The document outlines three major theoretical perspectives in sociology: [1] structural functionalism, [2] conflict theory, and [3] symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together, conflict theory sees society as groups competing for scarce resources, and symbolic interactionism examines daily social interactions defined by shared symbols. The perspectives differ in their levels of analysis and views on social change.
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
the domination of Euro-American capitalism and Eurocentric views in the social sciences.
History is marked by the growth of human productive capacity, and the forms that history produced for each separate society is a function of what was needed to maximize productive capacity.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
the domination of Euro-American capitalism and Eurocentric views in the social sciences.
History is marked by the growth of human productive capacity, and the forms that history produced for each separate society is a function of what was needed to maximize productive capacity.
4. Relations of Production
Classes or categories of people are markedly defined according to where they stand in the productive process. Marx called the owner of the factory (or any piece of technology as the capitalists; and the workers, the proletariat. Social relations depend on who owns or controls the means of production (land, technology, and capital) – in this case, the capitalist. Anyone going into this capitalists system enters a definite social relation determined by “relations of production.” Anyone who controls the capital (raw materials and the means of production) becomes the ruling class.
5. Base and Superstructure
To elucidate further, society consists of two parts: first the “base,” which is the economy; second, the “superstructure,” which consists of social structure such as religion, family, law, government, culture, values, etc., that rest on top of the economic base. Therefore, the class that controls the base shall control the social structures of society. In this light, Marx saw cultural forms as not only economic in nature but also “ideological” because they represent the interests of the ruling class. This ideology is not at all easily realized by both the proletariat and the ruling elite because “reality” is disguised due to long history of having been involved with such system of relationship
Major Sociological Perspectives
Structural functional perspective is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
This paradigm points out two things
Social Structure
Social Function
Social Structure:
Any relatively stable patterns of social behavior. Social structure gives our lives shape, whether it be in families, workplace, or in class room.
Social function:
Consequences for the operation of society as a whole.
There are two types of social function that was described by Robert.
(K Merton).
Manifest functions:
The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
Latent function:
The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social patterns.
Major Sociologists which support Structural Functional Paradigm
August comte
Emile Durkheim
Herbert Spencer
Talcott Parsons
Social Conflict Perspective
Social conflict perspective is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
This perspective investigates how factors such as social class, race, ethnicity, gender, and age are linked to the unequal distribution of money, power, education, and social prestige. A conflict analysis rejects the idea that social structure promotes the operation of society as a whole, pointing out instead how social patterns benefits some people depriving others.
Gender-conflict approach:
A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men.
Race-conflict approach:
A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.
Major sociologists of this perspective:
Karl Marx. C. write Mills.
The Symbolic Interaction Perspective
The symbolic interaction perspective is a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
Macro-Level Orientation:
A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.
Micro level Orientation:
A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.
Major Sociologists of this Perspective:
Max Weber
George Herbert Mead
Erving Goffman
Peter Blau
Thank You
Introduction to SociologyInstructor Glenna L. SimonsGUIDEL.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
Instructor: Glenna L. Simons
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
GOOD LUCK AND HAVE FUN WITH THIS ---GET CREATIVE! J
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—wh.
Introduction to SociologyGUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONEPaper On.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—when values begin to deteriorate, so does society!
IMPORTANT EARLY THEORISTS
.
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Identify the main theoretical approaches used in Sociology and Criminology;
2. Relate the main premise, level of analysis, and key ideas of each theoretical approach;
3. Recognize aspects of theoretical approaches in popular culture examples;
4. Connect these theoretical approaches to subsequent courses in the program.
This slide is prepared on Sociological Perspectives that is going to be beneficial to the students of sociology in UG and PG and aspirants for competitive exams.
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2. What is a theoretical perspective?
Theoretical perspectives are the basic
assumptions about how society functions,
the role of sociology, and the application
of a specific set theories in studying
social life.
3. Examples of these basic assumptions:
Society is a unified whole that seeks
equilibrium
Society is composed of groups competing
for scare resources
Social life can be measured through
observing daily interactions
Sociology should be used to enact social
change
Sociology should be value free
4. Why Should I Care about Theory?
Explanation from the Dalton Conley (Link):
5. Three Major Perspectives
Structural Functionalism-society is
an organic being of interrelated parts
that work together in harmony
Conflict –society is the competition of
a few groups of people for scarce
resources
Symbolic Interactionism-Society is
essentially a set of daily interactions
that are guided by symbols
6. Three Perspectives Visualized
Believes that
sociology Macro or
Perspective Major Tenets
should enact Micro Focus:
social change:
Society is an
Structural
organic whole No Macro
Functionalism
of stable parts
Society is a set
of groups
Conflict competing for Yes Macro
power and
resources
Society is the
sum of daily
Symbolic
interactions No Micro
Interactionism
guided by
symbols
7. Structural Functionalism
•Popularized by American
sociologist Talcott Parsons in
the 1940’s
•Society is a stable
arrangement of parts that fit
together
•Social is glued together by
shared values Talcott Parsons,1902-1979
•Each part contributes to the
overall function
•Macro-level focus
9. Real World Application: Functionalist
Perspective and Marriage
The traditional family structure in
which the husband was a
breadwinner and the wife
tended children and did
housework was ‘functional’.
Men could earn more income
and women were naturally
better at childcare and thus,
the traditional family structure
worked.
10. The Conflict Perspective
•Originated with the German
economist/historian Karl Marx,
the ‘father of communism’
•Social groups (i.e. workers and
capitalists, men and women)
struggle for scarce resources
and power
•Conflict is normal, stability and
order are not Karl Marx,
1818-1883
•Macro-level focus
12. Real World Application: Conflict Perspective
and Marriage
The male breadwinner model
benefits men in 2 ways (among
others):
It reduces potential competition
from women in the labor
market
It downplays women's
contributions in domestic work
This model demonstrates that
men have the upper hand in
society
13. Symbolic Interactionism
•Micro-level analysis of society
•Society is ‘played out’ through
daily interactions between people
•People interact through shared
symbols (physical ones and
intangible ones like body
language) which gives meaning in
social interactions
•All reality is based on shared Herbert
Blumer, 1900-1987
subjective agreement
14. Symbolic Interactionism Visualized
Text your
You
Husband Smile at
and Wife friend the barista respond
about the at the to your
Talk
sale at the coffee shop
Gap boss’s
email
Society
Give up Move to the
You greet your seat next lane on
Your on the bus highway for Tuck the
neighbor for the the car on exit children
on the way elderly ramp into bed
to work woman
15. Real World Application: Symbolic
Interactionism and Marriage
Symbolic interactionists would
suggest that couples
negotiate their particular
roles. Through verbal and
non-verbal interactions, they
can negotiate things like:
•If and how many children they will have
•How domestic chores should be split
•How will they divide time for themselves from time
with other couples and friends
16. In Conclusion….
Questions? Thoughts? Personal
observations about the three theoretical
perspectives?
Which perspective appeals to you the most?
Which of these perspectives believes that
sociology should be used for social change?
Which perspective has a micro-level focus?
Which perspective believes that society is
comprised of interlocking parts?
Editor's Notes
Lecture Notes:It is important to note that sociologist, even as scientists who rely on objective data, shape their theories according their pre-existing notions of social life and their own life experiences. For example, a sociologist who lives a well-adjusted, comfortable life might grow up to view society as a interrelated, cohesive whole. Whereas, a sociologist who grows up in abject poverty might see society as essentially the competition for scare resources. While personal biases and experiences do affect the types of questions sociologists ask, sociologists are committed to using the scientific method to arrive at conclusions about society.
Lecture Notes: Throughout the development of sociology and even now, sociologists operate according to a basic set of assumptions about social life and the role of sociology. As we’ve just discussed, no individual can be truly neutral about society. I’ve listed here some of the basic assumptions about society and social that guide the three major sociological perspectives. Each perspective discusses are based on one or more of these assumptions.
Lecture Notes:While there are several theoretical perspectives in sociology and many, many variations of each one, we will focus on the three major perspectives that sociological research and theory falls into. Functionalism-Society is divided into many parts (the family, government, religion, work) that work together for the overall balance. Functionalists recognize that there are dysfunctional parts, but the overall structure has a way of weeding out these parts. Conflict-Conflict theorists see different social groups fighting for power and resources. Conflict theorists often study labor conflicts, those between management and employees, racial and ethnic strife, and conflict between the genders and people of different sexual orientations. Symbolic interactionists-Symbolic interactionism is a very different way of looking at the world that the first two theories. While the functionalism and conflict perspective are macro social-that is they focus on large social structures and institutions, symbolic interactionism is microsocial-it focuses on small interactions between people. People use symbols, not just tangible ones, like how a wedding ring symbolizes the vows between two people, but gestures and body language.
Image taken from: http://www.nndb.com/people/811/000113472/Lecture Notes:Talcott Parsons, a Harvard sociologist, developed an overall perspective in sociology that dominated sociology for the first half of the 20th century-structural functionalism. He adapted the ideas of late 19th century French sociologist Emile Durkheim who viewed society as living organism. While he rejected the living organism analogy, Parsons did adapt Durkheim’s ideas to create a ‘grand theory’ that all parts of society ultimately worked together for the overall stability.
Lecture Notes:I chosen a few parts out of many, but I think this flow chart explains the functionalist view of society. The parts work together to build up the whole of society. They are not in competition with one another, but they are interlocking pieces in a grand puzzle called society.
Lecture Note:Parsons look at social structures like the family and saw the niche of each group. He stated that men occupied a specific role of instrumental leadership-he made decisions and worked for the family. Women on the other hand, had an expressive role-they cared for children. This arrangement was confirmed and supported by other institutions, such as the church and labor market. Traditional men’s work paid better and the church encouraged women to stay at home and cultivate domestic dreams. Thus, society worked as a whole.It should be noted that structural functionalists, like Robert Merton, amended the ideas of Parson to suggest that no all parts of social structures were functional. Critics of Parsons and other functionalist claimed that the perspective was overarching and took an inherently conservative view of the world. Robert Merton, a student of Parsons, divided social structures into manifest and latent functions. Manifest functions were the open, expressed functions of social structures and latent functions were the unintended ones. A manifest function of the 1950’s labor market was to provide breadwinner jobs for men. But a latent function of this was to discourage women from entering the labor market and thus competing with men. Robert Merton also the functions of social structures and relationships into functional and dysfunctional elements. While the breadwinner model persisted, Merton would suggest that unequal pay for women for the same jobs (and some would even argue that domestic labor should be compensated like formal employment) was dysfunctional. Merton’s adaptation of Parson’s functionalism stated, in essence, that elements can exist in society that do not help all parts or what is functional (ie advantageous) for one person is not for another person. These dysfunctional elements are generally unacknowledged and also latent functions. The tumultuous 1960’s shifted the theoretical focus of American sociology from functionalism to conflict theory which we will discuss next. While functionalism had garnered numerous criticisms in early part of the 20th century, the rapid social change of the 1960s and 1970’s made structural functionalism to seem incompatible with instability and change. Let’s discuss the emergence of this perspective……
Image taken from: http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96may/marx.htmlLecture Notes:The conflict theory has its roots in Karl Marx, the German historian/philosopher/economist who is known most famously for his 1848 book, The Communist Manifesto. Marx was not a sociologist, but he influenced generation of sociologists with his peculiar worldview. He studied historical eras and came to the conclusion that society was divided into 2 groups: the oppressed and the oppressors. Marx had a materialist view of society-that everything boiled down to the economy and the pursuit of goods. In the feudal era, these groups took the form of feudal lords and serfs. He wrote the Manifesto at the height of industrialization in Germany and indentified the oppressed factory workers as the proletariat and factory owners as the bourgeoisie.In the 20th century, sociologists modified his views to incorporate other types of oppression-gender oppression, racial and ethnic oppression, and oppression of deviant sexual orientations. Where functionalists see order and function, conflict theorists see conflict. Social structures like the family and religion, in the view of conflict theorists, represent who is winning at the moment. Marx himself suggested that all structures were shaped around the means of production (ie. The primary mode of the economy). Later sociologists abandoned the view of the economy’s centrality, but retained the adversarial view of social groups. The focus of conflict perspective is macro-level. It analyzes large scale social structures and patterns. As you mentioned earlier, the conflict perspective became popular in sociological circles beginning in the 1960’s. This perspective is able to account for social change and conflicting values within a society. One of the criticisms of the conflict theory is that is it too action-oriented for object social science.
Lecture Notes:It should be noted that conflict theorists find that social structures represent, at least for the moment, who wins. While the conflict does not cease, it is easy to see how social structures represent the interests of those who have the upper hand. Like functionalists, conflict theorists paint a broad picture of society in social institutions are interwoven with social patterns. Instead of breeding stability, however, conflict theorists see these social structures as perpetuating the unfair advantage of one group over another. It is not hard to see how free trade agreements, for example, benefitted managers over workers. Dominant groups affect, through their active involvement or through the cultural norms that benefit them, affect multiple institutions. In the case of free trade, large corporations lobbied politicians to enact free trade AND they benefitted from a mentality that existed in the 1990’s that what’s good for business is good for everyone. The conflict perspective, more than the structural functionalist perspective, concedes that through the social ‘tug of war’, can produce social change. The conflict view is that society is always in flux, whereas the functionalist view tends toward an image of homeostasis.
Image taken from: http://www.politicalcowardice.com/tag/radical-feminism/#axzz1qhvW4jnvLecture Note:What Parsons saw as functional, conflict theorists see as an indication of who has the upper hand. In the case of the traditional family structure, men benefit from social structures that give them the upper hand. Through cultural norms and their active efforts, they systematically block women from having careers that pay well and reiterate their role in the house. Social institutions, what Marx would call the ‘ideological superstructure’, uphold social inequalities. Churches, for example, might indoctrinate people to believe that women should serve a submissive role in family and society. It is no coincidence that, traditionally, men most leadership roles in the church. Conflict theorists suggest that perpetual conflict can and does led to social change. The women’s suffrage movement, women’s liberation movement, and even the current debates on the government’s role in providing contraception for women are examples of how conflict is manifested and how over time, oppressed groups can earn some concessions.
Image taken from: http://www.sociosite.net/topics/sociologists.phpLecture Notes:Symbolic interactionism stands apart from the other theoretical perspectives we have covered thus far in that it is a micro-level approach to studying society. Symbolic interactionists, like Herbert Blumer who coined the term, believed that society is the sum of one-on-one interactions. For example, if I’m your academic advisor, there is a certain protocol that we follow. I assume the role of a caring and perhaps wise academic and you will affect a role of a deferential student. The way we speak to one another confirms this. You will likely use proper English when speaking to me, whereas you might use slang when speaking to friends. By playing our roles nicely, we confirm a shared agreement on reality. Our relationship is professional (as evidenced in the way we speak to one another) and you will (hopefully) agree to take my advice.
Lecture Notes:Notice in my drawing how neither circle is much bigger than the other. This is intentional-symbolic interactionists count even the smallest, most mundane actions in their analysis of society. It is the sum these actions that creates society. Symbolic interactionism maintain that we need others to help us shape and negotiate reality. Reality is a social construction that we agree upon through our interactions with others.
Image taken from: http://www.thelovejourney.com/2012/03/the-other-s-word/Lecture Note:Couples may consciously or unconsciously work out what it means to be married. Though they are ostensible symbols, like a wedding ring and marriage ceremony at a church, there are numerous symbols embedded in the conversations and actions that cue the social actors into what is reality. From personal experience, I’ve noticed that some married couples distance themselves from their single friends once they get married. I’ve talked to some married couples about this and some of them actually discuss with one another how much time should be spent with each other and how much time should be spent with friends. Other times, however, there is an unspoken agreement that the one-on-one time with one’s spouse takes precedent over old friends. There is no universal law, according to symbolic interactionists, as to why this exists. Sometimes people are socialized into this belief through observing their friends and family members who were recently married. Other times, couples forge their own expectations for a marriage; they might decide that hanging out with old friends should be kept to a minimum. Symbolic interactionists are not necessarily concerned with structural inequalities, like conflict theorists, nor do they believe that seek order and stability when observing social life. There is no overarching theme for social life, but instead a thousand small interactions that make up the whole. This ‘bottom-up’ approach to studying social life takes a neutral stance on the role of the sociology. Symbolic interactionists do not generally see the discipline of sociology as a vehicle for social change. Symbolic interactionism has been criticized for the immediacy of its observations. We may, for example, interact with people of other races according to deep-seated biases. In no way, then, do we negotiate the meaning our interactions. There are variables, like sex, education, and gender, that influence how we interact. Some critics point to the fact that symbolic interactionism blurs these distinctions. The third criticism of symbolic interactionism is that not all interactions are of equal value. Telling a friend who’s moving away “Let’s keep in touch” is not the same as telling your future spouse “I do” at the altar of the church.**Criticisms of Symbolic Interactionism adopted from: Folts, E. (2011). The Sociological Perspective [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from ASU Learn: http://asulearn.appstate.edu/
I will ask these questions at the end of the lecture to stimulate final thoughts. I will, of course, allow time between the slides to gauge student’s understanding. I will ask the last four questions as an informal summative assessment. I want to know what stuck, what didn’t stick, and what was most memorable. At the very end of class, I will pass out note cards and ask students to write their name, what was most memorable about the lecture, what made no sense whatsoever about what I said, and a thing or two they learned throughout the lecture. This will help me, as a new instructor, to calibrate my teaching strategy and look for new ways to explain things that did not make sense for a number of students.