This document discusses individual processes in organizations, including perception, attitudes, and personality. It covers key topics such as: 1. Factors that influence social perception, including target characteristics, perceiver characteristics, and situational characteristics. Common barriers to social perception are also identified. 2. The ABC model of attitudes, which describes the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitudes. Attitudes are formed through social learning and direct experience. 3. Major personality theories and traits, including the big five personality traits. Locus of control, self-efficacy, self-esteem and other traits influence behavior in organizations. Personality tests and measures that can be applied in organizations are also discussed.

1. EDUC 608 Organizational Behavior Analysis and Development
RICHARD M. BAÑEZ
Presenter
ELSA C. CALLO, Ed.D.
Professor
PART II INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN ORGANIZATION
Perception, Attitude
and Personality

2. PART II INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN ORGANIZATION
Perception, Attitude and PersonalityLearningOutcomes
A Describe individual differences and explain
why they are important in understanding
organizational behavior
1 Define social perception and explain the factors
that affect it.
2 Identify five common barriers to social
perception.
3 Explain the ABC model of an attitude.
4 Describe how attitudes are formed.
5 Articulate key personality traits and explain how
they influence behavior in organizations.
6 Discuss how personality theories may be applied
in organizations.

3. Describe individual differences
and explain why they are
important in understanding
organizational behavior
A Learning Outcome

4. Variables Influencing Individual Behavior

5. Define social perception and
explain the factors that affect it.
1 Learning Outcome

6. Count the number of Fs in the
given sentence.
Activity 1
Finished files are the result of years of
scientific study combined with the
experience of years.

7. Social
Perception
Model
Social
Perception
Target Characteristics
• Physical appearance
• Verbal communication
• Nonverbal cues
• Intentions
Perceiver Characteristics
• Familiarity with target
• Attitudes/Mood
• Self-concept
• Cognitive structure
Situational Characteristics
• Interaction context
• Strength of situational cues
Barriers
• Selective perception
• Stereotyping
• First-impression error
• Projection
• Self-fulfilling prophecies

8. Identify five common barriers
to social perception.
2 Learning Outcome

9. Barriers to Social Perception
A. Selective Perception
B. Stereotype
C. First Impression Error
D. Projection
E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

10. Impression Management
The process by which individuals try
to control the impression others have
of them
A. Name dropping
B. Appearance
C. Self-description
D. Flattery
E. Favors
F. Agreement with opinion

11. Explain the ABC model of an
attitude.
3 Learning Outcome

12. Attitude
a psychological tendency expressed by
evaluating an entity with some degree
of favor or disfavor
Should poor
performance
be blamed
on “bad
attitude”?

13. Model of an Attitude

14. Cognitive Dissonance
a state of tension that is produced
when an individual experiences
conflict between attitudes and
behavior

15. Describe how attitudes are
formed.
4 Learning Outcome

16. Two Influences on Attitude
Formation
Social LearningDirect Experience

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Learning by
Observing a Model
• Focus on the model
• Retain what was
observed
• Reproduce the
behavior through
practice
• Be motivated
The learner must:

18. Attitude–Behavior
Correspondence Requirements
• Attitude Specificity
• Attitude Relevance
• Measurement Timing
• Personality Factors
• Social Constraints

19. Articulate key personality traits
and explain how they influence
behavior in organizations.
5 Learning Outcome

20. Personality
The relatively stable set of characteristics
that influences an individual’s behavior
and lend it consistency.

21. Personality Theories
Trait Theory – understand individuals by
breaking down behavior patterns into
observable traits
Psychodynamic Theory – emphasizes the
unconscious determinants of behavior
Humanistic Theory – emphasizes individual
growth and improvement
Integrative Approach – describes personality
as a composite of an individual’s
psychological processes

22. Big Five Personality Traits

23. Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
A strong
situation can
overwhelm the effects
of individual personalities
by providing strong cues
for appropriate behavior

24. Strong
personalities
will dominate
in a weak
situation
Personality Characteristics
in Organizations

25. Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
Locus of Control
Internal External
I control what
happens to me!
People and
circumstances
control my fate!

26. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All
rights reserved.
Self-Efficacy
beliefs and expectations about one’s
ability to accomplish a specific task
effectively

27. Personality Characteristics
in Organizations
Sources of self-efficacy
Prior experiences and prior success
Behavior models (observing success)
Persuasion
Assessment of current physical and
emotional capabilities

28. Self-Esteem
Success tends
to increase
self-esteem
Failure tends
to decrease
self-esteem

29. Self-Monitoring
Behavior based on cues
High self monitors
– flexible: adjust
behavior according to
the situation and the
behavior of others
– can appear
unpredictable and
inconsistent
Low self monitors
– act from internal
states rather than
from situational cues
– show consistency
– less likely to
respond to work
group norms or
supervisory
feedback

30. WHO IS MOST LIKELY TO. . .
Low self
monitors
High self
monitors
Get promoted
Change employers
Make a job-related
geographic move




31. The Role of Affect
Positive Affect – an individual’s
tendency to accentuate the positive
aspects of oneself, other people, and
the world in general
Negative Affect – an individual’s
tendency to accentuate the negative
aspects of oneself, other people, and
the world in general

32. Discuss how personality
theories may be applied in
organizations.
6 Learning Outcome

33. [Projective Test]
elicits an individual’s
response to abstract stimuli
[Behavioral Measures]
personality assessments
that involve observing an
individual’s behavior in a
controlled situation
Four Measures of Personality

34. [Self-Report Questionnaire]
assessment involving an individual’s
responses to questions
[Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI)]
instrument measuring Jung’s theory
of individual differences
Four Measures of Personality

35. [Based on Carl Jung’s theories]
– Human similarities/differences
understood by combining preferences
– No preferences better than others
– Understand, celebrate, and
appreciate differences
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

36. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
In the 1940’s, Myers and Briggs
developed the MBTI to understand
individual differences by analyzing
the combinations of preferences.

37. MBTI Preferences
Preferences Represents
Extraversion Introversion How one
re-energizes
Sensing Intuiting How one gathers
information
Thinking Feeling How one makes
decisions
Judging Perceiving How one orients to the
outer world

38. Uses of MBTI
• Understand different viewpoints of
others in the organization.
• Team building.
• Show benefits of diversity and
differences.