Luhmann defines communication as the synthesis of three selections or contingencies: information, utterance, and understanding. He views communication as an emergent event, rather than something that is transmitted between a sender and receiver. Conceptualizing communication in this way emphasizes its constructed, contingent nature and avoids implying that meanings are fully transmitted or shared between parties. It also highlights how communication constitutes social reality through the interactive selections that take place in the communication process.
The term ‘critical theory’ describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud....
This is a primer for those interested in the history and theories of critical theory. More downloads on related subjects are available on my website www.TonyWardEdu.com
The term ‘critical theory’ describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud....
This is a primer for those interested in the history and theories of critical theory. More downloads on related subjects are available on my website www.TonyWardEdu.com
this powerpoint presentation is for better understanding of Ethnomethodology. In this presentation ethnomethodology is compared with phenomenology and mainstream social science .the criticism of mainstream sociology by ethnomethodologist is also a part of the presentation. the last slide consist of criticism of enthomethodology
Presentation by Dr Craig Hammond of University Centre Blackburn College (UCBC) which introduces some of the basic principles and ideas associated with Actor Network Theory
Postmodern feminism refers to the feminist theory system that is inclusive of postmodern ideals
and post-structuralism theory. In this regard, it is believed that postmodern feminism goes past
modernist polarity of open-minded and far-reaching feminism. Various forms of entertainment
media have been out to use by postmodern feminists for purposes of furthering their ideologies.
The effect of this is influence of feminist studies that intersect sexuality, race, gender and race
issues. Film and TV are among the media widely used for purposes of furthering intersecting
roles.
- See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/postmodern-feminism
Pattern Song: Taking Patterns from Visual Media to Auditory Media (PURPLSOC2017)Takashi Iba
Slide Designed by Takashi Iba.
Presented by Ayaka Yoshikawa & Takashi Iba.
Takashi Iba, Mayu Ueno, Ayaka Yoshikawa, “Pattern Song: Taking Patterns from Visual Media to Auditory Media”, in the Second World Conference PURPLSOC2017 (Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change), at Danube University in Krems, Austria, 2017.
Pattern Song “Everyday World-Making”
iTunes Store / Apple Music - https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/id1271022854
Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/album/2RmeBsS7tqKLuLbr9L69QQ
Google Play Music - https://play.google.com/store/music/album?id=Bdnmej7yu32fy6ovofx3plr4e6q
Amazon Music / Prime Music - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B074RD3WJP/
music.jp - http://music-book.jp/music/Artist/1045423/Music/aaa86qtd
mora - http://mora.jp/package/43000074/TCJPR0000381799/
this powerpoint presentation is for better understanding of Ethnomethodology. In this presentation ethnomethodology is compared with phenomenology and mainstream social science .the criticism of mainstream sociology by ethnomethodologist is also a part of the presentation. the last slide consist of criticism of enthomethodology
Presentation by Dr Craig Hammond of University Centre Blackburn College (UCBC) which introduces some of the basic principles and ideas associated with Actor Network Theory
Postmodern feminism refers to the feminist theory system that is inclusive of postmodern ideals
and post-structuralism theory. In this regard, it is believed that postmodern feminism goes past
modernist polarity of open-minded and far-reaching feminism. Various forms of entertainment
media have been out to use by postmodern feminists for purposes of furthering their ideologies.
The effect of this is influence of feminist studies that intersect sexuality, race, gender and race
issues. Film and TV are among the media widely used for purposes of furthering intersecting
roles.
- See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/postmodern-feminism
Pattern Song: Taking Patterns from Visual Media to Auditory Media (PURPLSOC2017)Takashi Iba
Slide Designed by Takashi Iba.
Presented by Ayaka Yoshikawa & Takashi Iba.
Takashi Iba, Mayu Ueno, Ayaka Yoshikawa, “Pattern Song: Taking Patterns from Visual Media to Auditory Media”, in the Second World Conference PURPLSOC2017 (Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change), at Danube University in Krems, Austria, 2017.
Pattern Song “Everyday World-Making”
iTunes Store / Apple Music - https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/id1271022854
Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/album/2RmeBsS7tqKLuLbr9L69QQ
Google Play Music - https://play.google.com/store/music/album?id=Bdnmej7yu32fy6ovofx3plr4e6q
Amazon Music / Prime Music - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B074RD3WJP/
music.jp - http://music-book.jp/music/Artist/1045423/Music/aaa86qtd
mora - http://mora.jp/package/43000074/TCJPR0000381799/
The Origin of Diversity - Thinking with Chaotic WalkTakashi Iba
We will show that diverse complex patterns can emerge even in the universe governed by deterministic laws. See the details of this study on our paper: Iba, T. & Shimonishi, K. (2011), "The Origin of Diversity: Thinking with Chaotic Walk," in Unifying Themes in Complex Systems Volume VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Complex Systems, New England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity (Sayama, H., Minai, A. A., Braha, D. and Bar-Yam, Y. eds., NECSI Knowledge Press, 2011), pp.447-461.
“What Occurs in Egoless Creation with Pattern Languages” (PURPLSOC2017)Takashi Iba
Slide Designed by Takashi Iba.
Presented by Takashi Iba.
Takashi Iba, Ayaka Yoshikawa, “What Occurs in Egoless Creation with Pattern Languages”, in the Second World Conference PURPLSOC2017 (Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change), at Danube University in Krems, Austria, 2017.
Active Learning Patterns for Teachers (PURPLSOC2017)Takashi Iba
Slide Designed by Takashi Iba with Yoshihiro Utsunomiya.
Presented by Takashi Iba, Yoshihiro Utsunomiya, & Konomi Munakata.
Takashi Iba, Yoshihiro Utsunomiya, “Active Learning Patterns for Teachers”, in the Second World Conference PURPLSOC2017 (Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change), at Danube University in Krems, Austria, 2017.
Walk, Flow, and Creation: Toward Natural & Creative Living LabTakashi Iba
Keynote at Iba Lab conference (Academic Year 2016) by Takashi Iba, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Ph.D in Media and Governance
Slides written both in English and Japanese
井庭研 2016年度最終発表会における井庭崇の基調講演
スライドは、日本語の英語で併記されています。
Nicole tay the blockchain future_ society and the selfSean Manion PhD
Blockchain in Health Research Summit 2019 Georgetown University 27 Apr hosted by Gilles Hilary, Georgetown University and Sean Manion, Science Distributed
A New Model: Advancing Organizational Security Through PeacebuildingMichele Chubirka
Why is the security industry so full of fail? We spend millions of dollars on firewalls, IPS, IDS, DLP, professional penetration tests and assessments, and vulnerability and compliance tools, and at the end of the day, the weakest link is the user and his or her inability to make the right choices. It's enough to make a security engineer cry.
The one thing you can depend upon in an enterprise is that many of your users, even with training, will still make the wrong choices. They will violate BYOD restrictions, click on links they shouldn't, respond to phishing scams, open documents without thinking, post too much information on Twitter and Facebook, use their pet's name as passwords, etc. But what if this isn't because users hate us or are too stupid? What if all our ignored policies and procedures regarding the best security practices have more to do with our failure to understand modern neuroscience and the human mind's resistance to change?
Humans are wired to be emotional beings. Emotions influence most of our decisions, good and bad. In failing to understand how this is at the root of user non-compliance, no matter how much money we spend on expensive hardware and software, we will fail to achieve the goal of good organizational security.
Crazy Futures aka Rx for Leadership Scotomas (why plausibility is maladaptive)Wendy Schultz
Short slidedeck on overcoming mental boundaries and expanding conceptual horizons in considering what possible futures may emerge, as a means to avoiding decision blindspots and black elephants / black swans.
Gregory vigneaux design thinking for the end of the worldGregory Vigneaux
This presentation brings together storytelling, design thinking, and complexity as it discusses approaching the difficult challenges facing Colorado’s emergency management community. Focused on problem framing, storytelling is explored as a key step in engaging with complex issues while the audience is invited to think about the stories they are currently telling about problems and consider how they might begin to craft different ones.
Expressing and understanding dialogue act: Is it an explicit or an implicit process?
It must be implicit because:
- The age of acquisition
- Reaction time
Additional evidence
- People tend to give postdictive explanations that are not always correct for what they did.
Philosophical Foundations of Pattern Language Creation: Rooted in the "Scienc...Takashi Iba
Lightning Talk by Takashi Iba, Ph.D. in media and governance, Professor at Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University.
at the30th Conference on Pattern Language of Programs (PLoP2023), IL, USA, Oct. 25, 2023
Originally, the concept of pattern language was proposed by Christopher Alexander as a method for collaborative architectural design, and the philosophy behind it was presented in his books, such as "The Timeless Way of Buildings" and "The Nature of Order". However, after him, few people discuss philosophical examinations for pattern languages. Over the past seven years, I have intensively explored the potential for a "new academic discipline" rooted in pattern language, and its foundational contours are now becoming visible. Underpinning this discipline is Edmund Husserl's phenomenology, especially his concept of "Science of Essence." Reflecting upon our experiences, it becomes apparent that the creation of a pattern language aligns with the phenomenological method of "seeing of essence," positioning the pattern language as "essence descriptions". When looked at in reverse, my developing academic field of "Studies on Essence of Practices," is "Science of Essence" of practices grounded in phenomenology and the creation of pattern language is positioned as a primary research methodology including “seeing of essence”. In this talk, I will elucidate what exactly is being accomplished through the creation of a pattern language, with introducing the principles of phenomenology’s "Noesis" (acts of consciousness) and "Noema" (contents of consciousness) and the method of “seeing of essence”.
Exploring New Ways of Expressing and Delivering Pattern Languages: Endeavors ...Takashi Iba
Lightning Talk by Takashi Iba, Ph.D. in media and governance, Professor at Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University.
at the30th Conference on Pattern Language of Programs (PLoP2023), IL, USA, Oct. 25, 2023
In pattern languages of practices, the target readers are not limited to engineers or professionals. Instead, they span a broad spectrum of the general public, from children to the elderly. For example, our pattern languages of practices cover topics such as reading, learning, parenting while working, living naturally and creatively, living well with dementia, and realizing a good digital society. The intended audience for these patterns ranges from elementary school students to college students, parents in their child-rearing years, and the elderly aged 70 and above. Believing that we needed to go beyond traditional methods of delivering content, such as dense texts and diagrams in books, articles, or websites, we have sought new modes of expression over the past decade. In this talk, I will introduce our endeavors. They include "Pattern Cards" that facilitate reflection and dialogue, especially in workshops; "Pattern Objects" that embed pattern names and illustrations into everyday items; "Pattern Coins" that circulate within a community, inspiring practice; "Pattern Song" that weaves the important messages of patterns into lyrics; and "Pattern Manga" that tells a story expressing the effect of conducting certain patterns. By showcasing these new prototypes, I hope to inspire you and expand your horizons on how pattern languages can be expressed and delivered.
New Frontiers in Pattern Languages of Practices (Takashi Iba, PLoP2023)Takashi Iba
Lightning Talk by Takashi Iba, Ph.D. in media and governance, Professor at Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University.
at the30th Conference on Pattern Language of Programs (PLoP2023), IL, USA, Oct. 25, 2023
In this talk, I will present the new frontiers in pattern languages of practices. Historically, the concept of pattern languages originated in the 1970s as a design language for "Places" and was later applied to the domain of "Programs." Subsequently, it found applications in areas like education and organizational change, which can be considered as "Practices." In other words, the pattern language has evolved from Places, to Programs, and then to Practices. In the course of the development, we, Iba Lab and CreativeShift, Inc., have developed patterns across various fields within pattern languages of practices, writing over 3,000 patterns in more than 90 areas of practices over the past 20 years. Reflecting on our journey, we have identified five types within what is broadly labeled as "Practices": (1) Profession and Work, (2) Meta-Pattern Language, (3) Everyday Life, (4) Journey of Life, and (5) Forming Society. This talk will particularly focus on the last three types of pattern languages of practices — Everyday Life, Journey of Life, and Forming Society. We will share our own cases and experiences, including a pattern language for a good digital society, which was recently published by the Digital Agency of the Japanese Government.
作家、詩人、作曲家の発言と、クリストファー・アレグザンダーの思想、および老荘思想についての井筒俊彦の読み解きを手がかりとして
based on remarks by writers, poets, and composers; the thought of Christopher Alexander; and Toshihiko Izutsu’s Interpretation of Taoism
PUARL+BB2020 "A Pattern Language for Creating a City with Natural, Local and ...Takashi Iba
Misaki Yamakage, Sakie Namiki, Sawami Shibata, Kiyoka Hayashi, Takashi Iba, Mitsuhiro Yamazaki, "A Pattern Language for Creating a City with Natural, Local and Creative Elements: Learned from Portland, Oregon", PUARL+BB2020, Sep, 2020
Takashi Iba's Keynote at AsianPLoP2020: "Support for Living Better Throughou...Takashi Iba
Takashi Iba's Keynote "Support for Living Better Throughout the COVID-19 Situation with Pattern Languages: An Attempt at Pattern Translation to Another Domain and Pattern Language Remix" at AsianPLoP 2020: 9th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, Sep 4th, 2020.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. “Thus the theory’s design resembles a labyrinth
more than a freeway off into the sunset.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Preface p.lii, l.3
4. “This theory design pushes the presentation to
unusually high levels of abstraction. Our flight
must take place above the clouds, and we must
reckon with a rather thick cloud cover. We must
rely on our instruments.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Preface p.lii, l.3
5. “Abstraction, however, should not be
misunderstood as pure artistry or as a retreat
to a "merely analytically" relevant, formal
science. ... abstraction is an epistemological
necessity.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Preface p.lii, l.3
6. Social Systems Theory
Studying a sociological theory, Social Systems Theory,
proposed by Niklas Luhmann
Understanding what’s happening in the information society
Learning about the media for social change
7. Social Systems Theory (2012 Spring)
#1 [Apr 9] Introduction
#2 [Apr 16] Emergence of Communication as an Event
#3 [Apr 23] Media and Code for Communication
#4 [May 1] Modern Society
#5 [May 7] Autopoiesis and Structural Coupling
#6 [May 14] Voice and Exit for Social Change
#7 [May 21] Scenario Planning: Learning by Making Stories of Future
#8 [May 28] Pattern Language, part I: Media for User Participation
#9 [Jun 4] Pattern Language, part II: Way of Organizational Change
#10 [Jun 11] Creative Collaboration:Value Creation through Communication
#11 [Jun 18] Open Collaboration, part I: Collaborative Innovation Networks
#12 [Jun 25] Open Collaboration, part II: Open-Source Software Development
#13 [Jul 2] Open Collaboration, part III: Wiki and Wikipedia
#14 [Jul 9] Exploring Philosophy of Social Change
14. “How is social order possible?”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.116, l.22
15. Social Systems Theory 2012
Class #2 Keywords
Double Contingency Communication
Communication
Perception of little movement of others help them Utterance
to expect the other’ s decision.
Expectation of
Expectation of the decision
the decision of Actor A
of Actor B Information Understanding
(contingent) (contingent) (contingent)
Actor A Actor B
18. Each system is operationally closed
(Consciousness cannot be imported
/ exported to another system).
Psychic System
Psychic System
the nexus of
consciousness
the nexus of
consciousness
19. Double Contingency
Each Actor cannot make decision
because it is depend on the alter’ s decision.
Expectation of
Expectation of the decision
?
the decision of Actor A
of Actor B
? ?
?
Actor A Actor B
20. Talcott Parsons thought ...
Shared Norm / Culture
Shared Norm or Culture helps them to expect
the others decision.
Expectation of
Expectation of the decision
the decision of Actor A
of Actor B
Actor A Actor B
21. Niklas Luhmann thought ...
Perception of little movement of others help them
to expect the other’ s decision.
Expectation of
Expectation of the decision
the decision of Actor A
of Actor B
Actor A Actor B
23. “the concept of contingency ...
This concept results from excluding
necessity and impossibility.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.106, l.11
24. “Something is contingent insofar as it is neither
necessary nor impossible; it is just what it is (or
was or will be), though it could also be
otherwise.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.106, l.13
25. “It presupposes the world as it is given, yet it
does not describe the possible in general, but
what is otherwise possible from the viewpoint
of reality.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.106, l.19
26. “At first, alter tentatively determines his
behavior in a situation that is still unclear. He
begins with a friendly glance, a gesture, a gift and
waits to see whether and how ego receives the
proposed definition of the situation. In light of
this beginning, every subsequent step is an
action with a contingency-reducing,
determining, effect —
be it positive or negative.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.104, l.36
27. “Highly complex meaning-using systems that are
opaque and incalculable to one another are part
of the infrastructure presupposed by the
theorem of double contingency.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.109, l.18
28. “They concentrate on what they can observe as
input and output in the other as a system in an
environment and learn self-referentially in their
own observer perspective. They can try to
influence what they observe by their own action
and can learn further from the feedback.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.110, l.11
29. “In this way an emergent order can arise that is
conditioned by the complexity of the systems
that make it possible but that does not depend on
this complexity’s being calculated or controlled. We
call this emergent order a social system.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.110, l.15
30. “Nothing forces one to seek the solution for
the problem of double contingency exclusively
in an already existing consensus, thus in the
social dimension. There are functional
equivalents for example, those in the temporal
dimension.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.104, l.32
31. “Nothing forces one to seek the solution for
the problem of double contingency exclusively
in an already existing consensus, thus in the
social dimension. There are functional
equivalents for example, those in the temporal
dimension.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.104, l.32
32. “How is social order possible?”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.3, p.116, l.22
33. Today’s Second Dialogue
What is Double Contingency?
What is Luhmann’s understanding
how to overcome the situation of
double contingency?
Perception of little movement of others help them
to expect the other’ s decision.
Expectation of
Expectation of the decision
the decision of Actor A
of Actor B
Actor A Actor B
35. “The elementary process constituting the social
domain as a special reality is a process of
communication.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.138, l.39
37. “If one begins with the concept of meaning, it is
clear from the start that communication is
always a selective occurrence.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.140, l.6
38. “Communication grasps something out of the
actual referential horizon that it itself
constitutes and leaves other things aside.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.140, l.9
39. “From now on we will treat communication as a
three-part unity. We will begin from the fact that
three selections must be synthesized in order
for communication to appear as an emergent
occurrence.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.141, l.38
40. “If one conceptualizes communication as the
synthesis of three selections, as the unity of
information, utterance, and understanding, then
communication is realized if and to the extent
that understanding comes about.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.147, l.19
41. Communication
as the synthesis of three selections:
information, utterance, and understanding
Communication
Utterance
Information Understanding
(contingent) (contingent) (contingent)
42. “communication constitutes what it chooses, by
virtue of that choice, as a selection, namely, as
information.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.140, l.15
43. “the selectivity of the information is itself an
aspect of the communication process.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.140, l.21
44. “What is uttered is not only selected, but also
already a selection - that is why it is uttered.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.140, l.21
45. “What is decisive is the fact that the third
selection can base itself on a distinction, namely,
the distinction between information and its
utterance.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.140, l.36
46. “Communication is made possible, so to speak,
from behind, contrary to the temporal course of
the process.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.143, l.14
47. “The fact that understanding is an indispensable
feature in how communication comes about has
far-reaching significance for comprehending
communication.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.143, l.20
48. The metaphor of transmission
Transferring Communication
the Information
Information
Sender Receiver
49. “The metaphor of transmission is unusable
because it implies too much ontology. It suggests
that the sender gives up something that the
receiver then acquires. This is already incorrect
because the sender does not give up anything in
the sense of losing it. The entire metaphor of
possessing, having, giving, and receiving, the
entire “thing metaphoric” is unsuitable for
understanding communication..”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.139, l.17
50. “Thus understanding normally includes more or
less extensive misunderstandings.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.141, l.34
51. “Viewed dynamically, the unity of an individual
communication is merely its connectivity.”
N. Luhmann, Social Systems, Stanford University Press,
1996 Chap.4, p.148, l.19
52.
53.
54. Today’s Third Dialogue
What is Luhmann’s definition of
“communication”?
What is the advantage for
conceptualizing communication
as such?
Perception of little movement of others help them
to expect the other’ s decision.
Expectation of
Expectation of the decision
the decision of Actor A
of Actor B
Actor A Actor B