,
personality and values
,
what is personality?
,
personality determinants
,
personality traits
,
the myers-briggs type indicator
,
hofstede’s framework: masculinity
,
hofstede’s framework: time orientation
,
how do the big five traits predict behavior?
,
more relevant personality traits
,
linking personality and values to the workplace
,
classifying values – rokeach value survey
Perception and individual decision makingfaizaperbanas
Perception and individual decision making :
-Perception and factors that influence perception
-Person Perception : Making Judgement about others
-Link between perception and individual decision making
-How should the decision be made?
-How are decision actually made in organizations?
-Ethics in decision making
-Improving creativity in decision making
,
personality and values
,
what is personality?
,
personality determinants
,
personality traits
,
the myers-briggs type indicator
,
hofstede’s framework: masculinity
,
hofstede’s framework: time orientation
,
how do the big five traits predict behavior?
,
more relevant personality traits
,
linking personality and values to the workplace
,
classifying values – rokeach value survey
Perception and individual decision makingfaizaperbanas
Perception and individual decision making :
-Perception and factors that influence perception
-Person Perception : Making Judgement about others
-Link between perception and individual decision making
-How should the decision be made?
-How are decision actually made in organizations?
-Ethics in decision making
-Improving creativity in decision making
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
learning and ,motivation, nature of learning, characteristics, factors affecting learning,
domains of learning, educational implications of theories of learning
I was assigned to be a moderator for one week in the Psych.Foundations of Education course that I am taking this semester. I prepared this presentation as an overview of Social Cognitive Views of Learning, the topic that was discussed during that week.
Teaching and learning theories from EDLE 5010jistudents
Directions:
Imagine you are the principal in a school with a large influx of new teachers who have been prepared to use constructivist teaching strategies and to distrust direct instruction. Your older teachers, on the other hand, are the opposite – they distrust the new constructivist approaches and believe strongly in “traditional teaching.”
Prepare a 20 minute (or longer) discussion/presentation about different theories of teaching and learning, including direct instruction. Include a PowerPoint presentation with recorded audio on the strengths and weaknesses of each of the learning perspectives discussed in this chapter –behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist. Be sure to discuss the situations for which the behavioral approach is best. Give at least one example for each approach. Make sure that during your presentation, you:
Consider the pros and cons of direct instruction
Contrast direct instruction with a constructivist approach to teaching
Examine under what situations each approach is appropriate
Propose and defend a balanced approach to teaching.
This is a wonderful information and cite the author if you are using it in your presentation. Thank you for checking it out.
Mini project 2 --teaching and learning theoriesjistudents
Directions:
Imagine you are the principal in a school with a large influx of new teachers who have been prepared to use constructivist teaching strategies and to distrust direct instruction. Your older teachers, on the other hand, are the opposite – they distrust the new constructivist approaches and believe strongly in “traditional teaching.”
Prepare a 20 minute (or longer) discussion/presentation about different theories of teaching and learning, including direct instruction. Include a PowerPoint presentation with recorded audio on the strengths and weaknesses of each of the learning perspectives discussed in this chapter –behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist. Be sure to discuss the situations for which the behavioral approach is best. Give at least one example for each approach. Make sure that during your presentation, you:
Consider the pros and cons of direct instruction
Contrast direct instruction with a constructivist approach to teaching
Examine under what situations each approach is appropriate
Propose and defend a balanced approach to teaching.
This is a wonderful information and cite the author if you are using it in your presentation. Thank you for checking it out.
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2. Define learning and identify the underlying theories and types of
learning.
Define perception and identify the factors that influence perception.
Explain the Attribution Theory.
Describe the common attribution errors.
Explain how attribution influence behaviors.
OBJECTIVES
4. What is Learning?
Acquiring a complex set of skills as a result of change that
comes from learning. It is a permanent change in behavior or
knowledge due to experience.
Knowledge or skill gained from learning.
• Examples:
A computer program that makes learning fun.
Different methods of foreign language learning.
The first year of college was learning experience.
5. What is Learning?
• Learning is much deeper than memorization and information
recall.
• It involves understanding, relating ideas and making
connections between prior and new knowledge, independent
and critical thinking and ability to transfer knowledge to new
different contexts.
6. What is Learning?
• “Learning is not something done to students ,but rather
something students themselves do”
• Students needs opportunities to develop interpersonal and
social skills that are important for professional and personal
success.
Examples of these skills are:
Teamwork
Effective communication
Conflict resolution
Creative thinking
7. Types of Learning
Non-associative learning
-relatively permanent change in the strength of response
to single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that
stimulus.changes due to such factors as sensory adaptation ,
fatigue, or injury do not qualify as non-associative learning.
Associative learning
-a Process by which a person or an animal learns an
association between two stimuli.
8. Types of Learning
Observational learning
-is the learning that occurs through observing the
behaviors of others
Imprinting
-is a kind of learning occurring at a particular life stage that
is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of
behavior
9. Types of Learning
Enculturation-process by which people learn values and behaviors that
are appropriate or necessary in their surrounding culture
Episodic learning-is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of an
event
Multimedia learning-is where a person uses both auditory and visual
stimuli to learn information
E-learning and augmented learning-computer enhanced learning .
M-learning-which uses different mobile tele communications equipment
such as cellular phones.
Augmented learning-when a learner interacts with the e- learning
environment
10. Theories of Learning
• Learning theories are an organized setoff principles explaining how
individuals acquire, retain and recall knowledge.by studying and knowing
the different learning theories , we can better understand how learning
occurs. The learning principles of theories can be used as guidelines to
help select instructional tools , techniques and strategies that are
essential.
• The three learning theories are:
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
constructivism
11. Behaviorism (B.F Skinner and the concept of operant
conditioning)
• Behaviorism theorist believe that knowledge exist independently
and outside of people.
• The view the learners as a blank slate who must be provided by
the experience
• Behaviorist believe thet learning actually occurs when new
behaviors or changes in behaviors are acquired through
associations between stimuli and responses
• Thus, association leads to change in behavior
12. Behaviorism (B.F Skinner and the concept of operant
conditioning)
• Behavior theorist define learning simply as the acquisition of a
new behavior or change in behavior
• The theory is that learning begins when a cue or stimulus from
the environment is presented and the learner reacts to the
stimulus with some types of response.
• Consequencies that reinforce the desired behavior are
arranged to follow the desired behavior(Ex.study for a test and
get a good grades)
• Teachers use behaviorism when they reward or punish
students behaviors.
13. Behaviorism (B.F Skinner and the concept of operant
conditioning)
Drill/Rote work
Repetitive practice
Bonus points(Providing an incentive to do more)
Participation points(Providing an incentive to participate)
Verbal reinforcement(saying Good job)
Establishing rules
14. Types of Behavioral Learning
Classical conditioning(Ivan Pavlov)- association is made
between two stimuli
Operant conditioning-(B.F Skinner) - punishment
Reinforcement-is a consequence that increases the likelihood as
a response will occur.by using reinforcement, you are trying to
increase a behavior
Two types of reinforcement:
Positive
Negative
15. Types of Behavioral Learning
Punishment-is a consequence that decreases the likelihood a
response will occur.if you are using punishment you are trying to
decrease a behavior
positive
negative
16. Cognitivism(uses thinking to learn)
The cognitive learning theory explains why the brain is the most
incredible network of information processing and interpretation in
the body as we learn things.
1. Social cognitive Theory-states that when people observe a
model performing a behavior and the consequencies of that
behavior
2. Cognitive behavioral theory-is the assumption that cognitive
activity and behavior are different,indeed several authors have
regarded cognitive activity as a subcategory of behavior
17. Constructivism
• a secular religion or at least a powerful folktale about the origin
of human knowledge
• new orthodoxy of science education
• Constructivist theory has inspired reform at all levels of
educational system
• Rejects the idea of pure science
• Theory is based on the belief in the uncertainty of even scientific
knowledge
19. What is Perception?
• Defined as the process which people select , organize, interpret
, retrieve and respond to information from their environment
Perceiver factors
Target factors
Situation factors
Factors affecting Perceptions:
20. What is Perception?
Factors influencing perceptions:
1.The Perceiver
His past experience
His needs or motives
His personality
His values and attitudes
21. Process of Perception
The environment
Information
Select organize , Interpret, Retrieve, Response
People
26. What is an Attribution?
• Attribution is the process of explaining the behaviors of others.
It is the process by which individuals explain the causes of
behavior and events.
“Teacher Monica is angry.”
27. What is an Attribution?
• Humans assign causes to actions and behaviors.
• Psychological research into attribution began with the work of
Fritz Heider in the early part of the 20th century, subsequently
developed by others such as Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner.
28. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
• Attribution theory is concerned with how and why ordinary
people explain events as they do.
• Explains the ways in which we judge people diofferently.
• We attempt to determine if the behavior is caused
INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY.
30. TYPES OF ATTRIBUTION:
The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some internal
characteristic, rather than to outside forces.
personality traits,
motives or
beliefs.
Internal Attribution
31. TYPES OF ATTRIBUTION:
The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or
event outside a person's control rather than to some internal
characteristic.
situational or environment features.
External Attribution
32. Let’s try!
“A teacher comes late to school.”
Went to sleep late or because of oversleeping.
Traffic, Accident or Tire Punction
Internal Attribution
External Attribution
33. Let’s try!
“A straight A student fails at her math exam
for the first time.”
The student became too lazy to study.
The teacher’s teaching strategy is not at par his level
or the teacher is so boring or she didn’t study for the
exam.
Internal Attribution
External Attribution
34. TYPES OF ATTRIBUTION:
An event or behavior is due to unchanging, stable factors.
Intelligence
Ability
Stable Attribution
An event or behavior is due to unstable, temporary factors.
Luck
Efforts
Unstable Attribution
35. TYPES OF ATTRIBUTION:
Success can be altered or influenced if you wish to do so.
Efforts
Mood
Controllable Attribution
Success can’t be easily altered or influenced.
Ability
Uncontrollable Attribution
36. Three Evidence of Covariation Model
• Distinctiveness
- Whether an individual displays different behavior in
different situations.
- UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR = EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
- USUAL BEHAVIOR = INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
37. Let’s try!
“A regular worker, who is never late to the
work, came late today.”
- UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR = Being late TODAY.
EXTERNAL!
38. Let’s try!
“A regular worker comes to work everyday.”
- USUAL BEHAVIOR = Coming to work late ALWAYS.
INTERNAL!
39. Three Evidences of Covariation Model
• Consensus
– People facing similar situation respond in a same way.
- HIGH CONSENSES= EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
- LOW CONSENSUS = INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
40. Let’s try!
“You didn’t do your homework due to less
time but your other classmates manage to do
it.”
- CONSENSUS IS LOW= only you didn’t do the homework
INTERNAL!
41. Let’s try!
“You didn’t do your homework due to less
time but your other classmates manage to do
it.”
- CONSENSUS IS LOW= only you didn’t do the homework
INTERNAL!
42. Let’s try!
“Nobody in your class submitted the
homework.”
- CONSENSUS IS HIGH= All of you didn’t do the homework
EXTERNAL!
43. Three Evidence of Covariation Model
• Consistency
-how much consistent a person’s actions are.
-INCONSISTENT = EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
-CONSISTENT= INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
44. Let’s try!
“A student comes late to class everyday.”
- CONSISTENT= being late everyday
INTERNAL!
45. Let’s try!
“A student comes late to class once in a long
while.”
- INCONSISTENT= being only once in few months
EXTERNAL!
46. Common Attribution Errors
• “The problem is that attributions don’t always accurately represent
reality.”
• As Fritz Heider says, "our perceptions of causality are often
distorted by our needs and certain cognitive biases".
• While people strive to find reasons for behaviors, they fall into
many traps of biases and errors.
47. Attributional Bias and Errors
• Fundamental attribution error
- describes the habit to misunderstand dispositional or
personality-based explanations for behavior instead
considering external factors.
Example: A person is overweight.
• a person's first assumption might be that they have a
problem with overeating or are lazy and not that they
might have a medical reason for being heavier set.
48.
49. Attributional Bias and Errors
• Culture bias
- someone makes an assumption about the behavior of a
person based on their cultural practices and beliefs.
1. Individualist cultures
Success = internal factors; Failure= external factors.
1. collectivist cultures
Failure = internal factors; Success= external factors.
50. Attributional Bias and Errors
• Self-serving bias
- Self-serving bias is attributing dispositional and internal
factors for success, while external and uncontrollable factors are
used to explain the reason for failure.
Example: A person gets promoted.
• Promoted- because of his/her ability and competence.
• Not promoted - because his/her manager does not like
him/her (external, uncontrollable factor).”
51. Attributional Bias and Errors
• Dispositional attributions
- Dispositional attribution is a tendency to attribute
people's behaviors to their dispositions; that is, to their
personality, character, and ability.
Example: A normally pleasant waiter is being rude to his/her
customer.
• The customer may assume he/she has a bad temper.
• The customer, just by looking at the attitude that the waiter is
giving him/her, instantly decides that the waiter is a bad
person.”
52. Attributional Bias and Errors
• Dispositional attributions
- Therefore, the customer made dispositional attribution
by attributing the waiter's behavior directly to his/her personality
rather than considering situational factors that might have caused
the whole "rudeness".
53. Three (3) Attribute Styles
• Optimistic.
- attribute negative outcomes to external events and
positive outcomes to internal events.
A student, therefore, will attribute failure on an exam to something
outside of themselves.
- Success would be attributed to their own effort, superior
preparation and stable measures such as innate intelligence.
54. Three (3) Attribute Styles
• Pessimistic.
- tend towards explaining negative outcomes in terms of
internal and stable factors.
A student who fails an exam would attribute their failure to something
about themselves and to something they couldn’t change (such as their
level of intelligence).
- In the event of success they would attribute the outcome to
something external and unstable such as luck.
55. Three (3) Attribute Styles
• Hostile.
- tends towards blaming external factors for undesirable
outcomes. This blame can manifest itself in hostility towards the
external entity seen to be responsible.
A student, therefore, might become hostile towards a teacher they
believe is responsible for his failure.
56. Kelley's Covariation Model
– a logical model for judging whether a particular action should be
attributed to some characteristic (internal) of the person or the
environment (external).
– Proposed by Harold Kelley
– Covariation simply means that a person has information from
multiple observations, at different times and situations, and
can perceive the covariation of an observed effect and its
causes.
57. Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
Others
• Stereotyping
- Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of
the group which that person belongs.
• Halo Effect
- One attribute is used to develop a whole perception of a
person or situation.
58. Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
Others
• Contrast Effect
- Evaluation of a person’s characteristics are affected by
comparisons with other people.
• Selective Perception
- Happens when a person selectively interprets what he
sees on the basis of his interests, background,
experience, and attitudes.