The aim of the project is to minimize the queue at the energy meter billing counters and to restrict the usage of energy meter automatically, if the bill is not paid. The project also aims at proposing a system that will reduce the loss of power and revenue due to power thefts and other illegal activities. The work system adopts a totally new concept of “Prepaid Energy Meter”. The GSM technology is used so that the consumer would receive messages about the consumption of power (in watts) and if it reaches the minimum amount, it would automatically alert the consumer to recharge. This technology holds good for all electricity distribution companies, private communities, IT parks and self-containing housing projects. The implementation of this project will help in better energy management, conservation of energy and also in doing away with the unnecessary hassles over incorrect billing. The automated billing system will keep track of the real time consumption and will leave little scope for disagreement on consumption and billing.It is observed that one of the faulty subsystems contributing to the huge revenue loss in Nigerian Power Sector is the metering and billing system. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing, like: errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading; and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. The remedy for this drawback is a prepaid energy billing. There are clear results from many countries, where prepaid system has reduced the revenue loss by a large amount. A GSM-based Energy Recharge Interface which contains a prepaid card equivalent to a mobile SIM card. The prepaid card communicates with the power utility using GSM communication network. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the consumer load is disconnected from the utility supply by the latching Relay (contactor). The power utility can recharge the prepaid card remotely through GSM/SMS mode base on customer requests. The results obtained shows good system performance. A prior billing is bound to do away with the problems of unpaid bills and human error in meter readings, thereby ensuring justified revenue for the utility
One promising means of reducing the transmission and distribution losses is through the distributed generation of electricity closer to the end user such as net metering schemes. And the other approach is managing customer consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, stimulating electricity customers to reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices, thereby reducing the peak demand for electricity. In order to assist consumers to make informed decisions on how to manage and control their electricity consumption, consumers should have a system to monitor their real-time electricity consumption as well as a communication network with the service provider. But traditional electricity meters only record energy consumption progressively over time, normally in monthly basis and provide no information of when the energy was consumed. Therefore the necessity of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has been emerged to address the above matters. Nowadays most of the nations are looking to rollout into Smart Meters enabling faster automated communication of information to consumers on their real time electricity consumption, and to service providers.
a smart meter electronically measures how much energy is being used and how much it costs, and then communicates it to the energy supplier and the customer. Smart meters can also enable the provision of new services to consumers as it can record consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less, and also gather data for remote reporting using two-way communication between the meter and central system.
(a).Evolution of electric grid
(b).Concept of electric grid
(c).Definition of smart grid
(d).Needs of smart grid
(e).Smart grid drivers and function
(f).Opportunities, challenges and benefits of smart grid
(g).Difference between conventional and smart grid
One promising means of reducing the transmission and distribution losses is through the distributed generation of electricity closer to the end user such as net metering schemes. And the other approach is managing customer consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, stimulating electricity customers to reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices, thereby reducing the peak demand for electricity. In order to assist consumers to make informed decisions on how to manage and control their electricity consumption, consumers should have a system to monitor their real-time electricity consumption as well as a communication network with the service provider. But traditional electricity meters only record energy consumption progressively over time, normally in monthly basis and provide no information of when the energy was consumed. Therefore the necessity of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has been emerged to address the above matters. Nowadays most of the nations are looking to rollout into Smart Meters enabling faster automated communication of information to consumers on their real time electricity consumption, and to service providers.
a smart meter electronically measures how much energy is being used and how much it costs, and then communicates it to the energy supplier and the customer. Smart meters can also enable the provision of new services to consumers as it can record consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less, and also gather data for remote reporting using two-way communication between the meter and central system.
(a).Evolution of electric grid
(b).Concept of electric grid
(c).Definition of smart grid
(d).Needs of smart grid
(e).Smart grid drivers and function
(f).Opportunities, challenges and benefits of smart grid
(g).Difference between conventional and smart grid
Andreas Sumper
CITCEA-UPC
WORKSHOP: “DEFINING SMART GRIDS: CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION”
SESSION 2: SMART GRIDS CHALLENGES: THE VISION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CENTRES
Barcelona, 9th February 2017
Organised by TR@NSENER Consortium.
TR@NSENER - European cooperation Network on Energy Transition in Electricity
This chapter presents first the electrical grid system and its main challenges. Then it presents the concept of the Smart grid (sensors, data collection, data analysis,..). Finally, the smart grid system is presented through the project SunRise “Large scale demonstrator of the Smart City”.
"Sustainable Economic Ecosystems" will power the transition from the Industrial Era to the Era of Sustainability. Begin here to learn more about the construct and the emergence of Smart Villages.
this slide shows what is smart grid ,its comparison between the electromechanical grids . smart meters and devises for the smart grid . benefit of smart grid . and a conclution
What is a Smart Grid?
The Smart Grid Enables the ElectriNetSM
Local Energy Networks
Electric Transportation
Low-Carbon Central Generation
What Should Be the Attributes of the Smart Grid?
Why Do We Need a Smart Grid?
Is the Smart Grid a “Green Grid”?
Alternative Views of a Smart Grid
This whitepaper highlights the opportunity for Smart Grid Solutions in India for the next 5-10 years as well as suggests recommendation for multinational companies planning to enter this market.
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
Most of the world’s electricity system was built when primary energy was relatively inexpensive. Grid reliability was mainly ensured by having excess capacity in the system, with unidirectional electricity flow to consumers from centrally dispatched power plants. Investments in the electric system were made to meet increasing demand—not to change fundamentally the way the system works.
Treatment of Blended Wastewater Using Single Chamber and Double Chambered MFCinventionjournals
: Microbial fuel cell is used for treatment of Blended wastewater (i.e.,dairy and distillery blended wastewater) for generation of electricity. Blended wastewater is treated in microbial fuel cell in ambient room temperature. In this study single chamber and double chambered MFC was used for the treatment of blended wastewater and generation of electricity. Micro-organisms present in blended wastewater and cow dung was used as inoculum, and blended wastewater acted as substrate. Single chamber MFC (MFC-1) and double chambered MFC (MFC-2) produced a maximum current of 7.99mA, 6.54mA and voltage of 6.54volts, 5.96volts.The power generation of MFC-1 and MFC-2 was 4.58W/m2 and 3.419W/m2 . MFC-1 was efficient in the removal of COD 84.77% and dissolved solids removal of 73.51% whereas, in case of MFC-2 the COD removal was 77.25% and dissolved solids removal was 72.23%. Different concentrations were loaded in MFC-1 and MFC-2 with the increment of the feed concentrations of COD. The COD and dissolved solids removal observed in dairy wastewater is attributed to the microbial catalyzed electrochemical reactions occurring in the anodic chamber of single and double chambered MFC
Contribution de la qualité perçue à la satisfaction et la confiance des usage...inventionjournals
Cette recherche permet de montrer l’importance de la qualité perçue dans l’explication de la satisfaction des usagers et leur confiance envers les administrations territoriales marocaines. Après avoir rappelé les principes fondamentaux de ces concepts, un modèle conceptuel a été proposé. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 470 usagers au niveau de la région Casablanca-Settat, dans le but de valider ce modèle causal et d’exposer les implications managériales et les recommandations appropriées aux gestionnaires et décideurs publics.Le traitement et l’analyse de données collectées par questionnaire a été réalisé via les logiciels SPSS 21 pour les analyses factorielles exploratoires et AMOS 21 pour les analyses factorielles confirmatoires.
Andreas Sumper
CITCEA-UPC
WORKSHOP: “DEFINING SMART GRIDS: CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION”
SESSION 2: SMART GRIDS CHALLENGES: THE VISION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CENTRES
Barcelona, 9th February 2017
Organised by TR@NSENER Consortium.
TR@NSENER - European cooperation Network on Energy Transition in Electricity
This chapter presents first the electrical grid system and its main challenges. Then it presents the concept of the Smart grid (sensors, data collection, data analysis,..). Finally, the smart grid system is presented through the project SunRise “Large scale demonstrator of the Smart City”.
"Sustainable Economic Ecosystems" will power the transition from the Industrial Era to the Era of Sustainability. Begin here to learn more about the construct and the emergence of Smart Villages.
this slide shows what is smart grid ,its comparison between the electromechanical grids . smart meters and devises for the smart grid . benefit of smart grid . and a conclution
What is a Smart Grid?
The Smart Grid Enables the ElectriNetSM
Local Energy Networks
Electric Transportation
Low-Carbon Central Generation
What Should Be the Attributes of the Smart Grid?
Why Do We Need a Smart Grid?
Is the Smart Grid a “Green Grid”?
Alternative Views of a Smart Grid
This whitepaper highlights the opportunity for Smart Grid Solutions in India for the next 5-10 years as well as suggests recommendation for multinational companies planning to enter this market.
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
Most of the world’s electricity system was built when primary energy was relatively inexpensive. Grid reliability was mainly ensured by having excess capacity in the system, with unidirectional electricity flow to consumers from centrally dispatched power plants. Investments in the electric system were made to meet increasing demand—not to change fundamentally the way the system works.
Treatment of Blended Wastewater Using Single Chamber and Double Chambered MFCinventionjournals
: Microbial fuel cell is used for treatment of Blended wastewater (i.e.,dairy and distillery blended wastewater) for generation of electricity. Blended wastewater is treated in microbial fuel cell in ambient room temperature. In this study single chamber and double chambered MFC was used for the treatment of blended wastewater and generation of electricity. Micro-organisms present in blended wastewater and cow dung was used as inoculum, and blended wastewater acted as substrate. Single chamber MFC (MFC-1) and double chambered MFC (MFC-2) produced a maximum current of 7.99mA, 6.54mA and voltage of 6.54volts, 5.96volts.The power generation of MFC-1 and MFC-2 was 4.58W/m2 and 3.419W/m2 . MFC-1 was efficient in the removal of COD 84.77% and dissolved solids removal of 73.51% whereas, in case of MFC-2 the COD removal was 77.25% and dissolved solids removal was 72.23%. Different concentrations were loaded in MFC-1 and MFC-2 with the increment of the feed concentrations of COD. The COD and dissolved solids removal observed in dairy wastewater is attributed to the microbial catalyzed electrochemical reactions occurring in the anodic chamber of single and double chambered MFC
Contribution de la qualité perçue à la satisfaction et la confiance des usage...inventionjournals
Cette recherche permet de montrer l’importance de la qualité perçue dans l’explication de la satisfaction des usagers et leur confiance envers les administrations territoriales marocaines. Après avoir rappelé les principes fondamentaux de ces concepts, un modèle conceptuel a été proposé. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 470 usagers au niveau de la région Casablanca-Settat, dans le but de valider ce modèle causal et d’exposer les implications managériales et les recommandations appropriées aux gestionnaires et décideurs publics.Le traitement et l’analyse de données collectées par questionnaire a été réalisé via les logiciels SPSS 21 pour les analyses factorielles exploratoires et AMOS 21 pour les analyses factorielles confirmatoires.
Integrating Fuzzy Dematel and SMAA-2 for Maintenance Expensesinventionjournals
: The majority of the allowances being transferred to public institutions are mostly spent for buying new equipment, materials, facilities and their maintenance and repair. Some of the public sectors establish their own plants in order to reduce the maintenance and repair costs and gain ability to perform these activities. However, developing technology and variety of materials make their repair and maintenance activities more expensive for them. In this study, vital criteria for a public institution are determined. By using Fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial And Evaluation Laboratory) method the degree of importance is identified by two defuzzification methods and the alternatives are ranked by using SMAA-2 (Stochastic Multi Criteria Acceptability Analysis) in three scenarios. The results show that different defuzzification methods change the order of preferences.
Molodtsov's Soft Set Theory and its Applications in Decision Makinginventionjournals
Molodtsov's soft set theory was originally proposed as a general mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainty. In this paper, we apply the theory of soft set to solve a decision making problem in terms of rough mathematics
Influence of Micro additives on Macrostructure of Autoclavedaerated Concreteinventionjournals
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a construction material with porous macrostructure prepared of finely milled siliceous aggregate, lime, water and Portland cement with the addition of aluminium powder and being steam-cured under the pressure in an autoclave. Today AAC (light construction material) is a widely used in the constructions as a material that is compared to concrete or conventional stone material, which has a high insulation properties and fireresistant. Previous studies have shown that application of microadditives in AAC enhances physical-mechanical properties of AAC samples. Most of these changes are duo to an even distribution of pores. The influence of such additives, as amorphous SiO2 (AS) and carbon fibres (CF), reduced to microsizeparticles, on formation of AAC macrostructure was investigated. The investigations were carried out with AAC forming mixture where 10% lime was replaced by equivalent content of Portland cement. Research results have showed, that the optimal replacement of sand by AS was 1.0% and by CF – 0.1%, and resulted in an equal distribution of pores and optimal macrostructure formation (higher amount of small pores, lower amount of merged pores) which leads to highest compressive and flexural strengths of modified AAC samples
Dielectric behaviour of Ni+2 substituted Cu Co Nanocrystalline Spinel Ferrite...inventionjournals
Herein, the dielectric properties such as permittivity (real part ε’ and imaginary part ε”) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are reported for the series [Nix Cu(constant) Co0.8-x Fe2O4] where constant=0.2 with x=0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 of ferrites, prepared by Sol-Gel auto-combustion technique by using high purity metal nitrate and citric acid as a catalyst. The variation in the real part (ε’) of dielectric constant , imaginary part ( ε”) of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are studied at room temperature in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 MHz. Structural characterization of the annealed samples was done with the help of X-ray diffraction method. The particle size and single phase formation of NiCuCoFe2O4 ferrite was confirmed by Xray diffraction analysis and TEM. The particle size of prepared sample was confirmed by Scherer’s formula. The effect on Particle size (t) and lattice constant (Å) is observed due to substitution of Ni2+ in Cu Co. The digital LCR meter is used to obtain the magnetic properties of prepared pallets. The variations in the structural and dielectric properties of the prepared ferrite material are discussed.
Life Cycle Assessment of Power Utility Poles – A Reviewinventionjournals
Worldwide, overhead electricity distribution is performed using poles made from various materials. The choice of the most efficient pole material is based on management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of products, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool which can be very useful to decision-makers. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to power utility poles until now, and which accomplishments and challenges can be pointed out from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, a review of accessible published LCA studies of power utility poles has been carried out. By employing well established literature review methodologies, a computer search of journals, conference proceedings, and reports have been carried out and retrieved case studies have been analyzed according to the criteria derived from the four phases of LCA international standards. From a performed review process, it was realized that a total of 13 LCA case studies have been increasingly conducted during these last 26 years in only four countries around the world. The case studies included both comparative LCA of various pole materials and LCA of a single pole material. The main used utility pole materials, the main considered functional units, the main assessed impact categories, the most considered environmentally friendly pole material, and the main challenges in the field have been identified and documented. LCA constitute a useful research field when studying the sustainability of power utility poles. Although existing case studies are scarce, the review highlights several outstanding accomplishments which show what have been satisfactorily done and what needs to be done. Currently, the topic is mainly limited to USA and Swedish researchers; developing countries seem to have noting to do with and there is not yet a methodological consensus which could facilitate a deep comparison between published case studies.
Summer Thermal Performance of a Multistoried Residential Buildinginventionjournals
Individual residential houses occupy a large area of land space. But multi storied buildings reduces the use of larger land area than the individual residential houses. A multi-story building is a building that supports two or more floors above the ground.A Single storey or multi-storey building is an active system. Thermal variation in the outdoor brings out thermal variations in the indoor. The roof of a single storey building receives the solar radiations directly and in the case of multi-storey building the top floor alone receives. The walls of the both type of buildings receive the solar radiations directly. The radiations from the roof and walls are propagated to the inside of each indoor of a multi-storied building. In a multi storied building the indoor temperature increases slowly to a steady state. Even if the outdoor temperature falls, the indoor temperature of the building does not fall. There exists a time lag for the rise and fall with the outdoor.Hence this study has been aimed to measure the inside roof, inside walls and indoor temperatures of the different floors. It has been observed that there are noticeable variations in the roof, walls and indoor temperatures between different floors.
Development of a Palm Fruit Bunch Chopper and Spikelet Stripperinventionjournals
The inadequacy of processing technology involved in the palm fruit processing has been attributed to the manual method and individualized processing machinery. This imposes the need to develop an all-in-one machine to increase efficiency, reduce time, space and drudgery. The palm fruit bunch chopper and spikelet machine comprise of the frame, chopping, stripping and cleaning chambers and the outlets (fruitlets, spikelet and dirt). Evaluation of the machine was varied on the level of ripeness of fresh palm fruit bunch, fermentation time of 24, 48, and 72hours, shafts speed (stripper shaft 320, 350, 500rpm and blower shaft 1300, 1500, 2100rpm). The stripping and quality performance efficiency with output capacity of stripping increased with level of ripeness, shafts speed and fermentation time from 15.949 – 94.015%, 12.843 – 79.943% and 59.208 – 249.056kg/hr respectively. The optimum chopping, stripping, quality performance and cleaning efficiency was obtained from the over-ripe fresh fruit bunch, 72hours fermentation time, 500rpm shafts speed and moisture content of 46.16% (db). The cost of producing one unit of the combined palm fruit bunch processor as at the time of fabrication was estimated to be ₦85,000 not including the cost of electric motor and the power required when operated with electric motor of 5.5hp
The objective of a video communication system is to deliver the maximum of video data from the source to the destination through a communication channel using all of its available bandwidth. To achieve this objective, the source coding should compress the original video sequence as much as possible and the compressed video data should be robust and resilient to channel errors. However, while achieving a high coding efficiency, compression also makes the coded video bitstream vulnerable to transmission errors. Thus, the process of video data compression tends to work against the objectives of robustness and resilience to errors. Therefore, extra information that needs to be transmitted in 3-D video has brought new challenge and consumer applications will not gain more popularity unless the 3-D video coding problems are addressed.
The objective of a video communication system is to deliver the maximum of video data from the source to the destination through a communication channel using all of its available bandwidth. To achieve this objective, the source coding should compress the original video sequence as much as possible and the compressed video data should be robust and resilient to channel errors. However, while achieving a high coding efficiency, compression also makes the coded video bitstream vulnerable to transmission errors. Thus, the process of video data compression tends to work against the objectives of robustness and resilience to errors. Therefore, extra information that needs to be transmitted in 3-D video has brought new challenge and consumer applications will not gain more popularity unless the 3-D video coding problems are addressed.
Supporting Information Management in Selecting Scientific Research Projectsinventionjournals
The information management in KAU (King Abdulaziz University) face a critical problem when selecting the suitable research projects. Most of faculty members in all faculties and research institutes submit scientific research proposals with the hope to be accepted. The management needs to set a scientific approach to help in selecting suitable proposals. TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Method) is a powerful a multi-criteria approach in ranking alternatives with different criteria and selecting the best alternatives. Applying the TOPSIS solved the problem that the Information management faces.
The Evaluation of Generic Architecture for Information Availability (GAIA) an...inventionjournals
Along with the growing interest in agent applications, there has been an increasing number of agentoriented software engineering methodologies proposed in recent years. These methodologies were developed and specially tailored to the characteristics of agents. The roles of these methodologies can provide methods, models, techniques, and tools so that the development of agent based system can be carried out in a former and systematic way. The goal of this paper is to understand the relationship between two key agent-oriented methodologies: Gaia, and MaSE. More specially, we evaluate and compare these three methodologies by performing a feature analysis, on them, which is carried out by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each participating methodology using an attribute-based evaluation framework. This evaluation framework addresses some areas of an agent-oriented methodology: concepts, modeling language, process and pragmatics
A smart meter is an electronic device
that records information such as
consumption of electric energy, voltage
levels, current, and power factor. Smart
meters communicate the information to
the consumer for greater clarity of
consumption behavior, and electricity
suppliers for system monitoring and
customer billing.
The project “Design a Talking Energy Meter based on Microcontroller” is design such that whenever the usage of energy exceeds the threshold value which is set by user, it announces an alert message which was already predefined in the voice circuit. The SMS of monthly billing status is also sends on user’s mobile number which is mentioned in program.
DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER ENERGY METER USING GSM TECHNOLOGYecij
The Distributed transformer meter is located in all user building blocks and a server is preserved from the facility contributor. The electricity is major part for consuming the energy level with cost and obtaining the energy used by customers can be maintain in every sequence of manual process is very difficult to identify. There are some common techniques that are used by customers for theft and leakage of power in one particular transformer and these robberies are detected using GSM. These meters provide the automatic readings data with help of Apriori algorithm. It will reduce the labor task and financial expenditure by adopting the automatic meter reading is to provide the bill entry process. This is very useful and helps to
households consumers.
Automated Meter reading systems are a invaluable technological advancement that can lead to
a better standard of living, owing to the fact that metering has become a part and parcel of our
mundane lives.
It solves many issues of the traditional meter reading system like need for human resources, lack
of efficiency and accuracy in meter reading, delayed work, unavailability of customer during
metering visit by employee, etc. Moreover it is more economical and helps to save energy in a
more efficient and effective way. Furthermore it has a very notable advantage of having the
ability to predict the energy demands of the future, starting from every household to the entire
planet.
Automated meter reading systems have been implemented using many different technologies
like GSM, ZigBee, PLC, D-SCADA, WiMAX and Hybrid Technologies that comprises of a mixture
of the above.
This seminar paper describes the working models, strengths and weaknesses of each technology
by considering various factors like feasibility, cost, reliability, efficiency, and maintenance and
user experience. This paper not only explains the existing Energy Metering systems but also
provides an abstract view of developing the most optimal Automated Meter Reading system.
MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILLING WITH BILL SMS USING PIC.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
The project provides a system that allows for consumed electricity reading in unit and How much amount of Current Can be Consumed by User its Prevent the Electricity Theft.
Our system provides the electricity readings on an LCD screen as well as can SMS this reading and cost to the user.
This lets the user know about his exact electricity units consumed and cost directly from his meter so that there is no chance of bill tampering.
The project allows a two way reading. One on LCD display and the second on SMS. Our project consists of IOT connected to a ATMEGA328p is an family of PIC. The system continuously monitors electrical pulses and calculates the unit consumption.
An advanced meters which performs smart functions to simplify the billing procedure and to modernize the grids which can be very helpful to the electricity providers and consumers in future. These meters simplifies the tampering and other non technical problems and also offers accurate electricity bills to consumers which avoids paying of high electricity bills.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Prepaid Energy Meter using GSM Module
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 2|| February 2017 || PP. 80-85
www.ijesi.org 80 | Page
Prepaid Energy Meter using GSM Module
Kumarsagar M.Dange1
,Sachin S. Patil2
,Sanjay P. Patil3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, ADCET, Ashta, Maharashtra,INDIA
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, ADCET, Ashta, Maharashtra,INDIA
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, ADCET, Ashta, Maharashtra,INDIA
Abstract: The aim of the project is to minimize the queue at the energy meter billing counters and to restrict the
usage of energy meter automatically, if the bill is not paid. The project also aims at proposing a system that will
reduce the loss of power and revenue due to power thefts and other illegal activities. The work system adopts a
totally new concept of “Prepaid Energy Meter”. The GSM technology is used so that the consumer would
receive messages about the consumption of power (in watts) and if it reaches the minimum amount, it would
automatically alert the consumer to recharge. This technology holds good for all electricity distribution
companies, private communities, IT parks and self-containing housing projects. The implementation of this
project will help in better energy management, conservation of energy and also in doing away with the
unnecessary hassles over incorrect billing. The automated billing system will keep track of the real time
consumption and will leave little scope for disagreement on consumption and billing.It is observed that one of
the faulty subsystems contributing to the huge revenue loss in Nigerian Power Sector is the metering and billing
system. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing, like: errors with electro-mechanical meters,
human errors while noting down the meter reading; and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills.
The remedy for this drawback is a prepaid energy billing. There are clear results from many countries, where
prepaid system has reduced the revenue loss by a large amount. A GSM-based Energy Recharge Interface
which contains a prepaid card equivalent to a mobile SIM card. The prepaid card communicates with the power
utility using GSM communication network. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the consumer load is
disconnected from the utility supply by the latching Relay (contactor). The power utility can recharge the
prepaid card remotely through GSM/SMS mode base on customer requests. The results obtained shows good
system performance. A prior billing is bound to do away with the problems of unpaid bills and human error in
meter readings, thereby ensuring justified revenue for the utility.
Keywords:Prepaid, Energy meter, GSM module
I. Introduction
The Electrical metering instrument technology has come a long way from what it was more than
100 years ago. From the original bulky meters with heavy magnets and coils, there have been many innovations
that have resulted in size & weight reduction in addition to improvement in features and specifications.
Resolution and accuracy of the meter have seen substantial improvements over the years. Introduction of the
digital meter in the later part of last century has completely changed the way Electrical parameters
are measured. Starting with Voltmeters & Ammeters, the digital meter has conquered the entire spectrum of
measuring instruments due to their advantages like ease of reading, better resolution and rugged construction. Of
particular significance is the introduction of the Electronic Energy Meter in the mid-eighties. Now a days, the
energy consumption and energy distribution has become a big subject for discussion because of huge difference
in energy production and consumption. In this regard, energy consumers are facing so many problems due to the
frequent power failures; another important reason for power cuts is due to the un-limited energy consumption of
rich people. In this aspect, to minimize the power cuts and to distribute the energy equally to all areas, some
restriction should have over the power consumption of each and every energy consumer, and according to that
the Government should implement a policy, by introducing Autonomous Energy Meters everywhere in domestic
sector. Hence, the need has come to think on this line and a solution has to be emerged out.
II. Problem Statement
The Energy metering instrument technology has come a long way from what it was more than
100 years ago. From the original bulky meters with heavy magnets and coils, there have been many innovations
that have resulted in size & weight reduction in addition to improvement in features and specifications.
Resolution and accuracy of the meter have seen substantial improvements over the years. Introduction of the
digital meter in the later part of last century has completely changed the way Electrical parameters
are measured. Starting with Voltmeters & Ammeters, the digital meter has conquered the entire spectrum of
measuring instruments due to their advantages like ease of reading, better resolution and rugged construction. Of
particular significance is the introduction of the Electronic Energy Meter in the mid-eighties. Now a days, the
2. Prepaid Energy Meter using GSM Module
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energy consumption and energy distribution has become a big subject for discussion because of huge difference
in energy production and consumption. In this regard, energy consumers are facing so many problems due to the
frequent power failures; another important reason for power cuts is due to the un-limited energy consumption of
rich people. In this aspect, to minimize the power cuts and to distribute the energy equally to all areas, some
restriction should have over the power consumption of each and every energy consumer, and according to that
the Government should implement a policy, by introducing Autonomous Energy Meters everywhere in domestic
sector. Hence, the need has come to think on this line and a solution has to be emerged out.
Objective of the project
To avoid more consumption of electricity.
Reduction of man-power.
Increase the accuracy of the meter reading.
Scope of the Projects:
In the present time of 21st century we have no space for errors or faults either in any technical system
or in general applications. Prepaid energy meter is an advantages concept for the further. It’s facilitates the
exemption from electricity bills. Electricity coupons will be available at nearby shops. The word prepaid means
“pay before use” one of the advantageous feature of this concept prepaid energy meter is used to prepaid the
ongoing supply of electricity to homes, offices etc.
Introduction to Automation System
Everything in today’s world is getting automated. In fact there is a feature of auto-pilot in airplanes
giving additional help to pilots during their cruise. Not only in airplanes but also in day to day electronic like
washing machine, microwave oven etc. automation feature is like a blessing. Automation feature is being added
in this project as well as there is no need of any man to take reading manually.
Proposed system
Project Features
User friendly
Can be Controlled from anywhere in the world
Daily energy limit
Reduce financial risk
Better customer service
Project Specifications
To generate units consumed from the wireless energy meter simulator and send the values to the DES
agent.To calculate the balance units of each household. The balance units are calculated as: Balance units =
Total balance units after topping up- units consumed.To send a reminder to user of his balance units hits certain
ranges.
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Block Diagram:
Block diagram of Prepaid Energy meter system
The block diagram consist of GSM module, microcontroller, Power supply 16 x 2 LCD Display, Relay
, Energy meter , Load . GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a cellular network, which means
that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four
different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in
the Americas use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were
already allocated. LCD Display is 16 x 2 .liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of
any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of
a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters,
the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light
passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering
one filter to allow it to pass through the other. A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the
control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or
close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input
circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Software Flowchart
Applications:
To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio
amplifiers,To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile,To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit
breakers (protection relays),To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at
different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch. The latter
is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be
often moved as needs change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve
energy,To perform logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by connecting NO relay
contacts in series, the OR function by connecting NO contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts
perform the XOR (exclusive or) function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using NC
contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks.Early computing.
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Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical elements in digital computers. See ARRA
(computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3.
Benefits:
Improved operational efficiencies:
The prepaid meters are likely to cut the cost of meter reading as no meter readers are required. In
addition, they eliminate administrative hassles associated with disconnection and reconnection. Besides, going
by South Africa’s experience, prepaid meters could help control appropriation of electricity in a better way than
conventional meters.
Reduced financial risks:
Since the payment is up-front reduces the financial risk by improving the cash flows and necessitates an
improved revenue management system.
Better customer service:
The system eliminates billing delay, removes cost involved in disconnection/reconnection, enables controlled
use of energy, and helps customers to save money through better energy management.
Recent Initiatives
The Sabah Electricity SdnBhd (SESB), Malaysia, has awarded a contract to a local manufacturer to supply
1,080 prepaid meters
Countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Iran have been showing increased interest in adopting
prepaid system
In India, the State of West Bengal has decided to introduce the smart card operated prepaid energy meters in
remote islands of Sunder bans. In Mumbai, pre-paid power is provided by the Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply
and Transport (BEST)Undertaking. Tata Power plans to introduce pre-paid electricity in Delhi.
Experimental result
Prepaid energy meter consist of digital energy meter, GSM module, relay, LCD display and varying load. An
overall snap of the project with all the described hardware is being shown in the image above.
At the user end
Initially, when the load is connected to the prepaid energy meter the consumption of the energy by the
connected load takes place.
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The balance reduces simultaneously with the consumption by the load. At a particular balance value, the user is
notified through an SMS which is sent via GSM.
“Your meter balance is low. Please recharge immediately”
After the recharge is done by electricity board, the following message of confirmation is sent to user and it will
also be showing the current balance.
“Recharge successfully. Balance = XXX”
XXX is the amount with which the user has recharged the prepaid energy meter + the remaining balance before
recharge.
After the notification message to the user, the user has to recharge immediately and in case it happens that the
user ignores the notification due to some reasons the prepaid energy meter will cut off with a notification
message to the user.
“Your balance is nearly 00 RS. Meter is off”
The notification messages will be beneficial to the user and the user will take quick required actions there by
avoiding the cutting off the power supply in tandem with keeping the usage of energy limited.
At the electricity board
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At the electricity board end, user has to recharge his prepaid energy meter with some amount of energy in order
to continue usage of energy. The message which has to be written in order to recharge has the following format.
“R XXX 1234353”
After the recharge is done by electricity board, the following message of confirmation is sent to the same.
“Recharge successfully. Balance = XXX”
XXX is the amount with which the user has recharged the prepaid energy meter + the remaining balance before
recharge.
III. Conclusion
Putting a full stop at the wastage of electricity, the problem of load shedding can be dealt with ease. It
is being said that half of India still don’t get electricity which no longer will be true.Man power will be limited
as there won’t be any need of personally visiting each and every electricity meter as it was in the earlier
days.The monopolistic power distribution market in asia is gradually transforming into a competitive
marketplace. Differentiation in service is going to be the key competitive factor to the improve market share in
the deregulated power markets prepaid meters with their advantages over conventional ones are likely to help
power distributors to differentiate and offer value –added services to consumers. Encourage consumers to opt
for prepaid meters on a voluntary basis and offering tariff or non-tariff incentives to those consumers who
prepaid their power changes would help the utilities to implement this system
REFERENCES
[1]. Mei-Sung Kang, et.al,“ Implementation of Smart Loading monitoring and Control System with ZigBee Wireless Network, IEEE
Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications,pp.907-912,2011-
[2]. Khusvinder Gill, et.al, “ A ZigBee-Based Home Automation System”,IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electrionics, Vol, 55,No. 2,
pp. 422-430 MAY 2009
[3]. N. Sriskanthan, et.al, “ Bluetooth based Home Automation System”, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol. 26,no.6,pp.281-
289,2002-
[4]. M. Zeghdoud, et.al, “Impact of Clear Channel Assessment Mode on the Performance of ZigBee Operating in a WiFi Environment”,
IEEE Workshop on Operator-assisted Community Networks, Berlin, pp. 1-8,September 2006
BIOGRAPHIES
Authors
Prof. K.M.DangePursuedM.Techin Electronics and currently working as Asst.
Professor inAnnasahebDange Collage of Engineering &Technology, Ashta. His
Area of specialization is Analog Electronic, Video Engineering.
Prof. S.S.Patil Pursued the M.E in Electronics and currently working as Asst.
professor inAnnasahebDange Collage of Engineering &Technology, Ashta..He has
awarded as Young Investigator by IRNET in international conference at Nagpur.
Prof. S.P.Patil Pursuing the M.E in Electronics and currently working as Asst.
professor in Annasaheb Dange Collage of Engineering &Technology, Ashta