Copy of education final
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This document discusses the history and current state of education in the United States. It notes that education was originally restricted to white males but has expanded to include more groups over time. However, inequalities remain as socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity continue to influence access to education and educational attainment. The document also examines theories like functionalism and conflict theory in analyzing education systems.
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Copy of education final
- 2. name
- 3. Students’ Right and Responsibilities Students too have rights as citizens, including the right to an education. They have due process rights, protection from discrimination, and within limits, freedom of expression.
- 4. Education ● Education is organized in the society by individuals who are members of a particular group, community, states and nation. ● The wealth of knowledge acquired by an individual after studying particular subject matters or experiencing life lessons that provide an understanding of something. name
- 5. “Education does not start on our first day of schooling, it starts from the first forms of interaction as human beings.” name
- 6. “An imbalance between the rich and the poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of all republics.” -Plutarch
- 7. Education in the U.S. Education was restricted to white rich males Now more people are getting an education Amount of education often depends on family income and race/ethnicity
- 8. History of Education in U.S. Segregation did not end until 1958 with the decision of the Supreme Court Brown vs. the Board of Education is what led to the concept of segregation being unconstitutional
- 9. More History Education problems of inequality are rooted throughout American history. Segregation caused inferior education for blacks. In 1954 the supreme court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
- 10. Education in the U.S. Now The South has not progressed with desegregation since 1967 Latinxs are much more segregated than African American in suburban America
- 12. Racial Inequalities in Education High drop out rate for Latinxs and Native Americans Lower family income means less chances to attend college Most minorities fall into the category with low family incomes
- 14. Educational Attainment Blacks and Latinxs have lower educational attainment Mainly because of socioeconomic inequalities and racial discrimination
- 15. Socioeconomic Issues Socioeconomic status of a student plays into their achievement and attainment income achievement has grown about 40 to 50 percent within twenty-five years income achievement gaps grow separately within different races
- 16. Racial Microaggressions “brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group” A study shows that microaggressions are extremely common in classroom environments and not acknowledged/often ignored
- 18. Erasing Racial Issues Teachers often ignore racial matters between students It must be taught rather than ignored Erasing/ignoring these issues causes people to believe racist behavior is normalized
- 19. Higher Education the largest forms of inequality in higher education: income and race Affordability of education is difficult with such high costs Affirmative action is supposed to improve racial issues
- 20. Affordability State cuts have greatly contributed to the increasing cost of tuition high tuition costs and the slow growth of middle- class incomes causes decline in affordability for higher education
- 21. Affirmative Action Affirmative action is supposed to be contributing to equality, but most people believe that it is no longer needed People believe it has not achieved much
- 22. Does Affirmative Action Need To Be Modified? It is often critiqued and many believe it should be modified Fit the needs of others that face different inequalities Help those that cannot afford higher education
- 23. Karl Marx & Education polytechnical education would be ideal Had a utopian idea for education and believed it would lead to a much more conscious society
- 24. Marx & Education He believed that “false consciousness” needed to be eradicated and exposed Marx believed that the main purpose of education was to put revolutionary theory into practice
- 25. Functionalist Theory ● The functionalist theory focuses on the way that universal education serves society ● “moral education” formed a more‐cohesive social structure by joining together people from different backgrounds, which echoes the historical concern of “Americanizing” immigrants (assimilating)
- 27. Conflict theories Karl Marx the intellectual founder of Conflict theories. Functionalists emphasize cohesion, conflict theorists emphasize struggle in explaining social order. The “achievement ideology” of schools disguise the real power struggles which correspond to the power struggles of the larger society.
- 28. Government Involvement Public education in the past has always been a priority of the state rather than the federal government. The federal government's responsibility is to provide safety and minimum requirements. Before the 20th century, public education was controlled by local districts. More than half of the funding came from local taxes, which led to the quality of schools depending on the location of the districts.
Editor's Notes
- Education is essential to life, becoming educated with anything is beneficial to the development of our people. Unfortunately, the most important institution in our society has some issues and problems that must be acknowledged and hopefully repaired.
- However, schools have the authority to determine when student conduct is disruptive. Much of the recent involvement of the courts with student right has concerned due process of law for pupils.
- Definition of education.
- Individuals not only learn from being educated, but most importantly by our surroundings. We learn from what we hear and see.
- Today education is the most important function of the states and local government. Education is required even in the most basic jobs/duties. It is a principal in children’s preparation for a later professional training. It is doubtful that in today’s society any child may be able to succeed if he/she is denied the opportunity of an education.
- Before, in the U.S., education was exclusively for white rich males. To attend school you had to come from a wealthy family, you had to be white, and you had to be male. It has changed since then, with more people attending school, but inequalities still remain. Inequality within education is extremely prevalent and an unfortunate issue that needs to be dealt with because although more people are attending school, there are still people that are not getting equal opportunity within education. The amount of education one gets heavily relies on their family income and race or ethnicity, which shows the inequalities that remain in one of the largest social institutions. (Social Problems - Continuity and Change by Steve Barkin)
- Education in the U.S. now is shaped by the history of education. Many of the inequalities that are being faced within education are results from past issues that occurred in the U.S. because history often shapes current social problems. Before, school segregation was deemed constitutional and was the common form of education. A court case known as Brown vs. Board of Education resulted in the decision by the Supreme Court announcing that segregation was unconstitutional and later on it would be mandatory for all schools to be desegregated, which are processes that were resisted and often ignored until force was required.
- In 1986, in the South, schools were mandated to be segregated into black and white. Segregation caused inferior education for blacks due to the districts they were being educated in containing less money. Schools could not afford teachers that were qualified and they could not afford enough facilities. In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown vs. Board of Education in Topeka
- According to a study conducted by UCLA’s Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles called Brown at 60, the South has not made any developments since 1967 in regards to desegregating schools and remains the most segregated area. The same study also discovered that there is a much larger portion of Latinxs segregated in suburban America than there are African American. There is a table in the study that shows an example of how little progress there has been since desegregation. The table is provided in the next slide. (Brown at 60: Great Progress, a Long Retreat an Uncertain Future by Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg, with Jongyeon Ee and John Kuscera)
- This table addresses how any progress with desegregation that may have occurred has completely gone backwards with the percentage of black students attending majority white schools has dropped once again. (Brown at 60: Great Progress, a Long Retreat an Uncertain Future by Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg, with Jongyeon Ee and John Kuscera)
- Research shows that Latinxs (x is purposely used to make it gender neutral) and Native Americans are more likely to drop out compared to other ethnicities. There are also showings that lower income usually leads to less chances of attending. Unfortunately, most minorities have low income, which means that some minorities that cannot afford but wish to attend college cannot do so. This adds to the racial inequalities within education. Although, socioeconomic inequalities are existent, it largely affects minorities. (Social Problems - Continuity and Change by Steve Barkin)
- I found this documentary on Hulu, but it can be found in 8 parts on youtube. The link is the trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhEMI5Xc4g The documentary is called The Lottery, which is based on one of the top charter schools in New York called Harlem Success Academy. It centers around four families that are waiting for a spot in the first grade class of the impacted school. The school is so heavily impacted that the families must completely depend on luck for any hopes of getting in, and there are plenty of families that are depending on this opportunity. There are many qualifying students for this school and it shows that many low income families from neighborhoods that do not have the best educational programs do not get fair opportunities to get into schools that can benefit their educational needs. In one part of the film a family that did get into the charter school felt so blessed because their education will grow in a school that could help them prosper to better opportunities. The documentary addresses the achievement gap and how African Americans and Latinxs perform lower than white students. Charter schools are a very controversial topic in Harlem and are seen by some members of the community as a way to divide the people. They are seen as a change to what is seen as normal education, which can come off as threatening to some people. Children need an education and it should be available to them all not just to those that get lucky.
- Blacks and Latinxs have lower educational attainment because of socioeconomic inequalities and racial discrimination. Often, Blacks and Latinxs live in poor neighborhoods where they attend schools that are not educationally adequate. There is often a large lack of education in most parents that leave students unprepared and struggling with school. The racial discrimination that students of color face have to do with how schools place them in classes that are meant to develop vocational skills and often hold them back. Students of color also are more likely to get expelled which really takes away from their learning. (Social Problems - Continuity and Change by Steve Barkin)
- The socioeconomic status of a student plays a large roll on their achievement and educational attainment – it is often a large significance when concerning opportunities of students. The income achievement gap, which is the achievement gap between low- and high-income families, has grown about 40 to 50 percent within twenty-five years and there is a large correlation between income and achievement. Often times it has to deal with the fact that parents are not able to afford privileges that could develop skills and better their educational performance such as tutoring and extracurricular activities. It should be noted that income achievement gaps grow separately within different races – which highlights racial inequalities within socioeconomic status. (The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor: New Evidence and Possible Explanations by Sean F. Reardon)
- Racial microaggressions are dangerous for classrooms settings, mainly because the situations are often unintentional and also because some teachers are not well aware of the problems with these behaviors. In a study called Racial Microaggressions and Difficult Dialogues on Race in the Classroom, it is shown that very often racial microaggressions are presented in the classroom, and very often it is brushed aside. This causes discomfort amongst students of color, making the classroom and environment that they do not feel safe in - which can often lead to reluctance to attend class or remain silent and not participate. (Racial Microaggressions and Difficult Dialogues on Race in the Classroom Derald Wing Sue, Annie I. Lin, Gina C. Torino, Christina M. Capodilupo, and David P. Rivera)
- Examples of microaggression.
- Most educators attempt to hide racial issues rather than bring them to light to help students learn about them and understand through discussion. According to the article, Teaching Our Own Racism by Stephen Brookfield, this matter should be taught and understood rather than concealed from students. Educators need to acknowledge racism and learn how to teach it, but also understand that they might still hold some internalized behavior. Brookfield stresses that this means teachers will learn just as much as students throughout time and it will be a beneficial cycle for the educational system. To have people acknowledge their privileges and have students learn about their privileges would make large impact on how education should truly be. Most students do not understand racism, even at high school level and it would be important for them to educate themselves on this form of social issues that could create more educated and tolerant people. (Teaching Our Own Racism by Stephen Brookfield)
- The book Economic Inequality and Higher Education Access, Persistence, and Success by Stacy Dickert-Conlinc and Ross Rubenstein states that there is large income inequality when dealing with higher education. It also states that social status and racial issues play roles in that as well. Affordability becomes difficult for people that are a part of low-income families and causes people to either go in debt or drop out. If people can’t afford tuition, this causes inequalities because it prevents people from having the same opportunities because of their socioeconomic status. (Economic Inequality and Higher Education Access, Persistence, and Success by Stacy Dickert-Conlinc and Ross Rubenstein)
- According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, state cuts cause harm to students and to the economy because it puts a rise on debt and also diminishes the quality of education. Since the start of the recession states have cut fundings in education in a large portion and because of this tuition cost has gone up. State cuts harms the quality of education because staff is let go and programs are eliminated. The high cost threatens college access and durdens students with large probability of debt. The graph shown above shows that students from a high socioeconomic background are more than twice as likely to attend four year colleges and continues to widen the gap between low-income and high-income students. (Recent Deep State Higher Education Cuts May Harm Students and the Economy for Years to Come by Phil Oliff, Vincent Palacios, Ingrid Johnson, and Michael Leachman)
- Affirmative action is often opposed and thought to be no longer needed, as well as something that has not achieved much for any people of color and for that reason should be abolished. Affirmative action has helped many, as shown in The Recent History of Affirmative Action Policies in Higher Education and the U.S. Supreme Court by Marcia G. Synnott. Many believe that it also ruins opportunities for students that might be better prepared, but many of the minorities that get into universities are as qualified or more. Although it is correct that not much has changed since affirmative action, it is because of other factors. One being that socioeconomic status plays a large role as well as current racial inequalities. (The Recent History of Affirmative Action Policies in Higher Education and the U.S. Supreme Court by Marcia G. Synnott)
- Affirmative action is critiqued and addressed as something that should be modified to fill the needs of others that do not have a racial problem, but a financial problem. People believe that inequalities aren’t just about the same social attributes as before, but of low-income people as well. Social class and higher education often have a great lot to do with each other because higher education is expensive and certain social classes can barely afford it or not at all. In the article, A Class Act? Social Class Affirmative Action And Higher Education by Maimon Schwarzschild, discusses this. The ideal of having affirmative action to be changed to not only fill the needs of the minority that fits in with race, sex and ethnicity, but also to help those from lower social classes that cannot afford to pay for higher education is essential because it can help multiple people. It is often considered to be a better alternative for America because there are a lot of people that do not have enough money for college. (A Class Act? Social Class Affirmative Action And Higher Education by Maimon Schwarzschild)
- Karl Marx believed that polytechnical education, type of education combined theory and practice to prepare a person to perform different jobs and understand economically produced social change, would be ideal for people because it would train people intellectually and also physically. It would prepare people for productive process. It also reduces alienation of workers from their labor and product and helps them understand economically produced social change. Marx’s utopian view of education was that it would lead to fully developed social individuals, create a cooperative and harmonious society, and unleash creativity in all of its forms. Marx thought that class/social/revolutionary consciousness would develop naturally and lead to the utopian idea he had that revolved around education and socially conscious individuals. (Marxism and Education) (Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy: From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy By Douglas Kellner)
- False consciousness is the product of a dominant class ideology, which was imposed on and accepted by the subordinate class. Marx did not agree with those ideals. Mainly he was focused on preparing people for revolutionary consciousness when it came to his ideals on education. (Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy: From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy By Douglas Kellner)
- Functionalist Theory is to focus on different underlying roles of education such as transmission of core values and social control, which focus on teaching other these same ideals. The core values in American education reflect those characteristics that support the political and economic systems that originally fueled education. Therefore, children in America receive rewards for following schedules, following directions, meeting deadlines and obeying authority. They get rewarded for simple tasks to build up values and to teach a form of control that keeps a cycle forming.
- Here is a video of Motivation and Inspirational for those students that want to succeed on their education.
- In 1940, states took more control over education. Following the report A Nation at Risk, which presented that american students were outperformed by other societies, the government has began to increase involvement and passed reforms to help strengthen our education system.