The document discusses the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors of others. It defines observation as watching someone or something carefully to learn, and modeling as copying or learning from someone seen as competent. Modeling involves four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. The document suggests teachers should use vicarious reinforcement and model positive behaviors themselves to help students learn.

1. Prepared by: (A4)
Nurul Syazana Binti Zainuddin
Amanina Zahirah Binti Zulkifle
Siti Hajar Binti Hassan

2.  The importance of observing, modeling the
behaviours, attitudes and emotional reaction of
others.
 Explains students behaviour in the
interaction between cognitive, behavioural,
and environmental influences.

4. The act of watching somebody
The act of watching somebody
or something carefully for a
or something carefully for a
period of time, especially to
period of time, especially to
learn something. (Oxford,2012)
learn something. (Oxford,2012)
Students learn through
Students learn through
vicarious experiences.
vicarious experiences.

5. The act of
The act of Children are more
copying
copying Children are more
likely to imitate the
somebody or
somebody or likely to imitate the
actions of others who
something.
something. actions of others who
seem competent,
(Oxford,2012)
(Oxford,2012) seem competent,
powerful, prestigious
powerful, prestigious
and enthusiastic.
and enthusiastic.
Eg: Adults, older
Eg: Adults, older
siblings, celebrities.
siblings, celebrities.

6. A person or
thing that is
considered an Modeling consists of
Modeling consists of
excellent 4 component
4 component
example of process : :Attention,
process Attention,
something. Retention,
Retention,
(Oxford,2012) Reproduction,
Reproduction,
Motivation
Motivation
Modeling describes the
process of learning or
acquiring new
information, skills, or
behavior through
observation

7. Attention : Retention :
Ensure the Process that
students’ pay involves in mental
attention. rehearsing.
Motivation : Production :
Practice the
behavior.

9. Use vicarious Model positive
Use vicarious behaviors
reinforcement
reinforcement himself.
Use high-achieving
and successful peers
as models.

11. Demonstrate
and teach good
behaviour.

12. The students tend to
compete themselves
with the classmates.

13. THANK YOU !