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This document introduces Habibur Rahman and their student ID number. It then discusses surface active substances, including their definition and how they lower the surface tension of water. It classifies surface active agents into four categories: cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic. Soap is introduced as a sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble. Hard soap is moderately soluble in water, soft soap dissolves in water, and insoluble soap is used as a lubricant. The cleaning action of soap is explained by how the hydrophobic tail dissolves in grease/oil/dirt while the hydrophilic head dissolves
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Soap
This document introduces Habibur Rahman and their department at BSMRSTU. It then discusses surface active substances, including their definition and classifications like cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic. Soap is explained as the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble. Hard soap is moderately soluble in water, soft soap dissolves in water, and insoluble soap is used as a lubricant. The cleaning action of soap is that the hydrophobic tail dissolves in grease while the hydrophilic head dissolves in water. Finally, the document outlines the raw materials and process for manufacturing soap through either hot or
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptx
surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. In the dyeing of textiles, surfactants help the dye penetrate the fabric evenly.
Soap and detergent,Soaps & Detergents
This document discusses soaps and detergents. It defines soaps as salts of fatty acids made from fats and oils through saponification. The cleaning action of soaps relies on hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the soap molecules. Detergents are similar to soaps but are more soluble in hard water. The document discusses the types of detergents and their advantages over soaps. It also discusses the raw materials and processes used to make soaps and detergents, as well as detergent builders.
Structure and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine
Structure, Preparation and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine
Detergent
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
Classification of surfactants
Surfactants can act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. This article mainly describes the classification of surfactants based on their different polar head groups. Visit http://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/surfactant-124.htm for more.
Detergent industry
Comprehensive overview of the detergent industry. The slides include the manufacturing process, different types of detergent, market trends and shifts.
HLB SCALE
The document provides information about short term training conducted at Oniosome Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., including topics covered such as calibration of glassware, determination of melting point and solubility of drugs, determination of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, friability, dissolution, disintegration, and UV spectroscopy. It then discusses the definition of HLB value, how it indicates the polarity of surfactant molecules on a scale of 1-40, and how lipophilic and hydrophilic portions of surfactant molecules affect oil and water solubility. Finally, it outlines methods for determining HLB values and requirements, and applications of surfactants based
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Soap
This document introduces Habibur Rahman and their department at BSMRSTU. It then discusses surface active substances, including their definition and classifications like cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic. Soap is explained as the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble. Hard soap is moderately soluble in water, soft soap dissolves in water, and insoluble soap is used as a lubricant. The cleaning action of soap is that the hydrophobic tail dissolves in grease while the hydrophilic head dissolves in water. Finally, the document outlines the raw materials and process for manufacturing soap through either hot or
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptx
surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. In the dyeing of textiles, surfactants help the dye penetrate the fabric evenly.
Soap and detergent,Soaps & Detergents
This document discusses soaps and detergents. It defines soaps as salts of fatty acids made from fats and oils through saponification. The cleaning action of soaps relies on hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the soap molecules. Detergents are similar to soaps but are more soluble in hard water. The document discusses the types of detergents and their advantages over soaps. It also discusses the raw materials and processes used to make soaps and detergents, as well as detergent builders.
Structure and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine
Structure, Preparation and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine
Detergent
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
Classification of surfactants
Surfactants can act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. This article mainly describes the classification of surfactants based on their different polar head groups. Visit http://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/surfactant-124.htm for more.
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Comprehensive overview of the detergent industry. The slides include the manufacturing process, different types of detergent, market trends and shifts.
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The document provides information about short term training conducted at Oniosome Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., including topics covered such as calibration of glassware, determination of melting point and solubility of drugs, determination of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, friability, dissolution, disintegration, and UV spectroscopy. It then discusses the definition of HLB value, how it indicates the polarity of surfactant molecules on a scale of 1-40, and how lipophilic and hydrophilic portions of surfactant molecules affect oil and water solubility. Finally, it outlines methods for determining HLB values and requirements, and applications of surfactants based
Soap & Detergent Making - A Guidebook for Making your own Soap
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Surfactants
The document defines surfactants as substances that decrease surface tension by absorbing to surfaces/interfaces. Surfactants have a hydrophilic group that attracts water and a hydrophobic group that repels water. This amphipathic structure allows surfactants to position at water-organic interfaces. Surfactants are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic), nonionic, or amphoteric depending on their head groups. Key properties include critical micelle concentration (CMC) and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Surfactants have many applications including detergents, personal care products, paints, food processing, and mining.
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Molecular rearrangements involving electron deficient nitrogen as an intermed...
The following slides presents molecular rearrangements involving electron deficient nitrogen as an intermediate. And electron deficient nitrogen intermediate is nitrene. Such molecular rearrangements are: Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement, Curtius rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement.
Applications of colloid
Colloids have many applications in pharmaceuticals as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and in coating and protecting solid dosages. They also occur naturally in proteins, tissues, and plant materials. Colloids play an important role in conventional water treatment processes like coagulation and flocculation to remove small particles and purify water. They are used in food products to form gels, emulsions, foams, and other colloidal structures. Colloids are important components of paints, inks, and other materials where they carry pigments and bind substances together.
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Diazonium salts are prepared by diazotisation of primary aromatic amines and are used in preparation of aryl halides, aryl nitriles,and azo dyes
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This document discusses complex fluids, which exhibit both liquid-like and solid-like properties. Complex fluids include polymeric solutions, gels, foams, and granular materials. They have heterogeneous structures with fluctuations across different length and time scales. When molecules in a polymeric solution or melt become sufficiently crosslinked, a gel transition occurs where a macroscopic cluster forms, localizing the molecules. The dynamics of particles in complex fluids are highly nonlinear and irregular, alternating between solid-like arrested states and fluid-like behavior depending on factors like density, temperature, and external forces inducing flow. While complex fluids are common in nature, their material properties are not fully understood and more research is still needed.
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Soaps are sodium or potassium salts formed from the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. Syndet bars, also called soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocoyl isethionate that are derived from coconut oil or sodium palmitate. Syndet bars have a lower pH of around 5.5 that is closer to skin's pH, making them milder cleansers than soaps which have a pH of 9-10. Common ingredients in syndet bars include sodium cocoyl isethionate, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate.
Interfacial phenomena
This document discusses interfacial phenomena, including the definition of interfaces and interfacial phases. It describes different types of interfaces that can exist depending on whether the two adjacent phases are solid, liquid, or gas. Importance in pharmacy includes drug adsorption, penetration through membranes, emulsion formation and stability, and dispersion of insoluble particles. Surface and interfacial tension are explained, as well as measurement methods. The document also covers surface active agents, electric properties of interfaces like zeta potential, adsorption at liquid interfaces, and micelle formation.
Buffers in Pharmacy
Here are potential responses to the study questions:
Define the following terms:
- Ionization: The process by which an atom or molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons.
- Buffer capacity: The ability of a solution to resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or base. It depends on the buffer composition and concentration.
- In-vivo: Occurring or taking place inside a living organism.
Considering a practical process, illustrate the procedural significance of buffer systems in moderation of the reactions of a solution system:
Buffer systems are important in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain the pH within an optimal range for drug stability, solubility, and to minimize irritation upon administration.
micelle and surfactant
This document discusses surfactants and micelle formation. It defines surfactants as compounds that lower surface tension between liquids and between liquids and solids. Surfactants are amphiphilic, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Micelles are spherical aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in aqueous solutions above a critical concentration known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The document classifies surfactants as ionic, nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic and discusses their structures. It also outlines common uses of surfactants and types of micelles that can form.
Carboxylic acid structure & uses
Carboxylic acids have many uses. Acetic acid is used to make plastics, rayon, and vinegar. It is also used as a preservative and antiseptic. Citric acid is used as a flavoring and preservative in foods and drinks. Lactic acid is used in food preservation, leather tanning, and textile dyeing. Tartaric acid is used in medicines and industrial applications like metal cleaning.
Concept of MIcelle & CMC
This document discusses micelles and critical micelle concentration (CMC). It defines micelles as aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in solution above the CMC. The CMC is the minimum concentration of surfactant needed for spontaneous micelle formation. Above the CMC, additional surfactant molecules do not affect properties but may change micelle size or shape. The document outlines factors that influence the CMC like temperature, electrolytes, and hydrocarbon chain length. Micelles can solubilize hydrophobic compounds in their cores and increase drug solubility. The formation of micelles allows modification of drug release profiles and improved drug stability.
Multiple emulsion
“Emulsion of emulsion”, “double or triple emulsion”
Dispersed phase contain smaller droplets that have the same composition as the external phase.
Liquid film which separate the liquid phases acts as a thin semi permeable film through which solute must diffuse in order to travel from one phase to another – “Liquid Membrane System”
Two types: -
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion system.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system.
SURFACTANTS_Types & Uses
This document provides an overview of surfactants, including their classification, production, uses, and market shares. It discusses the main classes of surfactants - anionic, nonionic, and cationic - and examples of each. It outlines the historical development of the surfactant industry, from soap production in the 1940s to the rise of synthetic detergents and changing raw material sources. Currently, the global production of surfactants is approximately 40 million tons per year, with anionic surfactants like soaps and sulfonates making up around 50% of the market and nonionic surfactants comprising about 45%.
Multiple and microemulsions
This document provides an overview of microemulsions and multiple emulsions. It defines microemulsions as thermodynamically stable, optically isotropic and clear dispersions of oil and water stabilized by an amphiphile. Three types of microemulsions are described: oil-in-water, water-in-oil, and bi-continuous. Preparation methods and characterization of microemulsions are also outlined. Multiple emulsions involve a second level of emulsification, forming either oil-in-water-in-oil or water-in-oil-in-water dispersions. Common preparation techniques for multiple emulsions include two-step emulsification and phase inversion methods.
soap ppt (1).pptx
This document introduces Habibur Rahman and their department at BSMRSTU. It then discusses surface active substances, including their definition and classifications. It explains that soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble soaps depending on their solubility and metal cation. The document outlines the cleaning action of soaps and describes the hot and cold manufacturing processes for making soap, including required raw materials.
Surface active Substance
This document provides information about surface active substances and soap. It defines surface active substances as substances that lower the surface tension of water. It classifies surface active agents into four categories: cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic. Soap is defined as the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids like stearic acid or oleic acid. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble. The document also describes the cleaning action of soap and provides an overview of the manufacture of soap through both hot and cold processes.
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The document defines surfactants as substances that decrease surface tension by absorbing to surfaces/interfaces. Surfactants have a hydrophilic group that attracts water and a hydrophobic group that repels water. This amphipathic structure allows surfactants to position at water-organic interfaces. Surfactants are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic), nonionic, or amphoteric depending on their head groups. Key properties include critical micelle concentration (CMC) and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Surfactants have many applications including detergents, personal care products, paints, food processing, and mining.
Shaving preparations
This document discusses shaving preparations, including properties, types of products, definitions, and formulations. It covers preparations used before shaving such as shaving soaps, creams, gels, and aerosols. It also discusses aftershave preparations and their types. Key details include the main ingredients in shaving soaps like stearic acid and coconut oil, properties preparations should have, and examples of marketed products.
Chemistry of Aromatic acid
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Microbial spoilage, stability of products. - Microbiology 1st
Microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products can occur through microbial or non-microbial means. Microbial spoilage involves contamination by microbes like bacteria, molds, and fungi, leading to unsafe or low quality products. Non-microbial spoilage includes chemical reactions, enzymatic changes, and physical damage. Many factors influence microbial spoilage, including the type and size of contaminants, nutritional components, water activity, temperature, pH, redox potential, and packaging design. Sources of contamination include air, personnel, equipment, and facilities. Assessment of contamination and spoilage is done through microbial quality control tests.
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage form
This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Molecular rearrangements involving electron deficient nitrogen as an intermed...
The following slides presents molecular rearrangements involving electron deficient nitrogen as an intermediate. And electron deficient nitrogen intermediate is nitrene. Such molecular rearrangements are: Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement, Curtius rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement.
Applications of colloid
Colloids have many applications in pharmaceuticals as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and in coating and protecting solid dosages. They also occur naturally in proteins, tissues, and plant materials. Colloids play an important role in conventional water treatment processes like coagulation and flocculation to remove small particles and purify water. They are used in food products to form gels, emulsions, foams, and other colloidal structures. Colloids are important components of paints, inks, and other materials where they carry pigments and bind substances together.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-10) (Physicochemical properti...
DISSOCIATION CONSTANT: Definition, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, Determination: 1.Conductivity method.
2.Solubility method. 3.Potentiometric method.
4.Spectrophotometric method, Application
Diazonium salts
Diazonium salts are prepared by diazotisation of primary aromatic amines and are used in preparation of aryl halides, aryl nitriles,and azo dyes
Liquid complexes
This document discusses complex fluids, which exhibit both liquid-like and solid-like properties. Complex fluids include polymeric solutions, gels, foams, and granular materials. They have heterogeneous structures with fluctuations across different length and time scales. When molecules in a polymeric solution or melt become sufficiently crosslinked, a gel transition occurs where a macroscopic cluster forms, localizing the molecules. The dynamics of particles in complex fluids are highly nonlinear and irregular, alternating between solid-like arrested states and fluid-like behavior depending on factors like density, temperature, and external forces inducing flow. While complex fluids are common in nature, their material properties are not fully understood and more research is still needed.
Soaps and syndetbars
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts formed from the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. Syndet bars, also called soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocoyl isethionate that are derived from coconut oil or sodium palmitate. Syndet bars have a lower pH of around 5.5 that is closer to skin's pH, making them milder cleansers than soaps which have a pH of 9-10. Common ingredients in syndet bars include sodium cocoyl isethionate, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate.
Interfacial phenomena
This document discusses interfacial phenomena, including the definition of interfaces and interfacial phases. It describes different types of interfaces that can exist depending on whether the two adjacent phases are solid, liquid, or gas. Importance in pharmacy includes drug adsorption, penetration through membranes, emulsion formation and stability, and dispersion of insoluble particles. Surface and interfacial tension are explained, as well as measurement methods. The document also covers surface active agents, electric properties of interfaces like zeta potential, adsorption at liquid interfaces, and micelle formation.
Buffers in Pharmacy
Here are potential responses to the study questions:
Define the following terms:
- Ionization: The process by which an atom or molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons.
- Buffer capacity: The ability of a solution to resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or base. It depends on the buffer composition and concentration.
- In-vivo: Occurring or taking place inside a living organism.
Considering a practical process, illustrate the procedural significance of buffer systems in moderation of the reactions of a solution system:
Buffer systems are important in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain the pH within an optimal range for drug stability, solubility, and to minimize irritation upon administration.
micelle and surfactant
This document discusses surfactants and micelle formation. It defines surfactants as compounds that lower surface tension between liquids and between liquids and solids. Surfactants are amphiphilic, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Micelles are spherical aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in aqueous solutions above a critical concentration known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The document classifies surfactants as ionic, nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic and discusses their structures. It also outlines common uses of surfactants and types of micelles that can form.
Carboxylic acid structure & uses
Carboxylic acids have many uses. Acetic acid is used to make plastics, rayon, and vinegar. It is also used as a preservative and antiseptic. Citric acid is used as a flavoring and preservative in foods and drinks. Lactic acid is used in food preservation, leather tanning, and textile dyeing. Tartaric acid is used in medicines and industrial applications like metal cleaning.
Concept of MIcelle & CMC
This document discusses micelles and critical micelle concentration (CMC). It defines micelles as aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in solution above the CMC. The CMC is the minimum concentration of surfactant needed for spontaneous micelle formation. Above the CMC, additional surfactant molecules do not affect properties but may change micelle size or shape. The document outlines factors that influence the CMC like temperature, electrolytes, and hydrocarbon chain length. Micelles can solubilize hydrophobic compounds in their cores and increase drug solubility. The formation of micelles allows modification of drug release profiles and improved drug stability.
Multiple emulsion
“Emulsion of emulsion”, “double or triple emulsion”
Dispersed phase contain smaller droplets that have the same composition as the external phase.
Liquid film which separate the liquid phases acts as a thin semi permeable film through which solute must diffuse in order to travel from one phase to another – “Liquid Membrane System”
Two types: -
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion system.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system.
SURFACTANTS_Types & Uses
This document provides an overview of surfactants, including their classification, production, uses, and market shares. It discusses the main classes of surfactants - anionic, nonionic, and cationic - and examples of each. It outlines the historical development of the surfactant industry, from soap production in the 1940s to the rise of synthetic detergents and changing raw material sources. Currently, the global production of surfactants is approximately 40 million tons per year, with anionic surfactants like soaps and sulfonates making up around 50% of the market and nonionic surfactants comprising about 45%.
Multiple and microemulsions
This document provides an overview of microemulsions and multiple emulsions. It defines microemulsions as thermodynamically stable, optically isotropic and clear dispersions of oil and water stabilized by an amphiphile. Three types of microemulsions are described: oil-in-water, water-in-oil, and bi-continuous. Preparation methods and characterization of microemulsions are also outlined. Multiple emulsions involve a second level of emulsification, forming either oil-in-water-in-oil or water-in-oil-in-water dispersions. Common preparation techniques for multiple emulsions include two-step emulsification and phase inversion methods.
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Molecular rearrangements involving electron deficient nitrogen as an intermed...
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soap ppt (1).pptx
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This document provides an introduction to soaps and detergents. It discusses the raw materials used to make soaps, including tallow, coconut oil, and palm oil. The document outlines the cold, semi-boiled, and boiled processes for manufacturing soap. It also describes the major types of detergents, including anionic, cationic, and amphoteric detergents. The document compares soaps and detergents, noting that detergents are better for hard water and are not as biodegradable as soaps.
Chemistry investigatory project
The document describes an experiment to determine the percentage of fatty material in different soap samples. Key details:
- The aim is to find and calculate the percentage of fatty material in different soap samples through a procedure involving weighing samples before and after extraction of fatty material using HCl and ether.
- Materials needed include test tubes, beakers, various soaps, a Bunsen burner, HCl acid, filter paper, a weighing machine, and a separating flask.
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Chemistry 121120054855-phpapp01
Here is a mind map summarizing the main purposes of using food additives:
Food Additives
Purposes
Preservation
- Prevent spoilage by microbes (e.g. sodium benzoate)
- Slow lipid oxidation (e.g. BHA, BHT)
Texture and Structure
- Improve texture (e.g. thickening agents)
- Maintain structure (e.g. gums)
Color and Appearance
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- Improve appearance (e.g. titanium dioxide)
Flavor
- Enhance existing flavors (e.g. MSG)
Soaps and detergents Dr. surendran parambadath
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Chemistry microproject.pdf
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This document provides information about verb tenses and their functions in English grammar. It discusses the three main tenses - present, past and future - and explains how they indicate the time of an action. It also describes the functions of tenses beyond time, such as habitual action (present tense), progressive action (present continuous), and preceding action (present perfect). The document provides examples and explanations of each tense and discusses additional uses. It notes some verbs that are non-progressive and cannot be used in the continuous form. Overall, the document serves as a reference for understanding the key concepts of verb tenses and their uses in the English language.
team work ppt.pptx
This document discusses teamwork and the stages of team building. It lists the members of a team working on the topic of teamwork. It defines teamwork as coming together, keeping together, and working together for success. It provides examples of teams like those building the Ram Setu bridge and medical teams operating on patients. It outlines the four stages of team building: forming, storming, norming, and performing. Each stage is described in terms of the team dynamics. Characteristics of good teams and benefits of teamwork are also outlined.
Mucosal-Drug-D.pptx
This document discusses mucosal drug delivery systems (MDDS). It begins by introducing MDDS and their advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism and prolonging drug residence time. It then describes the structure of the mucus layer and its functions in protection and lubrication. The document outlines the three main steps in the mucoadhesion mechanism: wetting and swelling, interpenetration of polymer chains, and bond formation. It also discusses the various theories of mucoadhesion and lists examples of natural and synthetic mucoadhesive polymers. Finally, it identifies factors that can affect the mucoadhesive process, such as polymer properties and environmental conditions.
Mucosal-Drug-Delivery-system.pdf
This document discusses mucosal drug delivery systems. It defines mucosal drug delivery as systems that interact with mucosal layers to increase the residence time of formulations for better drug absorption. The principles of bioadhesion and mucoadhesion are described, along with the advantages of these systems like improved bioavailability and reduced dosing frequency. Various mucosal routes of administration like buccal, sublingual, ocular and nasal are mentioned. Key factors that influence transmucosal permeability like drug properties, environmental conditions and permeation enhancers are summarized. Common bioadhesive polymers used in these systems like chitosan, polyacrylic acid and cellulose derivatives are also outlined.
pptyash-210103073454.pdf
This presentation compares the flora and fauna of Haryana and Telangana. Flora refers to plant life and includes trees, shrubs, and grasses. Fauna refers to animal life. Some common flora in Haryana include eucalyptus, mulberry, kikar, pine, babul and shisham trees. Telangana's flora includes teak and trees from the terminalia and pterocarpus genera. Haryana's fauna includes black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose and jackal. Telangana is home to tiger, panther, wolf, wild dog, hyena, sloth bear, gaur
disaster managmenet.pptx
This document provides an overview of disaster management. It defines key terms like hazard, vulnerability, and disaster. It outlines different types of natural and man-made disasters and discusses the phases of disaster management including preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Disaster management aims to reduce the impacts of disasters through coordinated planning and response at all levels of government.
drug abuse .pptx
This document discusses drug abuse, including what drug abuse is, the physical and mental effects of drug dependence, causes of drug abuse, routes of drug administration, signs and symptoms of drug abuse, categories of drugs that are abused, prevention and control of drug abuse, cases of drug abuse in India, and prosecution of drug abuse in India.
Dydrogesterone ppt.pptx
Dydrogesterone is a progestin hormone used to regulate the healthy growth and shedding of the womb lining. It was first introduced in 1961 and is now approved in over 100 countries. It works by selectively binding to progesterone receptors and has an active metabolite called 20α-dihydrodydrogesterone that is non-sedative. Dydrogesterone is used orally at doses of 5-40 mg daily or via intramuscular injection of 100 mg daily to treat menstrual disorders, prevent miscarriage, treat endometriosis, support fertility, and prevent thickening of the uterine lining during hormone replacement therapy. Common side effects include headaches, breast pain or tenderness, spotting, and changes to menstrual periods
juriprudrence ppt.pptx
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 consolidated and amended laws related to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in India. It established stringent provisions to control operations involving narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Under the Act, it is illegal to produce, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store, or consume any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance without a license. The Act defines narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, establishes schedules of controlled substances, provides for authorities to enforce the Act, and outlines penalties for violations.
drugsandmagicremediesact-130430215109-phpapp01.pdf
The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1954 established prohibitions on advertisements for drugs and magic remedies in India. Key points:
- The Act prohibits advertisements suggesting drugs for miscarriage, contraception, menstrual disorders, or treatment of diseases without medical consultation.
- It also bans misleading drug ads and ads claiming magic remedies can treat specified conditions.
- Authorized officers can search and seize non-compliant advertisements. Companies and their directors can be prosecuted for violations.
- Exemptions are provided for signage by medical practitioners, bona fide scientific publications, and ads sent privately to doctors.
Practical 5.pptx
The document provides instructions to prepare 30 grams of cold cream. It discusses the history and development of cold creams. Cold creams have emollient and cooling properties and form a non-occlusive oil film on the skin. The document includes links to videos about cold creams and questions for a viva on cold creams, their ingredients, uses, substitutes, emulsifying agents, why they are called cold creams, and quality control tests. It also provides the formula to make 100 grams of cold cream and instructions to calculate and label the formula for 30 grams.
102-presentation---what-is-secularism.pptx
Secularism is an idea about balancing freedom of religion with other rights in society. It has three key principles: separation of religion and government; freedom to practice any religion or none; and equality so that religious beliefs don't advantage or disadvantage others. Secularism argues that personal ethical views from religion shouldn't be forced on others or presumed more important, as people have different worldviews. It aims to protect people from having others' personal views imposed on them.
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Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
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Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
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Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Non-respiratory Functions of the Lungs.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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soap ppt.pdf
- 1. WELC ME
- 2. Introduce myself Habibur rahman ID no- 20120107042 Dept. of ACCE,BSMRSTU
- 3. Surface active substance, Cleaning action of Soap and Manufacture of soap
- 4. Surface Active Substance Surface active substance is a substance which lower the surface tension of water known as Surface active substance.
- 5. Classification of Surface Active agent Cationic Anionic Zwitterionic Non-ionic
- 6. Classification of Surface Active agent Cationic A positive charge head cationic agent --N(CH3)3 +. Anionic Anion functional group --OSO3 Zwitterionic It has both anionic and cationic agent --N+(CH3)2CH2COO Non-ionic There is no charge geoup --(OCH2CH2)nOH
- 7. Soap
- 8. Soap Sodium or Potassium salt of higher fatty acid.
- 9. Classification of Soap Hard soap Soft soap Insoluble soap
- 10. Soap Hard soap Na- salt Moderately soluble in water Example- Aleppo soap, Castile soap, and Marseille soap Soft soap Potassium salt First dissolve in water Example- Shampoo and Liquid hand wash
- 11. Soap Insoluble soap Ca/Mg-salt Use as lubricants and dries in paint industry CH2 COOR CH COOR + Ca(OH)2/Mg(OH)2 CH2 COOR CH2 OH CH OH CH2 OH + (RCOO) Mg/Ca Fat/Oil (Ca or Mg hydroxide) Insoluble soap Glycerol
- 12. Cleaning action of soap
- 13. Cleaning action of soap Hydrophobic tail dissolve in Grease or oil or dirt substance. Hydrophilic head dissolve in water.
- 14. Manufacture of soap Manufacture of soap Hot process Cold process Batch process Continuous process
- 15. RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING SOAP Rosin Glyceride Caustic soda Sodium chloride or common salt Binding material Fillers Clo-ring material Perfume Super fatting agent Disinfectants Germicide
- 16. Fat or oil Blend Tank Hot water Hydrolyzer Flash Tank Heat exchanger High vaccum still Bottom for recovery Crude Glyceride Condenser Distillate for receiver Mixer neutralizer Soap storage Soap Bar finishing Soap flask powder etc Hot pressure pump Heat exchanger Flask Tank Freezer cutter stamper H2O Catalyst ZnO Steam steam steam Fig: Manufacture of soap by continuous process Air NaOH
- 17. Do you have any question????????????