The document discusses different definitions and components of a "smart grid". It describes technologies at the customer level like automated meter reading, time-of-use pricing, and load control. It also discusses distribution system automation which can isolate outages and enable selective load control during emergencies. The technologies range from basic to more advanced applications and realizing their full benefits may require a combination of smart meters, distribution automation, and changes to regulations.
The document discusses smart grids and their components. Some key points:
- A smart grid uses information and communications technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity production and distribution.
- It consists of applying digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information central.
- Smart grids allow for two-way communication between electricity producers and consumers, enabling functions like remote meter reading, demand response and outage detection.
- Advanced metering infrastructure, demand response, distributed generation and energy storage are some of the major smart grid applications and market segments.
- Widespread smart grid deployment faces challenges of high upfront costs, integrating new technologies with existing grid systems, and
7 Ways to unlock value from Smartmeter Big DataDerick Jose
The utility industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation with increased digitation and tighter coupling between IT and OT. Flutura outlines 7 ways by which utilities can monetize smartmeter data
This document provides an overview of active power analysis for smart grids using MATLAB. It discusses key concepts like active power flow, smart grid attributes, and power quality issues. It also describes tools in MATLAB like Simscape Power Systems that can be used to model and simulate electrical power systems. Different types of power quality conditioners are explained, including DSTATCOMs, active power filters, and UPQC devices that can address issues like voltage regulation, harmonics compensation, and power factor correction in smart grids. In conclusion, the document discusses performing active power load analysis on a smart grid model in MATLAB to analyze stability and synchronous active power flow under varying load conditions.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
The aim of the project is to minimize the queue at the energy meter billing counters and to restrict the usage of energy meter automatically, if the bill is not paid. The project also aims at proposing a system that will reduce the loss of power and revenue due to power thefts and other illegal activities. The work system adopts a totally new concept of “Prepaid Energy Meter”. The GSM technology is used so that the consumer would receive messages about the consumption of power (in watts) and if it reaches the minimum amount, it would automatically alert the consumer to recharge. This technology holds good for all electricity distribution companies, private communities, IT parks and self-containing housing projects. The implementation of this project will help in better energy management, conservation of energy and also in doing away with the unnecessary hassles over incorrect billing. The automated billing system will keep track of the real time consumption and will leave little scope for disagreement on consumption and billing.It is observed that one of the faulty subsystems contributing to the huge revenue loss in Nigerian Power Sector is the metering and billing system. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing, like: errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading; and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. The remedy for this drawback is a prepaid energy billing. There are clear results from many countries, where prepaid system has reduced the revenue loss by a large amount. A GSM-based Energy Recharge Interface which contains a prepaid card equivalent to a mobile SIM card. The prepaid card communicates with the power utility using GSM communication network. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the consumer load is disconnected from the utility supply by the latching Relay (contactor). The power utility can recharge the prepaid card remotely through GSM/SMS mode base on customer requests. The results obtained shows good system performance. A prior billing is bound to do away with the problems of unpaid bills and human error in meter readings, thereby ensuring justified revenue for the utility.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
The document discusses India's electrical grid and the need for a smart grid. It notes that India's current electricity demand is 210,000 megawatts but production is only 182,200 megawatts, resulting in a deficit of 10.2%. A smart grid would use digital technology and two-way communication to automate control and improve reliability, efficiency, and use of renewable energy sources. Key benefits would include economic development through new jobs and innovation, higher customer satisfaction through improved reliability and outage reduction, and environmental benefits from reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses smart grids and their components. Some key points:
- A smart grid uses information and communications technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity production and distribution.
- It consists of applying digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information central.
- Smart grids allow for two-way communication between electricity producers and consumers, enabling functions like remote meter reading, demand response and outage detection.
- Advanced metering infrastructure, demand response, distributed generation and energy storage are some of the major smart grid applications and market segments.
- Widespread smart grid deployment faces challenges of high upfront costs, integrating new technologies with existing grid systems, and
7 Ways to unlock value from Smartmeter Big DataDerick Jose
The utility industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation with increased digitation and tighter coupling between IT and OT. Flutura outlines 7 ways by which utilities can monetize smartmeter data
This document provides an overview of active power analysis for smart grids using MATLAB. It discusses key concepts like active power flow, smart grid attributes, and power quality issues. It also describes tools in MATLAB like Simscape Power Systems that can be used to model and simulate electrical power systems. Different types of power quality conditioners are explained, including DSTATCOMs, active power filters, and UPQC devices that can address issues like voltage regulation, harmonics compensation, and power factor correction in smart grids. In conclusion, the document discusses performing active power load analysis on a smart grid model in MATLAB to analyze stability and synchronous active power flow under varying load conditions.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
The aim of the project is to minimize the queue at the energy meter billing counters and to restrict the usage of energy meter automatically, if the bill is not paid. The project also aims at proposing a system that will reduce the loss of power and revenue due to power thefts and other illegal activities. The work system adopts a totally new concept of “Prepaid Energy Meter”. The GSM technology is used so that the consumer would receive messages about the consumption of power (in watts) and if it reaches the minimum amount, it would automatically alert the consumer to recharge. This technology holds good for all electricity distribution companies, private communities, IT parks and self-containing housing projects. The implementation of this project will help in better energy management, conservation of energy and also in doing away with the unnecessary hassles over incorrect billing. The automated billing system will keep track of the real time consumption and will leave little scope for disagreement on consumption and billing.It is observed that one of the faulty subsystems contributing to the huge revenue loss in Nigerian Power Sector is the metering and billing system. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing, like: errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading; and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. The remedy for this drawback is a prepaid energy billing. There are clear results from many countries, where prepaid system has reduced the revenue loss by a large amount. A GSM-based Energy Recharge Interface which contains a prepaid card equivalent to a mobile SIM card. The prepaid card communicates with the power utility using GSM communication network. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the consumer load is disconnected from the utility supply by the latching Relay (contactor). The power utility can recharge the prepaid card remotely through GSM/SMS mode base on customer requests. The results obtained shows good system performance. A prior billing is bound to do away with the problems of unpaid bills and human error in meter readings, thereby ensuring justified revenue for the utility.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
The document discusses India's electrical grid and the need for a smart grid. It notes that India's current electricity demand is 210,000 megawatts but production is only 182,200 megawatts, resulting in a deficit of 10.2%. A smart grid would use digital technology and two-way communication to automate control and improve reliability, efficiency, and use of renewable energy sources. Key benefits would include economic development through new jobs and innovation, higher customer satisfaction through improved reliability and outage reduction, and environmental benefits from reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
this slide shows what is smart grid ,its comparison between the electromechanical grids . smart meters and devises for the smart grid . benefit of smart grid . and a conclution
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by changing distribution systems, including increased integration of renewable resources, electric vehicles, energy storage, and power electronics. It outlines problems like complex planning, operation and maintenance as well as the need for improved protection and control. The document explores these issues, opportunities for things like better data analysis and power quality, and challenges around developing standards and policies to support modern distribution systems.
The document discusses and compares the existing U.S. power grid and the future "smart grid". The existing grid is highly decentralized with no central control, but relies on aging infrastructure. While it is resilient to outages and attacks, increasing demand will require upgrades. The smart grid will use more advanced monitoring through computer networks, allowing utilities and consumers to reduce usage. While this poses security challenges, experts believe the benefits outweigh the risks, and political support is growing for standards to secure critical infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of smart management of electric power grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way communication between utilities and users to create an automated and distributed energy network. Key components of smart grids include smart meters that monitor energy usage in intervals and can remotely control appliances, information transfer networks to share data, and distributed generation from sources like solar panels. The document outlines benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, and ability to incorporate renewable energy through advanced monitoring and control enabled by smart grid technologies.
A smart grid uses digital technology and two-way communication to allow for better management of electricity demand and integration of renewable energy sources. It aims to reduce electricity deficits in India by over 10% through components like smart meters and intelligent appliances. The smart grid will consist of interconnected control systems and technologies working with the electrical grid to respond dynamically to changing energy demands.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site power generation located near the load. DG provides benefits to end-users, distribution utilities, and power producers. It examines various DG technologies like reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, and renewables. The document also covers interface options with the utility grid, power quality issues, operating conflicts, and the role of DG in smart grids and rural electrification as supported by India's government policies.
This document provides an overview of smart grids. It discusses how smart grids use digital technology to save energy, reduce costs, and increase reliability by allowing for two-way communication between utilities and customers. Key benefits of smart grids include more choices for consumers and utilities, better integration of renewable energy, improved power quality and customer service, increased grid efficiency and resilience, and greater utilization of system assets. The document also outlines some of the core components and technologies that make up a smart grid system.
This document summarizes a presentation on smart grids given at a workshop in Barcelona, Spain in 2017. It discusses how the electricity system may look different in 20 years due to digitalization, with smart connected products changing competition. It also notes the potential for prosumers, or consumer-producers, to have significant market power if they collectively participate in energy markets. Finally, it discusses the case for transitioning to smart grids but also reasons why change may not fully materialize, such as certain large infrastructure investments undermining alternatives or business cases being too dependent on local conditions.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ENVIRONMENT WITH SMART GRIDNIT MEGHALAYA
This document discusses distributed generation and the smart grid environment. It provides an introduction to the need for changes in energy generation, delivery, and use to establish sustainability and restore environmental balance. The document then discusses different forms of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. It describes some of the challenges of distributed generation and how a smart grid can help solve these issues. Finally, it discusses components of the smart grid like advanced metering infrastructure and phasor measurement units, and the benefits of integrating distributed generation with the smart grid.
The document discusses smart grids and their challenges. It defines a smart grid as a modernized electrical grid that uses communications technology to improve efficiency. Key aspects of smart grids include reliability, efficiency, load balancing, sustainability, and two-way power and data flows. However, challenges include inadequate existing infrastructure, intermittent renewable resources, and regulatory policies around pricing. Overall, smart grids aim to enable active consumer participation, accommodate diverse energy sources, and operate resiliently.
5 cired2013 planning of power distribution systemsDutch Power
This document discusses papers being presented at the CIRED 2013 conference. It provides an overview of the conference, including the number and origins of papers, as well as the topics being covered. It then reviews several individual papers presented, summarizing their objectives, innovations, and conclusions. The papers discussed focus on topics like risk assessment, network development, and distribution planning.
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
NEED OF SMART GRID IN INDIAN CONTEXT.
SMART GRID ATTRIBUTES.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT INTIATIVE TOWARDS SMART GRID
SMART GRID PROJECTS IN INDIA.
INDIAN GOVT. APPROVED PROJECTS.
PRESENT STATUS OF PROJECTS
BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMETATION
LAYOUT OF SMARTGRID
CONCLUSION
REFRERENCES
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
This white paper discusses how implementing a smart grid using information and communications technology can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector in three ways: 1) By reducing growth in electricity demand through tools like smart meters and demand response programs. 2) By accelerating adoption of renewable electricity sources like microgeneration and electric vehicles. 3) By delaying construction of new power plants and transmission lines by prolonging the life of existing infrastructure. The paper outlines the key applications of a smart grid and their potential environmental and economic impacts.
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid and its key components. It notes that power disturbances currently cost $25-188 billion per year and the 2003 Northeast blackout alone resulted in $6 billion in losses. A smart grid would have advanced sensing and measurement technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units, and distributed weather sensors to improve reliability. It would also feature integrated communications, advanced energy storage, and control methods that allow for more decentralized energy generation and fault isolation. The smart grid aims to create a more intelligent, interactive electricity infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of smart grids in India, including:
1) It discusses the need for smart grids in India to address challenges like high transmission and distribution losses, power theft, and unreliable electricity access. Smart grids could help improve efficiency and reliability.
2) It outlines some of the key smart grid technologies and characteristics, like two-way communication, remote operation, and ability to integrate renewable energy sources.
3) It discusses various Indian government initiatives to promote smart grids, including forming the India Smart Grid Task Force and India Smart Grid Forum, as well as projects under the Distribution Reform, Upgrades and Management program and Re-Structured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program.
4
A smart grid uses digital communication technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. It allows for automated and two-way communication between suppliers and consumers of electricity. Key features include implementing an advanced metering infrastructure with smart meters, data concentrators, communication networks, and management systems. This provides benefits like reduced transmission and distribution losses, improved power quality and reliability, and increased integration of renewable energy.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
Smart Grid: Definition
• Need of smart grid
• Smart grid functions
• How Smart Grid Works
• Smart Grid: Benefits
• Smart grid components and its Benefits
• Issues and Challenges
• Opportunities in future
• Smart Grid Projects in India and Gujarat
• Question-Answer
• References
Iaetsd io t based advanced smart health care systemIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes an IoT-based smart health care system called the Smart Hospital System (SHS). The SHS uses technologies like RFID, wireless sensor networks, and smart mobile devices to automatically monitor patients, medical staff, and devices in hospitals. It collects environmental and physiological data in real-time using a hybrid sensing network. The data is sent to a control center where it can be accessed locally and remotely through a web interface. A prototype was implemented that demonstrated tracking patients and responding to emergencies like falls. The system aims to improve healthcare efficiency while reducing costs.
Matthew Hause: The Smart Grid and MBSE Driven IoT EnergyTech2015
EnergyTech2015.com
Track 3 Session 3
Moderator: Mark Walker
The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and MBSE in an Energy System and Complex energy grid management in a changing and dynamic future.
Matthew Hause – Paper 1: Making the Smart Grid Smarter, MBSE Driven IoT The future of IoT success, including technology advancements and revenue generating potential across the business spectrum, is dependent on the application of solid Systems Engineering and Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principals. Without MBSE, the complexity involved in the design, development, and deployment of IoT systems would consume both system and operational providers. Absent of any industry standards, IoT systems cannot be built in a vacuum and their success will only be realized through application of modern day systems engineering processes, methods, and tools. The infrastructure and management will need to be established prior to, or in conjunction with, the smart systems that support them. This paper will show an Energy system and connected systems and how an MBSE and SoS approach will help guide development.
this slide shows what is smart grid ,its comparison between the electromechanical grids . smart meters and devises for the smart grid . benefit of smart grid . and a conclution
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by changing distribution systems, including increased integration of renewable resources, electric vehicles, energy storage, and power electronics. It outlines problems like complex planning, operation and maintenance as well as the need for improved protection and control. The document explores these issues, opportunities for things like better data analysis and power quality, and challenges around developing standards and policies to support modern distribution systems.
The document discusses and compares the existing U.S. power grid and the future "smart grid". The existing grid is highly decentralized with no central control, but relies on aging infrastructure. While it is resilient to outages and attacks, increasing demand will require upgrades. The smart grid will use more advanced monitoring through computer networks, allowing utilities and consumers to reduce usage. While this poses security challenges, experts believe the benefits outweigh the risks, and political support is growing for standards to secure critical infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of smart management of electric power grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way communication between utilities and users to create an automated and distributed energy network. Key components of smart grids include smart meters that monitor energy usage in intervals and can remotely control appliances, information transfer networks to share data, and distributed generation from sources like solar panels. The document outlines benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, and ability to incorporate renewable energy through advanced monitoring and control enabled by smart grid technologies.
A smart grid uses digital technology and two-way communication to allow for better management of electricity demand and integration of renewable energy sources. It aims to reduce electricity deficits in India by over 10% through components like smart meters and intelligent appliances. The smart grid will consist of interconnected control systems and technologies working with the electrical grid to respond dynamically to changing energy demands.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site power generation located near the load. DG provides benefits to end-users, distribution utilities, and power producers. It examines various DG technologies like reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, and renewables. The document also covers interface options with the utility grid, power quality issues, operating conflicts, and the role of DG in smart grids and rural electrification as supported by India's government policies.
This document provides an overview of smart grids. It discusses how smart grids use digital technology to save energy, reduce costs, and increase reliability by allowing for two-way communication between utilities and customers. Key benefits of smart grids include more choices for consumers and utilities, better integration of renewable energy, improved power quality and customer service, increased grid efficiency and resilience, and greater utilization of system assets. The document also outlines some of the core components and technologies that make up a smart grid system.
This document summarizes a presentation on smart grids given at a workshop in Barcelona, Spain in 2017. It discusses how the electricity system may look different in 20 years due to digitalization, with smart connected products changing competition. It also notes the potential for prosumers, or consumer-producers, to have significant market power if they collectively participate in energy markets. Finally, it discusses the case for transitioning to smart grids but also reasons why change may not fully materialize, such as certain large infrastructure investments undermining alternatives or business cases being too dependent on local conditions.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ENVIRONMENT WITH SMART GRIDNIT MEGHALAYA
This document discusses distributed generation and the smart grid environment. It provides an introduction to the need for changes in energy generation, delivery, and use to establish sustainability and restore environmental balance. The document then discusses different forms of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. It describes some of the challenges of distributed generation and how a smart grid can help solve these issues. Finally, it discusses components of the smart grid like advanced metering infrastructure and phasor measurement units, and the benefits of integrating distributed generation with the smart grid.
The document discusses smart grids and their challenges. It defines a smart grid as a modernized electrical grid that uses communications technology to improve efficiency. Key aspects of smart grids include reliability, efficiency, load balancing, sustainability, and two-way power and data flows. However, challenges include inadequate existing infrastructure, intermittent renewable resources, and regulatory policies around pricing. Overall, smart grids aim to enable active consumer participation, accommodate diverse energy sources, and operate resiliently.
5 cired2013 planning of power distribution systemsDutch Power
This document discusses papers being presented at the CIRED 2013 conference. It provides an overview of the conference, including the number and origins of papers, as well as the topics being covered. It then reviews several individual papers presented, summarizing their objectives, innovations, and conclusions. The papers discussed focus on topics like risk assessment, network development, and distribution planning.
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS SMART GRID?
NEED OF SMART GRID IN INDIAN CONTEXT.
SMART GRID ATTRIBUTES.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT INTIATIVE TOWARDS SMART GRID
SMART GRID PROJECTS IN INDIA.
INDIAN GOVT. APPROVED PROJECTS.
PRESENT STATUS OF PROJECTS
BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMETATION
LAYOUT OF SMARTGRID
CONCLUSION
REFRERENCES
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
This white paper discusses how implementing a smart grid using information and communications technology can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector in three ways: 1) By reducing growth in electricity demand through tools like smart meters and demand response programs. 2) By accelerating adoption of renewable electricity sources like microgeneration and electric vehicles. 3) By delaying construction of new power plants and transmission lines by prolonging the life of existing infrastructure. The paper outlines the key applications of a smart grid and their potential environmental and economic impacts.
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid and its key components. It notes that power disturbances currently cost $25-188 billion per year and the 2003 Northeast blackout alone resulted in $6 billion in losses. A smart grid would have advanced sensing and measurement technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units, and distributed weather sensors to improve reliability. It would also feature integrated communications, advanced energy storage, and control methods that allow for more decentralized energy generation and fault isolation. The smart grid aims to create a more intelligent, interactive electricity infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of smart grids in India, including:
1) It discusses the need for smart grids in India to address challenges like high transmission and distribution losses, power theft, and unreliable electricity access. Smart grids could help improve efficiency and reliability.
2) It outlines some of the key smart grid technologies and characteristics, like two-way communication, remote operation, and ability to integrate renewable energy sources.
3) It discusses various Indian government initiatives to promote smart grids, including forming the India Smart Grid Task Force and India Smart Grid Forum, as well as projects under the Distribution Reform, Upgrades and Management program and Re-Structured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program.
4
A smart grid uses digital communication technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. It allows for automated and two-way communication between suppliers and consumers of electricity. Key features include implementing an advanced metering infrastructure with smart meters, data concentrators, communication networks, and management systems. This provides benefits like reduced transmission and distribution losses, improved power quality and reliability, and increased integration of renewable energy.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
Smart Grid: Definition
• Need of smart grid
• Smart grid functions
• How Smart Grid Works
• Smart Grid: Benefits
• Smart grid components and its Benefits
• Issues and Challenges
• Opportunities in future
• Smart Grid Projects in India and Gujarat
• Question-Answer
• References
Iaetsd io t based advanced smart health care systemIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes an IoT-based smart health care system called the Smart Hospital System (SHS). The SHS uses technologies like RFID, wireless sensor networks, and smart mobile devices to automatically monitor patients, medical staff, and devices in hospitals. It collects environmental and physiological data in real-time using a hybrid sensing network. The data is sent to a control center where it can be accessed locally and remotely through a web interface. A prototype was implemented that demonstrated tracking patients and responding to emergencies like falls. The system aims to improve healthcare efficiency while reducing costs.
Matthew Hause: The Smart Grid and MBSE Driven IoT EnergyTech2015
EnergyTech2015.com
Track 3 Session 3
Moderator: Mark Walker
The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and MBSE in an Energy System and Complex energy grid management in a changing and dynamic future.
Matthew Hause – Paper 1: Making the Smart Grid Smarter, MBSE Driven IoT The future of IoT success, including technology advancements and revenue generating potential across the business spectrum, is dependent on the application of solid Systems Engineering and Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principals. Without MBSE, the complexity involved in the design, development, and deployment of IoT systems would consume both system and operational providers. Absent of any industry standards, IoT systems cannot be built in a vacuum and their success will only be realized through application of modern day systems engineering processes, methods, and tools. The infrastructure and management will need to be established prior to, or in conjunction with, the smart systems that support them. This paper will show an Energy system and connected systems and how an MBSE and SoS approach will help guide development.
Internet of Things Presentation
ในการ อบรม Android Control Hardware and Arduino IoT
โดย Adun Nantakaew บริษัท Soft Power Group
email: info@softpowergroup.net
Tel : 081-6452400
http://softpowergroup.net/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-arduino/
Change the World - One Trillion Dollar Market at a time / the opportunity in ...Volker Hirsch
The document discusses the trillion dollar global education market and opportunities for entrepreneurs. It notes that the education sector spends massive amounts on health, military and education but more could be spent on education to boost economies. New technologies in areas like mobile learning, adaptive learning, and analytics could help unlock value in education by improving access, discovery of knowledge, creativity and critical thinking. While education systems are large and complex, the market and technologies exist to support wrapping solutions around existing structures. True entrepreneurs can make an impact by addressing challenges like availability of resources for teachers and outdated systems.
Internet of Things Presentation
ในการ อบรม Android Control Hardware and Arduino IoT
โดย Adun Nantakaew บริษัท Soft Power Group
email: info@softpowergroup.net
Tel : 081-6452400
http://softpowergroup.net/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-arduino/
What Exactly Is The "Internet of Things"?Postscapes
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Specifically, older adults who exercised regularly performed better on memory and thinking tests compared to those who did not exercise regularly.
government of India has launched "Smart Cities Mission" on 25th June 2015.
This is a presentation explaining the guidelines and procedure for this mission.
Internet of Things (IoT) - We Are at the Tip of An IcebergDr. Mazlan Abbas
You are likely benefitting from The Internet of Things (IoT) today, whether or not you’re familiar with the term. If your phone automatically connects to your car radio, or if you have a smartwatch counting your steps, congratulations! You have adopted one small piece of a very large IoT pie, even if you haven't adopted the name yet.
IoT may sound like a business buzzword, but in reality, it’s a real technological revolution that will impact everything we do. It's the next IT Tsunami of new possibility that is destined to change the face of technology, as we know it. IoT is the interconnectivity between things using wireless communication technology (each with their own unique identifiers) to connect objects, locations, animals, or people to the Internet, thus allowing for the direct transmission of and seamless sharing of data.
IoT represents a massive wave of technical innovation. Highly valuable companies will be built and new ecosystems will emerge from bridging the offline world with the online into one gigantic new network. Our limited understanding of the possibilities hinders our ability to see future applications for any new technology. Mainstream adoption of desktop computers and the Internet didn’t take hold until they became affordable and usable. When that occurred, fantastic and creative new innovation ensued. We are on the cusp of that tipping point with the Internet of Things.
IoT matters because it will create new industries, new companies, new jobs, and new economic growth. It will transform existing segments of our economy: retail, farming, industrial, logistics, cities, and the environment. It will turn your smartphone into the command center for the both digital and physical objects in your life. You will live and work smarter, not harder – and what we are seeing now is only the tip of the iceberg.
This document provides an introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities. It discusses Kevin Ashton who coined the term "Internet of Things" and his vision for using data to increase efficiency. Key enabling technologies for IoT like cheap sensors, bandwidth, processing and wireless coverage are outlined. Examples of IoT applications in various sectors like manufacturing, transportation, agriculture and smart cities are provided. The document also discusses challenges in making sense of the large amounts of data generated by IoT devices and the importance of a citizen-centric approach to building smart cities by leveraging crowdsourcing and citizen engagement.
The document discusses the history and current state of electrical grids and the opportunities for information technology (IT) to create smarter grids, known as "smart grids". Key points include:
- Current grids lack sensors, IT, and ability to self-heal from failures or adapt in real-time. Upgrades are needed for reliability, efficiency, and integration of renewable energy.
- A smart grid would incorporate two-way communication between utilities and consumers using IT to remotely monitor, control, and optimize the grid. This allows for demand response, time-of-use pricing, and automated recovery from failures.
- Research is needed in areas like advanced metering, communications networks, security, fault detection and prevention,
MODERN SMART GRIDS AND LEVERAGING SMART METER DATA.pptxJasmeet939104
The document discusses leveraging smart meter data to recognize appliances. It proposes a scheme to analyze recorded consumption information from smart meters to provide an appliance-specific breakdown of energy use. It describes simulating smart meter data for resistive, inductive and capacitive loads. Changes in power characteristics when appliances are switched on/off could be detected and compared to signature databases to identify individual appliances. However, challenges include smaller appliances being masked by larger household activity and continuously variable appliances being difficult to detect.
This document discusses the key aspects and benefits of smart grids. It summarizes that smart grids actively manage energy distribution networks in real-time by controlling demand and generation. This reduces reliance on carbon-based energy and shifts to low-carbon resources. Smart grids utilize two-way communication and control over distribution systems to optimize electricity supply and integrate renewable energy. Key benefits include reduced costs for utilities from improved operations and maintenance, lower peak demand, and empowered consumers who can better manage energy usage.
The aim of the project is to minimize the queue at the energy meter billing counters and to restrict the usage of energy meter automatically, if the bill is not paid. The project also aims at proposing a system that will reduce the loss of power and revenue due to power thefts and other illegal activities. The work system adopts a totally new concept of “Prepaid Energy Meter”. The GSM technology is used so that the consumer would receive messages about the consumption of power (in watts) and if it reaches the minimum amount, it would automatically alert the consumer to recharge. This technology holds good for all electricity distribution companies, private communities, IT parks and self-containing housing projects. The implementation of this project will help in better energy management, conservation of energy and also in doing away with the unnecessary hassles over incorrect billing. The automated billing system will keep track of the real time consumption and will leave little scope for disagreement on consumption and billing.It is observed that one of the faulty subsystems contributing to the huge revenue loss in Nigerian Power Sector is the metering and billing system. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing, like: errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading; and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. The remedy for this drawback is a prepaid energy billing. There are clear results from many countries, where prepaid system has reduced the revenue loss by a large amount. A GSM-based Energy Recharge Interface which contains a prepaid card equivalent to a mobile SIM card. The prepaid card communicates with the power utility using GSM communication network. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the consumer load is disconnected from the utility supply by the latching Relay (contactor). The power utility can recharge the prepaid card remotely through GSM/SMS mode base on customer requests. The results obtained shows good system performance. A prior billing is bound to do away with the problems of unpaid bills and human error in meter readings, thereby ensuring justified revenue for the utility
People are talking about the smart grid to television commercials on this topic, we have a plethora of activities around the world where engineers, policy makers, entrepreneurs, and businesses have shown a keen interest in various aspects of this technology. There are smart-grid-related funding opportunities, projects, seminars, conferences, and training programs going on in Europe, the United States, Japan, India and China to name a few. With all this hope and expectation about the smart grid, the question needs to be asked— what it will take to make it real. For the smart grid to be practical and beneficial to society, the following are some of the expectation from the civic society.
Portland State University Smart Grid ClassMike Hoffman
The document discusses a class on smart grids at Portland State University that covered the history, politics, economics, and technology of smart grids. It focuses on enabling active consumer participation through distributed, small-scale smart grid technologies at the distribution level. This includes technologies that allow two-way communication and control of appliances and energy use. The key is developing solutions that benefit both utilities and consumers by reducing costs and increasing system reliability and resilience.
pptWhitepaper 03-smart grid-the future of the electric power systemavvariharish
This document provides an introduction to the smart grid, including:
1. What the smart grid is, how it allows two-way communication between producers and consumers to better balance supply and demand.
2. Why the smart grid matters to more efficiently utilize the electric grid and reduce emissions by flattening demand.
3. A brief history of smart grid projects starting in the early 2000s in Italy and the US.
The document discusses the components and advantages of smart grids. It explains that smart grids use digital technology to monitor, control and analyze the electricity supply chain. This allows for more reliable delivery of power from various distributed sources like solar and wind. Key smart grid technologies include intelligent appliances, smart meters, super conducting cables, phasor measurement units, and smart substations. The smart grid provides benefits like better power management, supply/demand management, and remote meter reading. However, security and grid volatility are disadvantages if the network is not developed properly. Overall, smart grids have revolutionized the energy system through increased reliability, efficiency and consumer access.
(a)What do you mean by smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?
(b)What is need of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?
(c) What are various merits and benefits of smart substation, smart feeders & Transmission system?
(d) Various technologies to make adjusting system into smart substation, smart distribution & Transmission system?
The efficacy and challenges of scada an smart grid integrationFaizal Faizi
- The integration of SCADA systems into smart grids allows utilities to remotely monitor and control network devices in real-time, achieving reliability and demand efficiencies.
- SCADA systems are used to gather and analyze real-time environmental data from power facilities and automate electronic systems based on predetermined conditions. They connect sensors and actuators to a central data collection point for analysis.
- When integrated into a smart grid, SCADA systems play a key role in decision making by analyzing real-time sensor data and automatically making adjustments across the grid to optimize voltages, efficiency, and self-heal disruptions.
TM Forum- Management World Americas - Smart Grid SummaryShekhar Gupta
The document discusses the current electric grid and outlines the vision for a smart grid, which would implement a communications network overlay to measure, manage, and control the electric grid. It describes the various stakeholders in the smart grid ecosystem and outlines some of the standards and technologies needed to realize the smart grid vision, including advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and a communications portal to enable two-way communication between utilities and customer energy devices.
This document summarizes an article that proposes an automatic demand response controller with a load shifting algorithm implemented using MATLAB software. The controller monitors generation capacity and customer demand to optimally schedule loads to reduce peak demand and stabilize the load curve. A mathematical model is presented that shifts loads in priority order from the lowest to highest load if total demand exceeds generation capacity. The model was tested on an 8 bus system in MATLAB and successfully stabilized the load curve to better manage power demand according to supply conditions.
East Grand Forks Water and Light has implemented several "Smart Grid" technologies to help operate their electric grid more reliably and efficiently. They have a load management program that reduces peak demand by controlling customer loads. They also use SCADA to monitor and control their substations. An automated meter reading/infrastructure system allows remote reading of customer meters and two-way communication. While facing challenges around standards and vendor issues, they are expanding fiber networks and wireless connectivity to integrate more smart grid technologies in the future.
The document is a technical seminar report on smart grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way digital technology to control appliances and save energy. Smart grids can self-heal, incorporate consumer behavior, tolerate attacks, accommodate various generation options, and optimize assets. Key characteristics include being self-healing, empowering consumers, being tolerant of attacks, providing high quality power, and accommodating different generation technologies. The report also discusses functions supported by smart grids like variable pricing, energy monitoring, congestion management, and black start support. It describes needed technologies like integrated communications, sensing/measurement, smart meters, and advanced components. Overall, smart grids aim to provide observability, controllability, improve performance and security,
What is a Smart Grid_ What are the Major Smart Grid Technologies_.pdfVijethaK3
A smart grid uses digital technology and two-way communication to modernize the traditional power grid. It allows for better management of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Key components include smart meters, distributed energy resources, advanced metering infrastructure, and vehicle-to-grid technologies. Together these allow two-way power and data flows to improve reliability, efficiency, and integration of renewable energy.
(a).What is smart grid technology?
(b).Role and necessity of smart grid technology
(c).Benefits and application of grid
(d).Various challenge of grid
(e).Best possible location
The document discusses the need for a smart grid to modernize the aging electricity system. It describes how a smart grid would use information technology to improve efficiency by enabling demand management, distributed renewable energy generation, and transmission and distribution grid management. This would help meet future electricity demand, reduce costs, and lower greenhouse gas emissions by integrating renewable energy sources and allowing utilities and consumers to actively manage electricity usage and pricing. Key components of a smart grid discussed are smart meters, demand response programs, energy dashboards, and using data to optimize building energy management and appliance usage.
This document provides an overview and introduction to a project that aims to develop a substation monitoring and control system using a GSM modem. The system will monitor key parameters of distribution transformers like temperature, output current and voltage. It will automatically send this data via GSM to help utilities better manage transformer health and prevent failures. This will increase reliability and reduce costs. The system design involves using a microcontroller to read sensors on the transformer and transmit readings to a remote PC through a GSM modem. This allows for remote monitoring and control of substation equipment condition.
The definition of the "Smart Grid" is something that is taking shape. Utility professionals concur on some aspects and ideas of what the smart grid should be, but there are still grey areas that, however, promise to become clearer soon.
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Barcelona digital city plan - Putting technology at the service of people.Glenn Klith Andersen
The Barcelona Digital City Plan (2015-2019) aims to transform Barcelona into a digital sovereign city through three main initiatives:
1. Digital transformation of government through open data, transparency, and participatory platforms like Decidim Barcelona to involve citizens in decision making.
2. Digital innovation by growing the innovation ecosystem, promoting social innovation, and establishing Barcelona as an urban innovation laboratory.
3. Digital empowerment through collective intelligence platforms, digital skills training, and ensuring digital inclusion for all citizens.
Introduction to the Compassionate Systems Framework in SchoolsGlenn Klith Andersen
This document introduces a Compassionate Systems Framework being developed and tested in schools globally. It combines social-emotional learning, systems thinking, and mindfulness practices. The goal is to cultivate "compassionate integrity" in students and teachers by developing an awareness of interconnectedness. Initial prototypes involving over 10 countries have shown promising results. The framework focuses on developing systems thinking skills, cultivating empathy and compassion, and applying these to issues in and beyond the classroom.
The document summarizes the Sustainable Development Goals that were agreed upon by 189 countries in 2000 to address major global issues. The goals aimed to end poverty, hunger, preventable disease, lack of education, and gender inequality by 2030. They also focused on issues like climate change, environmental degradation, inequality, unsustainable consumption, and more. The United Nations has been working to achieve these ambitious goals through projects in over 170 countries to build a better future for all people and the planet.
The document summarizes the rise of imbalance in American society since the late 18th century. It argues that while the American Revolution aimed to balance power between sectors, it ultimately led to an overconcentration of power in private businesses. Major milestones included the Supreme Court granting personhood to corporations in 1886 and a prevailing economic dogma justifying private power and limiting government intervention. The fall of communism in 1989 was seen as capitalism's triumph, but actually accelerated America's imbalance with reduced regulations. The document challenges this dominant narrative.
This document discusses the importance of innovation and disruptive change. It makes three key points:
1) True innovation often comes from "high-risk, high-reward" ideas that have a low probability of success but could lead to major disruptions if they work. Incremental changes are not enough to solve major problems.
2) Financial tools like discounted cash flow analysis are often "innovation killers" because they are poorly suited to evaluating high-risk, speculative ideas. Innovation requires an openness to failure and experimentation.
3) Governments and large companies often struggle with innovation because they focus too much on predictable incremental changes rather than speculation and experimentation. The culture of Silicon Valley promotes more
This document discusses the need for "technological Black Swans" or disruptive innovations to address climate change and meet growing global energy demand in a sustainable way. The author argues that incremental efficiency gains in existing technologies will not be enough. True innovation is needed to reinvent society's energy infrastructure and allow billions more people to access energy. These Black Swan technologies would be cost-competitive without subsidies at scale and affordable for developing markets. Though each idea has a high risk of failure, success could transform everything. The author calls for more investment in these types of high-impact but uncertain technologies.
Ellen mac arthur foundation towards the circular economy vol.2Glenn Klith Andersen
This report examines the economic opportunities of transitioning from a linear "take-make-dispose" model of production and consumption to a circular economy model, with a focus on fast-moving consumer goods. It finds that a circular economy approach could generate hundreds of billions in material savings annually by recovering more value from resources through reuse and regeneration. Specific opportunities identified include generating $1.5 billion from food waste collection and $1.9-2 billion from cascading beverage processing waste to other industries. Transitioning to reusable packaging like glass bottles could also reduce costs. The report argues that companies adopting circular business models will be rewarded as resource constraints increase pressures on the linear economy.
Ellen mac arthur foundation towards the circular economy vol.1Glenn Klith Andersen
This report outlines the economic opportunity of transitioning from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular economy where resources are reused and waste is designed out. It finds that adopting circular business models could result in annual net material cost savings of $380-630 billion for EU manufacturing sectors by 2025. Case studies show companies can benefit from designing products for disassembly, reuse, remanufacturing and recycling to reduce costs while increasing value creation. The report argues the circular economy presents a solution to risks of resource scarcity and volatility, and a way for businesses to decouple revenues from material inputs through more sustainable models.
The document summarizes key findings from a study of consumer attitudes toward sustainability. Some of the main findings include:
1) Consumers see shared responsibility among government, businesses, non-profits and individuals for improving the environment and society.
2) Technology, automotive and retail companies are seen as sustainability leaders, while alcohol, gas and flooring companies lag.
3) Consumers would purchase more sustainable products if they performed as well, cost the same, and had more credible claims.
4) The study identifies consumer segments from advocates to indifferents to understand values and opportunities for engagement.
The Future Quotient: 50 Stars in Seriously Long Term InnovationGlenn Klith Andersen
This document introduces the concept of a Future Quotient (FQ) measure designed to assess an individual's, organization's, or economy's ability to think and act over intergenerational timescales. It discusses how existing measures like IQ, EQ, and Eco-Q aim to capture individual capabilities. The document highlights 50 "guiding stars" seen as having a high likely FQ based on seriously long-term innovation. It explores why an FQ measure is needed given the imperative for longer-term thinking, and outlines key dimensions an FQ test should capture. The document offers ways to explore one's thinking style and increase FQ through tools in an eventual "playbook."
The impact of a corporate culture of sustainability on corporate behavior and...Glenn Klith Andersen
This document examines the impact of a corporate culture of sustainability on corporate behavior, performance, and governance. Specifically, it compares companies that voluntarily adopted environmental and social policies (high sustainability companies) to those that adopted few such policies (low sustainability companies). It hypothesizes that high sustainability companies will have different board governance, stakeholder engagement, time horizons, information disclosure, and financial performance compared to low sustainability firms. The study uses a matched sample of 180 high and low sustainability companies to test these hypotheses over the long-term.
The Pioneers reflect that while the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro generated optimism, not enough action was taken in the subsequent 20 years to address the urgent sustainability crises facing the planet. We now find ourselves at a time of converging economic, social, and environmental crises. With the upcoming Rio+20 Summit in 2012, there is a need to reevaluate economic systems and priorities to put the world on a more sustainable path. However, the Pioneers still believe change is possible if sufficient leadership and action are taken.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Smart Grid July 09
1. THE MANY MEANS OF "SMART GRID"
July 2009
The many meanings of "Smart Grid"
M. Granger Morgan, Jay Apt, Lester B. Lave, Marija D. Ilic, Marvin Sirbu, and Jon M. Peha
America seems to have decided that a "smart grid" is what we need to solve the problems of our
electric power system. But, what exactly is a "smart grid"?
The answer is that it is many different things. Some of the things that get talked about are
relatively inexpensive and can go a long way toward solving key problems. Others will likely be
very expensive, and at this stage may better be left to the realm of research.
At the level of the customer:
• Meters that can be read automatically, without sending a meter reader out once a month.
This can be done in several different ways: with a signal that is sent back to the
transformer or substation over the power line (power line carrier) and then on to the
utility in some other way; by a radio link in the local neighborhood; or by a van that
drives around the neighborhood and asks each meter to give an automatic readout, via
radio links. Systems like this are already widely deployed by many power companies,
and generally pay for themselves through reduced meter reading costs.
• Time-of-day and time-of-use meters (there is a difference). Most customers in the USA
today pay a flat average rate for electricity. Some industrial and commercial customers
pay rates that reflect the real cost of generating power, that can be cheap at night and
expensive at times of peak demand when every generating unit is pressed into service,
including old and inefficient ones. Time-of-day meters basically contain a clock and
charge different rates at different fixed times of the day (e.g. "on-peak" and "off-peak").
These meters bill at a higher price at a time-of-day when the demand for power is
typically high, regardless of actual demand on that particular day. A few utilities have
had time-of-day systems in place for both residential and commercial customers for over
50 years.
In contrast, "time-of-use" or "real-time" meters receive signals from the power
company and switch to higher or lower rates as the actual cost of providing power to a
customer goes up and down.
Both technologies are intended to reduce peak loads so that less generation and
transmission capacity is needed. Time-of-use meters can do this more effectively and can
respond in real time to unusual stresses on the system. Research done in Carnegie
Mellon's Electricity Industry Center has shown that in most systems, only about 20% of
the larger and more flexible customers need to be switched from conventional meters to
real-time meters, in order for everyone to get as much as 80% of the benefits that would
be achieved if all customers were on real-time meters. This suggests that today the
At Carnegie Mellon, research on the electricity system is being conducted by the campus-wide Electricity Industry
Center (www.cmu.edu/electricity) and by the Electric Energy Systems Group in Electrical and Computer Engineering
(www.eesg.ece.cmu.edu/). Research on information system security is conducted in CyLab (www.cylab.cmu.edu).
2. THE MANY MEANINGS OF "SMART GRID"
optimal strategy is not to give every customer an expensive real-time meter, but rather to
introduce them selectively to the larger more flexible customers.
• Meters that communicate to customers. Just as the utility can gain valuable information on
current usage, so can the customer. Today, most customers only receive information
through their monthly bill, which arrives days after decisions such as whether to turn the
thermostat up or down. A display that tells interested consumers their current rate of
electricity use, and its cost, would give customers information to make informed decisions.
• Control of customers' loads. Nobody wants to sit and watch the meter all day to see what
the price of electricity is. Adding simple control circuits allows loads like air
conditioners or water pumps to be cycled on and off automatically, without damage to the
equipment and little or no customer discomfort. Often turning off or "shedding" as little
as 5% of the load can halve the need for expensive peaking generation. Since more than
5% of total load is being wasted in lighting unoccupied rooms or cooling unoccupied
residences, or being expended on activities such as washing dishes and clothes that can
easily be shifted to periods when electricity usage is low, the cost to consumers is
minimal.
Implementing such a system requires two engineering design choices:
1. Appliances and other loads must be able to receive the signal to defer use (either
by wire or by wireless connections) and must contain automatic switches that can
turn them on and off.
2. Someone has to choose when to turn loads on and off (see the section below: Who
should be in charge?).
Simple versions of systems in which the utility can connect and disconnect loads are commonly
used with some industrial customers who have "interruptible rates." For 40 years a small number
of utilities have also had systems to control water heaters, air conditioners, and pool pumps.
Today, in a few very limited trials, customers have control of their own appliances in response to
price changes.
In addition to controlling individual loads on the customer side of the meter, these automated
systems can also be designed to disconnect a customer in an emergency (see the section on
distribution automation below) or when customers do not pay their bill.
At the level of the distribution system:
Electric power reaches end customers through the high voltage transmission system (large steel
towers carrying high voltage lines) and then at lower voltage through the distribution system (the
poles along the streets or in underground conduits). When people talk about "smart grid" they
often include several things that can be done to improve the control and operation of distribution
systems. These include:
• Distribution system automation. While transmission systems are laid out as "mesh grids"
that interconnect through substations in several locations, most distribution systems are
made up of simple "tree-like" structures called "distribution feeders." In a typical
distribution feeder, all the power enters at one point (the root) and then flows out to the
loads along the branches of the distribution feeder to the customers. If there is a problem
(e.g. a vehicle hits a power pole, or lightening strikes a transformer), circuit breakers may
automatically disconnect the entire feeder. If a feeder can be fed from more than one
2
3. THE MANY MEANINGS OF "SMART GRID"
place (i.e. branches from two separate trees can be connected together), such an incident
need not take down the entire feeder. Some utilities have added sensors and remote
control switches that can isolate and cut off the problem. A number of power companies
have already found it cost-effective to install distribution system automation. While
commercially available, this is a rapidly changing technology, and today is deployed in
only a few areas.
• Selective load control. Today, if a system emergency occurs (e.g. a large ice storm,
human error, or a terrorist attack) that reduces electricity supply below demand, all
customers will be blacked out unless sufficient load is shed to have supply match
demand. At present, the only way to do this is by disconnecting entire distribution
feeders. It would be far better to be able to control individual loads along a distribution
feeder so that critical services such as police stations can remain connected, while loads
that provide less critical services can be dropped. With a combination of smart meters
and advanced distribution automation, this is possible, but almost no utilities have
implemented this capability. Part of the reason that this has not happened is that the
benefits of such a capability accrue more to society than to the operating utility.
Once smart meters and loads become widely used, an even more sophisticated
emergency response could become possible, in which individual loads within customers'
premises are turned on or off.
• Managing distributed generation and "islanding". Small distributed generators that both
make electricity and produce usable heat energy (to provide water and space heating, run
absorption chillers for air conditioning, etc.) have a number of advantages: they make
more efficient use of the energy of the fuel that is used; they can relieve stresses on
transmission and distribution systems; and, they can increase the reliability of power
supply to local customers. In an emergency, it would sometimes be desirable to be able
to disconnect a distribution feeder from the main power system and run it as an isolated
"island," serving only a few of the most critical loads. For technical, legal, safety, and
regulatory reasons, today's power systems cannot do this. However, with the right
technology, control systems, and regulatory environment, there is no reason why they
could not do this in a safe and efficient manner. Changes in state laws are needed to
allow the development and wider use of distributed generation and small "micro-grids."
At the level of the transmission system:
Electricity generated at large central-station power plants and wind farms is moved to "load
centers" (e.g. cities and major factories) over very high voltage transmission lines. Using high
voltage keeps the current low and so reduces loss (i.e. energy that is wasted heating the wires).
Transmission systems already have some instrumentation that allows control centers to monitor
power flows and open and close circuit breakers at substations. However, there is much more
that can be done.
• Measurement of phase and other advanced measurements. While transmission systems
automatically measure power flows and report them back to control centers where human
and computer operators make control decisions, there is additional information that could
be collected to improve dramatically the control and stability of high voltage grids. The
voltage and current in the U.S. power system oscillates at a frequency of 60 cycles per
second (60 Hz). However, current and voltage do not oscillate in phase (go up and down
together). Further, in order to move power over a long line, there has to be a difference
3
4. THE MANY MEANINGS OF "SMART GRID"
in phase between the two ends of the line, but if that difference becomes too great, the
line will no longer transmit power. There are very few measurements of phase being
made across today's transmission systems. With many more measurements at key
locations, and with high-speed communication and advanced control systems to make use
of the data, the efficiency and stability of power system operation could be improved
substantially. Some of these changes are being made, but much more slowly than many
experts believe is socially desirable. More advanced capabilities are also possible, but
funding for such research has been limited.
• FACTS and other advanced control devices. Power flows through transmission grids in
accordance with the laws of physics, not the laws of economics. This means that often it
will flow in parts of the network where it is not wanted, and not flow in places that would
be more economically desirable. A family of devices based on solid-state power
electronics can change the electrical properties of lines and make power flow where it is
wanted. These Flexible AC Transmission System control devices are called FACTS
devices (there are a variety of different devices that can all be lumped under this general
name). While FACTS devices are expensive, a few utilities have started to use them
when they are the most cost-effective way to solve a transmission problem (e.g. because
using them is cheaper than building whole new lines, or because such lines simply cannot
be built). The control of FACTS systems requires advanced communication and system-
level control technology. Today, most FACTS devices run on single lines. If FACTS
devices become more widely used, it will become necessary to develop advanced control
systems to deal with the potential interaction between these systems. Again, funding for
such research has been limited.
• Distributed and autonomous control. Today, power systems are controlled centrally by
human operators, assisted by advanced computer systems. Only a few elements of the
system (such as protective circuit breakers) operate automatically, and typically these do
not cooperate with each other. It takes time to move information from across a far-flung
system back to central controllers, process it, and make control decisions. That places
limits on how effective power system control can be, especially under emergency
situations. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon and elsewhere have built models that
demonstrate that in some situations distributed advanced automatic control systems
(using computers that take measurements and talk to each other) could do a better job.
As with most of the other technologies and strategies for transmission-system control,
funding for such research has been limited.
In short, many advanced technologies and strategies could be used to turn the high voltage
transmission system into what some have termed a "smart self-healing grid." A few important
things could be done today. However, before the more advance ideas can be implemented,
additional research and small-scale demonstration will be needed.
Who should be in charge?
In considering the control of customer loads and distribution systems, a key policy issue is who
gets to choose when and where to turn things on and off? In the smart grid systems being built in
some parts of Europe, such as the Netherlands, the answer is the utility is in charge. In
emergency situations, that is surely the best arrangement. But, for day-to-day operations, we
believe that it is far better to leave control in the hands of customers, who are free to respond to
price signals. Nobody wants to sit and watch the meter, but in our electronics age there are
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5. THE MANY MEANINGS OF "SMART GRID"
simple inexpensive devices that can carry out our instructions as electricity prices change (see
the discussion above on time-of-use meters and on control of customers' loads).
What vulnerabilities could "smart grid" create?
All the systems we have described require communication between various components. Some
of this communication will take place over wires or fiber optics. Some of it will involve wireless
connections. All of these communication links introduce vulnerabilities, especially if they can
be accessed over the Internet. We should not build a power system in which a hacker working
for a burglar can tell when you are home by monitoring your control systems or a hacker on the
other side of the world can cause system-wide instabilities and blackouts. Many of the designers
of these systems offer assurances that they are being built in compliance with all the current
security standards. However, such standards have by necessity been developed before a smart
grid existed, or a clear consensus has emerged regarding the nature of a smart grid. Thus, serious
scrutiny is needed to ensure that such standards are truly adequate. The social vulnerabilities that
a "smart grid" may create are receiving far too little attention. Figuring out how to minimize or
avoid these vulnerabilities is an issue in urgent need of study. A good place to start would be
with a request from Congress for a careful study by an expert National Academy committee.
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