The document provides an overview of major social science theories and concepts from structural functionalism, Marxism, and symbolic interactionism. It explains key ideas like how structural functionalism views society as interconnected parts that maintain stability, how Marxism focuses on class conflict and inequality under capitalism, and how symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols and social interactions in shaping human behavior. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate important concepts from each theoretical perspective.

1. LESSON 5: Concepts and
Principles of the Social Science
Theories
A. Structural-
functionalism
B. Social
Conflict/Marxism

2. Hi young Social Scientist! to give you a way to
think and analyze human behavior that is
categorizable and smaller in scope than talking
about society as a whole, this lesson is for you!
Major Social Science Theories are set of related
principles that explains social behaviors or
systematic explanation for the observed facts
and laws that relate to a specific aspect of life.

3. Do you
remember?

4. 1.what field of social science
is most applicable in
explaining social issues?

5. Level 1- Trust your thoughts!

7. Level 2- You can do it!

9. What is a sociological perspective?
“The perspective of sociology involves seeing through the
outside appearances of people’s actions and
organisations” (Berger, 1963). The sociological
perspective is one that observes society through a lens
without personal opinions. It generalizes the causes and
actions of individuals into patterns and categories.
However, it not only observes these patterns of society
but also tries to explain such patterns or behaviours

10. One of the main objectives of the
sociological perspective is to find and
understand patterns behind recurring features
of social interaction, as well as to examine
the social impacts of these. With this
objective in mind, there have developed
many sociological perspectives but there are
three major perspectives that have gained
popularity.

12. The Functional Perspective
emphasizes the interconnectedness
of society by focusing on how each
part influences and is influenced by
other parts.

13. Each institution, relation, position, and convention,
that together make up a society, has a purpose and
each is essential for the sustained functioning of
other members and society in general.

18. Government
uses taxes to
fund school
system
School educate
young people to
get a job
Jobs allow
people to
spend money
to local
businesses
Businesses pay
taxes to the
government

24. Social Interactions produces
patterns of inequality in
distribution of scares resource
Re-Organization and
Change

25. Marxism posits that the struggle between social
classes, specifically between the bourgeoisie, or
capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers, defines
economic relations in a capitalist economy and will
inevitably lead to revolutionary communism

26.  The theory of conflict emerges from Karl Marx’s writings, which
concentrated on the determinants and consequences of the
bourgeois-proletarian class conflict in a capitalist society.
 Conflict theory argues that when assets, power and social reputations
are divided unfairly across sections of society, then disputes develop
and these conflicts form the source of social change.
 Even wars between nations are perceived to be caused by material or
ideological differences and the settlement of these leads to structural
change.

27. Marxism has a dialectic approach to life in
that everything has two sides. Marxism
believes that capitalism is not only an
economic system but is also a political
system.

28. Concepts of Marxism
✔ Marxism believes that economic conflict produces class
(rich, middle, and poor) and inherently class produces
conflict.
✔ A Marxist analysis called ‘Polarisation of the Classes’
describes the historical process of the class structure
becoming increasingly polarized – pushed to two ends
with noting in the middle. It says that soon classes will
disappear and be absorbed either into the bourgeoisie or
the proletariat.

29.  Capitalism largely shapes the educational system; without the
education system the economy would become a massive failure as
without education we are without jobs and employment which is
what keeps society moving.
 Education helps to maintain the bourgeoisie and the proletariat so
that there can workers producing goods and services and others
benefiting from it. Schools transmit an ideology which states that
capitalism is just and reasonable. Ruling class project their view of
the world which becomes the consensus view (hegemony).
Concepts of Marxism

30. Concepts of Marxism
✔Marxists believe that deviance is any behavior that
differs from the societal norm. It is seen as deviant
because as a society, we do not accept it. Deviance
can vary from simply odd behavior to behavior that
can harm society or is considered dangerous or
disrespectful.

31.  This perspective relies on the symbolic
meaning that people develop and rely upon
in the process of social interaction.
 SYMBOLS – things that we attach
meaning- as a basis of social life

32.  The symbolic interactionist perspective stems from Max
Weber’s idea that humans have an interpretation of their world
and its meaning and their actions are influenced by such
meanings.
 Symbolic interactionism as a perspective helps people understand
each other’s viewpoints and also helps with the smooth
functioning of society. It promotes commonality and motivates
the development of society

33. Is something representing something else:
Symbols range from words
and language to non verbal
gestures and signs

35. Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism
✔The most important conceptual building block on which
symbolic interactionists have based their analysis of human
conduct is the concept of the symbol, or, as Mead called it, the
significant symbol.
✔Symbol is a vocal or other kind of gesture that has the same
meaning and solicits the same reaction between the one using it
and to whom it is directed.
✔Conventional Signs anything associated with some other thing
or event, but it is produced and controlled by the very organisms
that have learned to respond to it.

36. Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism
✔ Natural Signs are those that show appropriateness with its use, that is, the
sign is in its literal form. Object is anything to which attention can be
paid and towards which action can be directed. Tangible anything that
can be seen by the naked eye and can be touched (physical). Intangible
not having a physical appearance; cannot be touched or seen by the naked
eye (social). An act starts with an impulse, which occurs when people’s
existing adjustment or line of activity is disturbed.
✔ In perception, people begin to name or designate objects. Thus, gives
direction to an act. In the manipulation stage, people take concrete steps
to reach our goal. Finally, the act ends with consummation when people’s
original adjustment or line of activity is restored.

39. YOUR TASK!

41. Enrichment Activity 1: (15 points)
Directions: Cut out pictures that show concepts of
structural functionalism, Marxism, and symbolic
interactionism. Paste it inside the box and make your own
brief description below. Use a separate sheet of paper for
this activity.

48. What do you think is
the benefits of
Sociological
Perspectives?

49. 1.Able to access the truth and
commonsense
2.Analyze the opportunity constraints in our
daily lives
3.It empowers us to be active participants
in our society—“a responsible human
being” who are concern with one another.
4.It helps us in a diverse world.

50. https://www.sociologygroup.com/sociological-perspectives/

51. LESSON 6:
Structural functionalism
and its importance in
examining socio-cultural,
economic and political
conditions

52. No Available Code: Apply the major social science theories and
its importance in examining socio-cultural, economic, and
political conditions.
a. Structural-functionalism
b. Marxism
c. Symbolic Interactionism
a. Structural-functionalism
In this set of activities, you should:
1. apply the structural - functionalism theory and
2. shows that all the different organizations and institutions in society
are interdependent.

54. The structural-functional approach is a perspective in sociology that sees
society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and
stability. It asserts that our lives are guided by social structures, which are relatively
stable patterns of social behavior. Social structures give shape to our lives - for
example, in families, the community, and through religious organizations. And certain
rituals, such as a handshake or complex religious ceremonies, give structure to our
everyday lives. Each social structure has social functions, or consequences for the
operation of society. Education, for example, has several important functions in a
society, such as socialization, learning. Functionalism also states that society is like an
organism, made up of different parts that work together. Thus, one of the key ideas
in Structural Functionalism is that society is made-up of groups or institutions,
which are cohesive, share common norms, and have a definitive culture.

55. For example

56. In structural functionalism, individual institutions work together in
service of the whole. For example, this image of a circular flow of
money through an economy demonstrates how something that almost
everyone can agree on, education, is made into a goal. Of course, this
only worked if everyone was focused. If one group disagreed on where
society is going, then the whole thing falls apart. These social bonds are
very important.
However, structural functionalism had a serious problem. It was too far
removed from actual society. It assumed that these blocks were
homogenous, all wanting the same thing

57. General Conceptual Diagram
The diagram below is a general conceptual diagram of Structural functionalism. It shows that all the different
organizations and institutions in society are interdependent. When one institution in society changes, other institutions
accommodate that change by changing as well, though the ultimate effect is to slow overall change.

58. https://brainly.ph/question/15114769

60. YOUR TASK!