government, religion, education, and the
media—may help to maintain the privileges
of some groups and keep others in a
subservient position.
Does the crash of the US economy best fit
the functionalist viewpoint or that of conflict
theory?
40. Emerged from the classic conflict
perspective is the feminist perspective. It is
one of conflict itself. This view sees
inequality in gender as central to all
behavior and organization.
41. Drawing on the work of Marx and Engels,
contemporary feminist theorists often view
women’s subordination as inherent to
capitalist societies. However a cursory view
of middle eastern (and other) societies
shows that it is not atypical for women to be
in a culturally subordinate position to men
in other cultures as well. That this happens
in developed capitalistic societies is what is
most remarkable.
42. As in traditional understandings of conflict
perspective, feminism looks at who benefits
from the social arrangement. Clearly it is
men who benefit from sexist practices. These
practices go deep into our cultures and
permeate the business climate as well.
Think about your home-life and
professional life and the division of gender
roles. How are they at times equal and
unequal. Five minute writing and break into
groups for discussion.
43. This is a micro theory. It is a view that looks at the
interaction of individuals with one another in
varying size groups.
It is not necessarily at odds with macro
perspectives but rather is a viewpoint of
humans with agency.
47. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) is
considered one of the founders of
symbolic interactionism, though he
never published his work on it (LaRossa
& Reitzes 1993). It was up to his student
Herbert Blumer (1900–1987) to interpret
Mead's work and popularize the theory.
Blumer coined the term “symbolic
interactionism” and identified its three
basic premises:
48. 1. Humans act toward things on the basis of
the meanings they ascribe to those things.
2. 2. The meaning of such things is derived
from, or arises out of, the social interaction
that one has with others and the society.
3. 3. These meanings are handled in, and
modified through, an interpretative process
used by the person in dealing with the
things he/she encounters (Blumer 1969).
49.
50. First: Pragmatism is a wholly American school
of thought that examines the human
relationship to the environment, contrasting it
with the relationship of other animals to their
environment. What is real for humans always
depends on our own active intervention – our own
interpretation or definition.
51. Second, to the pragmatist, knowledge is
judged by how useful it is in defining the
situation we enter.
Third, things in situations are defined
according to the use they have for us at the
time.
Fourth, it tells us something about how
philosophers and social scientists should
study the human being. Start with action. It is
what human beings do in real situations that
matters.
53. We must regard the human being in
naturalistic terms. While a god may exist,
nature should be understood on its own terms,
as subject to natural laws.
Mead, as Darwin, saw human development as
part of the evolutionary process.
54. Certain elements of humans make them
unique from other animals: a highly
developed brain; highly developed vocal
chords and facial muscles that make it
possible to create many subtle and
sophisticated sounds; a helplessness in
childhood that makes it essential to rely
heavily on society and socialization.
Such qualities, when combined, make humans
able to use language, and language, in turn,
allows them to reason.
55. But Mead went further than Darwin: To
Darwin evolution in nature is passive. That
is, changes in the environment and in
genetic makeup together influence the
changes in the animal kingdom.
But for Mead: Once language and the ability to
reason arose in nature, the resulting being was
able to turn back on nature itself, actively
directing how the natural forces act.
56.
57. Mead was a behaviorist because, as a
pragmatist, he agreed that humans must be
understood in terms of what they do rather than
who they are.
Mead believed that without an understanding
of mind, symbols, and self, human behavior
cannot be understood for what it actually is.
58. Humans have a “permanent
nature,” inborn or learned. The
human is born, is shaped, and, as
an adult, is directed.
59. Charles K. Warriner describes
another view that he calls the
“emergent-human view,” which
in fact is the symbolic
interactionist view we are
describing here.
60. In this view the “actor rather
than as a being, treats [the
human being] acts as symbolic
in character rather than
primarily physical, and views
interaction as the basic social
and psychological process
from which personalities and
societies emerge, through
which they are expressed, and
by which they are maintained
as continuities.” (From
Warriner in Charon)
61. Further, it is “the symboling process, in
the capacity of [the human being] to
see things not as they are but as they
have been or might be in the future,
in the capacity of [the human being]
to use sound and marks on paper as
conventional signs and thus to
communicate with others, in the
capacity of [the human being]
through these functions to create
worlds that never existed in physical
reality. (ibid)
62.
63.
64. With interaction, people attempt to maximize
benefits from the relationship and minimize
disadvantages. Specifically, the “moral worth
of an action is determined by its resulting
outcome.” (WIKI)
Among others, attributed to John Stuart Mill
(1806-1873), and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1842).
65. Note that this is also attributed to Adam Smith
(and others) and is used to justify elements of
the capitalist system. Specifically:
“unintentionally human selfishness oriented
toward the good of society.”
(http://biography4u.com/adam-smith.html)
74. Why do we need the study of feminism?
Consider that women constitute the fifty-one
percent minority but are still mostly dominated
by a male majority.
75. Adorno
Horkheimer
Expatriates of Germany during WWII
76. An emphasis upon mass culture.
A dissatisfaction with sociology as not
considering the agency of the individual.
Critical of Marxism because it did not
consider the importance of culture.
Mass culture as a product of capitalist
society cannot be truly representative of the
people of that culture.
77. There are many interpretations and definitions
of postmodernism.
One states that it is everything after so-called
“modernism” which is ending now or has
already ended.
78. Other interpretations and arguments posit
that postmodernism is a phenomena unto
itself and that it specifically represents the
present (and probably the future).
It can be a positive phenomenon or a
negative one.
Most positions are dystopic.
79. On the positive side, the individual has
agency (self direction and choice) and can
navigate among the monolithic society.
On the other hand, the individual is
constantly bombarded by corporate
advertisements which reduce him to a mere
consumer.
Science is greatly mistrusted as not being as
value free as it claims, rather having an
agenda that conforms to the status quo.
80. We are no longer a goods-producing society,
but rather one which disseminates images.
Consider the ones and zeros of the computer
era. Most of what we look at and hear is
digital. It is reduced to nearly nothing. And
we pay for it with
Ones and zeros from our credit and debit
cards.
81. It differs from Conflict theory and
Functionalism in that it does not assume
history to be deterministic.
Much like Social Constructionism, the
historical makeup of society is shown to be
the work of people—groups and individuals
and not some deterministic force. Which
leads to the social construction of reality.
82. Which takes us to Social
Constructionism (also related to,
but different from, Social
Constructivism which is a
psychological phenomenon).
Constructionism is a position
largely attributed to Peter Berger
and Thomas Luckman.
83. It is another micro perspective that asks how
a social problem is defined rather than what
the problem is.
Also it challenges the objectivity of science
and places importance on the subjective
influence—much like postmodernism.
#
84. Functionalism Conflict Perspective Interactionist Perspective
View of society Stable, well integrated Characterized by tension
and struggle between
groups
Active in influencing and affecting everyday
social interaction
Level of analysis
emphasized
Macro Macro Micro analysis as a way of understanding the
larger macro phenomena
View of the
individual
People are socialized to perform
societal functions
People are shaped by
power, coercion, and
authority
People manipulate symbols and created their
social worlds through interaaction
Key concepts Manifest functions; Latent
functions; Dysfunction
Inequality; Capitalism;
Stratification
Symbols; Nonverbal communication; Face-to-face
View of the social
order
Maintained through cooperation
and consensus
Maintained through force
and coercion
Maintained by shared understanding of
everyday behavior
View of social
change
Predictable, reinforcing Change takes place all
the time and may have
positive consequences
Reflected in people’s social positions and
their communications with others
Example Public punishments reinforce
the social order
Laws reinforce the
positions of those in
power
People respect laws or disobey them based on
their own past experience
Proponents Emile Durkheim; Talcott
Parsons; Robert Merton
Karl Marx; W.E.B. Du
Bois; Ida Wells-Barnett
George Herbert Mead; Charles Horton
Cooley; Erving Goffman
85. Dialectics is the method of reasoning which
aims to understand things concretely in all
their movement, change and interconnection,
with their opposite and contradictory sides in
unity.
~Encyclopedia of Marxism
86. Class struggle is the central contradiction to be
resolved by Marxist dialectics, because of its
central role in the social and political lives of a
society.