Social cognitive learning theory
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Social cognitive learning theory proposes that learning occurs through observation of others within an environmental context. Key aspects of this theory include: 1) Learning happens by watching others without necessarily changing one's own behavior. 2) Cognitive processes like attention, memory, and expectations also influence learning. 3) Consequences of observed behaviors shape what is learned through reinforcement or punishment. 4) Self-efficacy beliefs, or one's views of their ability to perform tasks, further impact learning and behavior.
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ALBERT BANDURA Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory, also known as observational learning, emphasizes that learning occurs through observation of others. The theory proposes that people can learn new behaviors both by watching others perform behaviors and through the associated outcomes of those behaviors, without their own direct experiences. There are four main concepts of social learning theory: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Teachers can apply social learning theory in the classroom by having students observe and model behaviors, such as using adjectives in a descriptive writing lesson.
An overview of bandura's social learning theory
The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development.
Though rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.
Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors.
Social Learning Theory
1. Albert Bandura's social learning theory proposes that people can learn through observation alone, without changing their behavior, and that cognition plays a role in learning.
2. Bandura demonstrated in his Bobo doll experiments that children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in others.
3. Social learning theory considers attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation as important components of observational learning.
Social Cognitive Theory, Observational Learning
Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist who developed social learning theory. Some key points about Bandura:
- He was born in 1925 in Canada and obtained his graduate degrees from the University of British Columbia and Iowa State University.
- Bandura's social learning theory posits that people can learn through observation of others, called observational learning.
- He conducted famous Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s which showed that children's behavior could be influenced by observing aggressive behavior modeled by adults.
- Bandura outlined a four step process of observational learning: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. His theory emphasized how both cognitive and behavioral factors influence learning.
Social Cognitive Theory
The document discusses social cognitive theory and observational learning. It describes how social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism by recognizing the role of cognitive and social factors in learning. A key aspect is observational learning, where learning occurs through observing and modeling the behaviors of others. Observational learning involves paying attention, retaining information, being able to reproduce behaviors, and being motivated to do so. Factors like perceived similarity and competence influence which models are paid attention to.
Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory which posits that learning occurs through observation and modeling behaviors. He conducted the Bobo doll experiment which demonstrated that children will mimic aggressive behaviors they observe in adults. Social cognitive theory assumes learning is influenced by environment, personal factors, and behaviors in a reciprocal relationship. Learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and is motivated by models, perceived self-efficacy, and reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. Among others Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory.
Social Learning Theory
The social learning theory proposes that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Proposed by Albert Bandura, it argues that observational learning, or modeling, is an important way people acquire behaviors in a social context. For effective modeling to occur, four conditions must be present: attention, retention, reproduction of behaviors, and motivation to imitate. Teachers can promote social learning by modeling appropriate behaviors for students to observe and applying techniques that expose students to diverse models and build self-efficacy.
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ALBERT BANDURA Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory, also known as observational learning, emphasizes that learning occurs through observation of others. The theory proposes that people can learn new behaviors both by watching others perform behaviors and through the associated outcomes of those behaviors, without their own direct experiences. There are four main concepts of social learning theory: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Teachers can apply social learning theory in the classroom by having students observe and model behaviors, such as using adjectives in a descriptive writing lesson.
An overview of bandura's social learning theory
The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development.
Though rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.
Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors.
Social Learning Theory
1. Albert Bandura's social learning theory proposes that people can learn through observation alone, without changing their behavior, and that cognition plays a role in learning.
2. Bandura demonstrated in his Bobo doll experiments that children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in others.
3. Social learning theory considers attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation as important components of observational learning.
Social Cognitive Theory, Observational Learning
Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist who developed social learning theory. Some key points about Bandura:
- He was born in 1925 in Canada and obtained his graduate degrees from the University of British Columbia and Iowa State University.
- Bandura's social learning theory posits that people can learn through observation of others, called observational learning.
- He conducted famous Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s which showed that children's behavior could be influenced by observing aggressive behavior modeled by adults.
- Bandura outlined a four step process of observational learning: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. His theory emphasized how both cognitive and behavioral factors influence learning.
Social Cognitive Theory
The document discusses social cognitive theory and observational learning. It describes how social cognitive theory expanded on behaviorism by recognizing the role of cognitive and social factors in learning. A key aspect is observational learning, where learning occurs through observing and modeling the behaviors of others. Observational learning involves paying attention, retaining information, being able to reproduce behaviors, and being motivated to do so. Factors like perceived similarity and competence influence which models are paid attention to.
Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory which posits that learning occurs through observation and modeling behaviors. He conducted the Bobo doll experiment which demonstrated that children will mimic aggressive behaviors they observe in adults. Social cognitive theory assumes learning is influenced by environment, personal factors, and behaviors in a reciprocal relationship. Learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and is motivated by models, perceived self-efficacy, and reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. Among others Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory.
Social Learning Theory
The social learning theory proposes that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Proposed by Albert Bandura, it argues that observational learning, or modeling, is an important way people acquire behaviors in a social context. For effective modeling to occur, four conditions must be present: attention, retention, reproduction of behaviors, and motivation to imitate. Teachers can promote social learning by modeling appropriate behaviors for students to observe and applying techniques that expose students to diverse models and build self-efficacy.
Operant Conditioning
This document discusses operant conditioning and how it influences learning and behavior. It defines operant conditioning as a method of learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behaviors are strengthened when followed by positive reinforcement or escape from negative reinforcement, and weakened when followed by punishment. The document uses B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats in a Skinner Box as a classic example of how operant conditioning shapes behavior through variable schedules of reinforcement and punishment.
Social learning theory
Bandura's social learning theory posits that people learn through observing others within a social context. The theory explains that learning can occur through observation of others' behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors without direct reinforcement. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation.
Learning theories 1
1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving.
2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.
Social learning theory
Albert Bandura developed social learning theory which posits that people can learn through observation of others. The theory includes three core concepts: observational learning, modeling behavior, and reciprocal determinism. Bandura demonstrated observational learning through his famous Bobo doll experiment which showed children imitating aggressive behaviors they observed in adults. However, the experiment had some limitations and criticisms including questioning its real-world applicability and ethics. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that occurs in a social context with reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in 1961 to study social learning theory. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The children who observed aggression were much more likely to imitate that aggressive behavior when interacting with the doll themselves later, supporting the idea that learning can occur through observation. Social learning theory posits that learning is a cognitive process that occurs within a social context through observation, imitation of models, and internal mental states, rather than just behavioral conditioning.
Tolman theory
Tolman's purposive behaviorism theory posits that learning is always goal-directed and purposeful, not merely the formation of stimulus-response associations. According to Tolman, organisms form cognitive maps of their environment which allow them to navigate efficiently to goals. He demonstrated this concept through experiments showing that rats could learn maze patterns even without reinforcement, indicating latent or hidden learning had occurred through map formation. Tolman's theory moved beyond strict behaviorism to incorporate internal cognitive processes as mediators of learning and behavior.
Behaviorism
This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It describes two types of conditioning: classical conditioning described by Ivan Pavlov which involves involuntary reflex responses, and operant conditioning described by B.F. Skinner which involves reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors. While behaviorism provides practical techniques for shaping behavior, it is limited in not accounting for all types of learning and internal cognitive processes.
B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that focuses on how environmental interactions influence behavior. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which explains that behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. There are four principles of operant conditioning: immediacy of consequences, deprivation and satiation, contingency between behavior and consequence, and effectiveness being determined by size of consequence. Reinforcement and punishment are used to shape behaviors through positive or negative consequences.
Albert bandura and social learning theory
This document provides an overview of Albert Bandura and his social learning theory. Some key points:
- Bandura emphasized the importance of observational learning and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and reactions of others.
- He identified four processes involved in observational learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
- Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children's aggressive behaviors could be learned through observation.
- There are three core concepts of social learning theory: learning through observation, the role of internal mental states, and that learning does not always lead to behavioral changes.
Social cognitive theory
1. Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory which expanded on social learning theory to include cognitive factors like self-reflection.
2. In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that children learn aggression through observation and imitation of adult models. Children who observed aggressive adult models were more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors.
3. Social cognitive theory proposes three main ways that humans learn: through direct experience, by observing others, and through self-reflection.
Behaviorism Theory of Learning
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning. [1] Behaviorism assumes that learning is influenced by environmental stimuli and responses are reinforced through positive and negative consequences. [2] Important behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment. [3] Teachers can apply behaviorist principles by breaking tasks into small steps, providing clear instructions, and using positive reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory Bandura
The document discusses the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors of others. It defines observation as watching someone or something carefully to learn, and modeling as copying or learning from someone seen as competent. Modeling involves four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. The document suggests teachers should use vicarious reinforcement and model positive behaviors themselves to help students learn.
OPERANT CONDITIONING - SKINNER
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of behaviorism and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning looks at how behaviors are influenced by their consequences. Skinner showed that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement, like food rewards, will increase, while behaviors followed by punishment will decrease. He developed a Skinner box to experimentally demonstrate how rats learned behaviors that were reinforced. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to education by reinforcing desired student behaviors, like answering questions, with praise or approval, while ignoring unwanted behaviors.
Bandura
Social learning theory proposes that people learn from observing others. This theory, also called observational learning or social cognitive theory, examines how people acquire behaviors by watching the actions and consequences for others. Key aspects of this theory include modeling, where people imitate behaviors they observe in others, and vicarious learning, where observation of others being reinforced or punished for behaviors impacts one's own behavior. Self-regulation and self-modeling are also important concepts, as learning involves observing one's own behaviors and controlling reinforcement.
Social learning theory. chand s.
The social learning theory proposes that people learn through observing others. Key concepts include observational learning, imitation, and modeling. In a famous experiment by Bandura known as the Bobo doll experiment, children observed an adult model acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Those who observed aggression were more likely to imitate that behavior later. The experiment supported the theory that behaviors can be learned through observation and modeling.
Classical conditioning
power point presentation on classical conditioning theory-theory of classical conditioning-Pavlov's classical conditioning
Social Constructivism by Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory posits that culture provides cognitive tools like language and social context that influence cognitive development. According to this view, knowledge is constructed through social interactions and cultural influences. Effective social constructivist teaching strategies include collaborative learning, situated or anchored learning activities, and problem-solving approaches that engage students in realistic scenarios.
Observational learning
This ppt goes throught the 5 stages of Observational Learning & accompanies a Youtube clip made on this. See www.ePsychVCE.com for link
Cognitive learning theory
Presentation deals with the factors that impact on the learning process as posited by Piaget, Bloom, Bruner and Ausubel
Bandura’s Theory of Social Learning
A children learn through #Observation #Imitation & #Modelling also. In the process of #Education, this theory is very necessary for classroom situations.
#Social Learning Theory #Educational Psychology #Learning Theory #Observational learning #Social learning
Social Cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory developed by Albert Bandura posits that learning occurs through observation and imitation of behaviors. It recognizes that behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences interact in a process called reciprocal determinism. According to Bandura, there are four main stages of imitation: close contact, imitation of superiors, understanding concepts, and role model behavior. For effective modeling to occur, four conditions must be met: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Teachers can apply this theory in the classroom by modeling appropriate behaviors for students to observe and imitate, such as conversation skills or symbols for classroom management. Technology like instructional videos can also support students' observational learning.
Peter senge
Peter Senge proposes five disciplines that are important for learning organizations: 1) systems thinking which is a conceptual framework to understand how things are interconnected and how to effectively change them, 2) personal mastery which is developing one's vision through spiritual and personal growth, 3) mental models which are the assumptions and generalizations that influence how we see the world, 4) building a shared vision which involves uncovering a common vision for the future, and 5) team learning where learning occurs through dialogue and teams thinking and learning together.
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Operant Conditioning
This document discusses operant conditioning and how it influences learning and behavior. It defines operant conditioning as a method of learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behaviors are strengthened when followed by positive reinforcement or escape from negative reinforcement, and weakened when followed by punishment. The document uses B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats in a Skinner Box as a classic example of how operant conditioning shapes behavior through variable schedules of reinforcement and punishment.
Social learning theory
Bandura's social learning theory posits that people learn through observing others within a social context. The theory explains that learning can occur through observation of others' behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors without direct reinforcement. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation.
Learning theories 1
1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving.
2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.
Social learning theory
Albert Bandura developed social learning theory which posits that people can learn through observation of others. The theory includes three core concepts: observational learning, modeling behavior, and reciprocal determinism. Bandura demonstrated observational learning through his famous Bobo doll experiment which showed children imitating aggressive behaviors they observed in adults. However, the experiment had some limitations and criticisms including questioning its real-world applicability and ethics. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that occurs in a social context with reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in 1961 to study social learning theory. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The children who observed aggression were much more likely to imitate that aggressive behavior when interacting with the doll themselves later, supporting the idea that learning can occur through observation. Social learning theory posits that learning is a cognitive process that occurs within a social context through observation, imitation of models, and internal mental states, rather than just behavioral conditioning.
Tolman theory
Tolman's purposive behaviorism theory posits that learning is always goal-directed and purposeful, not merely the formation of stimulus-response associations. According to Tolman, organisms form cognitive maps of their environment which allow them to navigate efficiently to goals. He demonstrated this concept through experiments showing that rats could learn maze patterns even without reinforcement, indicating latent or hidden learning had occurred through map formation. Tolman's theory moved beyond strict behaviorism to incorporate internal cognitive processes as mediators of learning and behavior.
Behaviorism
This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It describes two types of conditioning: classical conditioning described by Ivan Pavlov which involves involuntary reflex responses, and operant conditioning described by B.F. Skinner which involves reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors. While behaviorism provides practical techniques for shaping behavior, it is limited in not accounting for all types of learning and internal cognitive processes.
B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that focuses on how environmental interactions influence behavior. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which explains that behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. There are four principles of operant conditioning: immediacy of consequences, deprivation and satiation, contingency between behavior and consequence, and effectiveness being determined by size of consequence. Reinforcement and punishment are used to shape behaviors through positive or negative consequences.
Albert bandura and social learning theory
This document provides an overview of Albert Bandura and his social learning theory. Some key points:
- Bandura emphasized the importance of observational learning and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and reactions of others.
- He identified four processes involved in observational learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
- Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children's aggressive behaviors could be learned through observation.
- There are three core concepts of social learning theory: learning through observation, the role of internal mental states, and that learning does not always lead to behavioral changes.
Social cognitive theory
1. Albert Bandura developed social cognitive theory which expanded on social learning theory to include cognitive factors like self-reflection.
2. In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that children learn aggression through observation and imitation of adult models. Children who observed aggressive adult models were more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors.
3. Social cognitive theory proposes three main ways that humans learn: through direct experience, by observing others, and through self-reflection.
Behaviorism Theory of Learning
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning. [1] Behaviorism assumes that learning is influenced by environmental stimuli and responses are reinforced through positive and negative consequences. [2] Important behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment. [3] Teachers can apply behaviorist principles by breaking tasks into small steps, providing clear instructions, and using positive reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory Bandura
The document discusses the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors of others. It defines observation as watching someone or something carefully to learn, and modeling as copying or learning from someone seen as competent. Modeling involves four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. The document suggests teachers should use vicarious reinforcement and model positive behaviors themselves to help students learn.
OPERANT CONDITIONING - SKINNER
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of behaviorism and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning looks at how behaviors are influenced by their consequences. Skinner showed that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement, like food rewards, will increase, while behaviors followed by punishment will decrease. He developed a Skinner box to experimentally demonstrate how rats learned behaviors that were reinforced. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to education by reinforcing desired student behaviors, like answering questions, with praise or approval, while ignoring unwanted behaviors.
Bandura
Social learning theory proposes that people learn from observing others. This theory, also called observational learning or social cognitive theory, examines how people acquire behaviors by watching the actions and consequences for others. Key aspects of this theory include modeling, where people imitate behaviors they observe in others, and vicarious learning, where observation of others being reinforced or punished for behaviors impacts one's own behavior. Self-regulation and self-modeling are also important concepts, as learning involves observing one's own behaviors and controlling reinforcement.
Social learning theory. chand s.
The social learning theory proposes that people learn through observing others. Key concepts include observational learning, imitation, and modeling. In a famous experiment by Bandura known as the Bobo doll experiment, children observed an adult model acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Those who observed aggression were more likely to imitate that behavior later. The experiment supported the theory that behaviors can be learned through observation and modeling.
Classical conditioning
power point presentation on classical conditioning theory-theory of classical conditioning-Pavlov's classical conditioning
Social Constructivism by Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory posits that culture provides cognitive tools like language and social context that influence cognitive development. According to this view, knowledge is constructed through social interactions and cultural influences. Effective social constructivist teaching strategies include collaborative learning, situated or anchored learning activities, and problem-solving approaches that engage students in realistic scenarios.
Observational learning
This ppt goes throught the 5 stages of Observational Learning & accompanies a Youtube clip made on this. See www.ePsychVCE.com for link
Cognitive learning theory
Presentation deals with the factors that impact on the learning process as posited by Piaget, Bloom, Bruner and Ausubel
Bandura’s Theory of Social Learning
A children learn through #Observation #Imitation & #Modelling also. In the process of #Education, this theory is very necessary for classroom situations.
#Social Learning Theory #Educational Psychology #Learning Theory #Observational learning #Social learning
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Social Cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory developed by Albert Bandura posits that learning occurs through observation and imitation of behaviors. It recognizes that behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences interact in a process called reciprocal determinism. According to Bandura, there are four main stages of imitation: close contact, imitation of superiors, understanding concepts, and role model behavior. For effective modeling to occur, four conditions must be met: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Teachers can apply this theory in the classroom by modeling appropriate behaviors for students to observe and imitate, such as conversation skills or symbols for classroom management. Technology like instructional videos can also support students' observational learning.
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Peter Senge proposes five disciplines that are important for learning organizations: 1) systems thinking which is a conceptual framework to understand how things are interconnected and how to effectively change them, 2) personal mastery which is developing one's vision through spiritual and personal growth, 3) mental models which are the assumptions and generalizations that influence how we see the world, 4) building a shared vision which involves uncovering a common vision for the future, and 5) team learning where learning occurs through dialogue and teams thinking and learning together.
Social Cognitive Learning Perspective
Social Cognitive Learning Perspective focuses on key components that determine behavior, including personal and environmental variables. Walter Mischel's cognitive social learning theory emphasizes the importance of cognition, behavior, and the environment. Mischel proposed the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) which integrates dispositions, processing dynamics, and behavioral signatures to understand personality in a meaningful way. Julian Rotter's cognitive social learning theory focuses on expectancy, reinforcement value, locus of control, and need theory to predict behaviors. Both Mischel and Rotter emphasize the interaction between traits and situations in determining behaviors.
skinner behaviourism
B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner’s life and his understanding of life Predetermined, lawful, and orderly
A product of past reinforcements
1925: Hamilton College (NY): degree in English, no courses in psychology
Read about Pavlov’s and Watson’s experimental work
1931: Ph.D. from Harvard
B. F. Skinner
Dissertation: a reflex is a correlation between
S and R
1938: The Behavior of Organisms
1953: Science and Human Behavior
1990: Vigorously attacked the growth of cognitive
psychology
1990 (final article): "Can Psychology Be a Science
of Mind?"
cognitive learning theory
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Cognitive learning theory explains how the brain processes and interprets information during learning. Key cognitive learning models include:
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- Ausubel model which focuses on verbal learning and meaning-making.
- Gagne model which identifies 5 types of learning and 9 levels of instruction.
- Bruner model which sees learning progressing from physical actions to images to symbolic thought.
Constructivism views learning as a self-regulated process where learners build on prior knowledge through active participation and social interaction. It encourages learner-centered activities and collaborative work.
Theories of Motivation
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs before moving on to safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs. Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishes between motivators like achievement and responsibility that create job satisfaction, and hygiene factors like company policies that prevent dissatisfaction. Both theories have been widely studied but lack strong evidence and may oversimplify human motivation, which can vary between individuals and cultures. Overall, they recognize motivation as internal rather than dependent solely on external factors.
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The document discusses key aspects of an effective learning environment for students. It emphasizes that the learning environment should include a well-arranged classroom with comfortable furniture, adequate space, and displays for student work. The classroom should also be clean, well-lit, ventilated, and free from distractions. Positive interactions between the teacher and students are important to create a conducive atmosphere for learning. An ideal learning environment encourages active learning, discovery of personal meaning, differences in students, tolerance of mistakes, and cooperative self-evaluation.
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2. The ABC model of attitudes, which describes the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitudes. Attitudes are formed through social learning and direct experience.
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Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory proposes that people can learn through observation of others. Key points of the theory include that observation allows learning without a change in behavior, cognition plays a role, and behaviors can be learned from live or symbolic models. For learning to occur through observation, one must pay attention, retain information, be able to reproduce behaviors, and be motivated. Factors like self-efficacy and self-regulation also influence what behaviors are learned and performed. The theory has implications for teaching new behaviors and increasing desirable behaviors through modeling.
Report in bm BY ROSEMARY D. ADVINCULA
This document discusses key concepts in organizational behavior and individual behavior. It aims to define biographical characteristics, identify types of reinforcement, and clarify the role of punishment in learning. Specifically, it focuses on visible and hidden aspects of organizational behavior, goals of OB like employee productivity and absenteeism, biographical factors like age and gender, types of reinforcement like positive and negative reinforcement, and applications of behavior modification in organizations.
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Fenn rodhesooylearningtheories
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Theories on factors affecting motivation
This document discusses several theories of motivation:
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2. Self-efficacy theory states that a sense of competence and belief in one's abilities increases motivation. Strategies to enhance self-efficacy are outlined.
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Observational Learning Theory and Its Application.pdf
Observational learning theory, also known as social learning theory or modeling, is a psychological theory developed by Albert Bandura that explains how people learn new behaviors by observing others. His work was published in 1977 book titled Social Learning Theory. According to this theory, learning can occur through direct experience or through the observation of others' actions, behaviors, and the consequences they experience.
Consumer Attitudes and Beliefs
This document discusses consumer attitudes and beliefs. It defines attitudes and lists their key characteristics, including that they have an object, are learned, and have behavioral, evaluative, and affective components. It also discusses the functions of attitudes and how they are learned through classical and operant conditioning as well as cognitive processes. Several models of attitudes are described, including the tri-component model involving cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects. The document also covers cognitive dissonance theory and attribution theory as they relate to understanding attitudes. Finally, it discusses how marketing strategies can appeal to and influence consumer attitudes.
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Albert Bandura developed social learning theory which proposes that people learn through observing others. His theory includes 4 main processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment demonstrating how children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe. Self-efficacy, one's belief in their ability to succeed, influences whether modeling turns into action. Sources of self-efficacy include performance attainment, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional states. Bandura's social learning theory explains much human behavior and is widely applied in behavior modification.
Unit 2
This document provides an overview of individual behavior and personality in organizational behavior. It discusses several key topics:
1. The foundations of individual behavior including ability, which has intellectual and physical dimensions. It also discusses biographical characteristics like age, gender, race, and others that can impact work.
2. Learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. It also discusses concepts like reinforcement, shaping, and behavior modification.
3. Models of personality like traits, Myers-Briggs types, and the Big Five. It describes traits like extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness.
4. Theories of personality including
Reflective Practice
Reflective practice is a discipline that ensures we give adequate time and attention to reflection in the learning cycle. It is necessary for the development of wisdom, and wisdom is necessary for effective change.
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unit-2, Bandura SLT & SCLT. This is basically about the learning theory .
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Social cognitive learning theory
- 1. Social CognitiveSocial Cognitive Learning TheoryLearning Theory
- 2. What factors influence learning? • Environmental – Friends • Cognitive – examples
- 3. General Principles • Learning occurs from watching others • Learning can occur without a change in behavior (Observation without imitation) • Consequences of behavior play a role in learning • Cognition plays a role in learning
- 4. Social Cognitive Perspective on Reinforcement and Punishment • As with behaviorism, R & P are environmental factors that shape behavior • Behavior is learned through observation & then expressed (imitated) through modeling
- 5. Cognitive Factors • Cognitive processing (thinking) is occurring during learning – Attention to actions – Mental rehearsal of actions – Develop verbal and visual representations of actions
- 6. Cognitive Factors (cont.) • Expectations – About outcomes of the behavior – About ability to perform successfully (self- efficacy beliefs) • Awareness of Contingencies – Realization that the behavior is related to certain punishment OR reinforcement. Leads to increase of decrease in frequency in behavior
- 7. Cognitive Factors (cont.) Self-Efficacy Beliefs • Beliefs about one’s ability or capacity to execute a behavior successfully • Influences several aspects of behavior, including – Choice of activities – Goals – Effort and persistence – Learning and achievement
- 8. Observational LearningObservational Learning Or ModelingOr Modeling Learning that occurs throughLearning that occurs through watching the behavior of otherswatching the behavior of others
- 9. R & P & Modeling • Observer reinforced by model • Observer reinforced by 3rd person • Imitation or modeling itself leads to reinforcement • What happens to the model affects observer’s behavior (vicarious consequences)
- 10. What’s going on here?
- 11. The Effects of Modeling on the Observer • Teaches new behaviors • Influences frequency of previously learned behaviors • Increases the frequency of similar behaviors • Encourage previously forbidden behaviors
- 12. Characteristics of Effective Models • The model – Is competent – Has prestige and power – Behaves in ways that are consistent with the observer’s gender identification – Exhibits behavior relevant to the observer’s situation
- 13. Your Turn: Dangerous Minds Videoclip • Look for Models – What characteristics do they have? – Look for reinforcers for the models AND for the observers