Sleep Disorders
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Sleep disorders are common in the elderly population, with up to half complaining about sleep problems. Common causes include psychological stressors like retirement or bereavement. Older adults tend to fall asleep and wake up earlier and have less tolerance for changes in their sleep-wake cycle. The most common sleep disorders are insomnia and sleep apnea, characterized by frequent nighttime awakenings, early morning waking, daytime fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Other disorders include excessive sleep or nocturnal behaviors.
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Sleep disorders
This document summarizes several common sleep disorders: insomnia, sleep apnea, parasomnia, sleep paralysis, hypersomnia, sleepwalking, narcolepsy, snoring, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Insomnia involves difficulty falling or staying asleep. Sleep apnea interrupts breathing during sleep and is associated with health risks. Parasomnia describes night terrors that typically affect children. Sleep paralysis occurs upon waking when one is conscious but unable to move. Hypersomnia makes people susceptible to excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleepwalking involves performing activities while still asleep. Narcolepsy involves sudden sleepiness and other symptoms like cataplexy. Snoring is caused by airway obstructions and may indicate sleep ap
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There are two main categories of sleep disorders: dyssomnias, which involve problems with the quantity or quality of sleep; and parasomnias, which involve unusual physical or experiential events during sleep. Some common sleep disorders discussed in the document include insomnia, sleep deprivation, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, narcolepsy, and cataplexy. Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, while sleep deprivation means not getting enough sleep, which can impact judgment and coordination. Sleep apnea involves interrupted breathing during sleep due to issues like obesity or nasal passages. Narcolepsy causes uncontrollable sleep attacks and is associated with cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and
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2) How to differentiate sleep stages (wake, N1, N2, N3, REM) based on patterns in the EEG, EOG, and EMG waveforms. Key criteria for each stage are outlined.
3) How to handle transitions between stages and edge cases like body movements that obscure the EEG. The document emphasizes applying standard criteria and taking the EEG as the primary determinant of sleep stage.
PhD Thesis: STUDY OF THE CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF
STUDY OF THE CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA HYPOPNEA SYNDROME (OSAHS)
IN BANGLADESHI ADULT POPULATION
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Science and Research,Dhaka University, Bangladesh,October 2011
Submitted by: Prof. (Dr) AKM Mosharraf Hossain
Prof. & Head of Respiratory Medicine Wing
Department of Internal Medicine
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Registration no: 143/2006-2007
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This document provides information on diagnosing and investigating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Key tests and measures mentioned include polysomnography (PSG), Mallampati score, Friedman tongue score, Muller's maneuver, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. A medical history, physical examination assessing features like BMI and neck circumference, and airway analysis including PSG are used to diagnose OSA. PSG is the gold standard but other home tests exist.
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep, which can fragment sleep and cause daytime sleepiness. Risk factors include obesity, large neck size, and anatomical features that narrow the airway. Polysomnography is the gold standard test to diagnose OSA by measuring breathing patterns, oxygen levels, and brain waves during sleep. Left untreated, OSA is associated with increased risks of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and devices like CPAP that maintain airway pressure during sleep.
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1) Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in pauses in breathing or reductions in air flow.
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Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues and returns it to the circulatory system. Lymph vessels contain valves and pass through lymph nodes which filter the fluid and produce lymphocytes to fight infection. The fluid is returned to the circulatory system below the collarbone. Blood transports nutrients, gases, waste, and defenses the body against pathogens. It is composed of plasma and blood cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that typically occurs in older adults and results in slowed movements, tremors, and rigidity. It is caused by the loss of cells in the substantia nigra region of the brain, which decreases the production of dopamine in the striatum. Over time, motor and neuromuscular changes can lead to impairments in mobility, breathing, elimination, and nutrition that cause increased dependence on others for care. Death usually occurs within 7-10 years from complications like dysrhythmia or pulmonary embolism.
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The document provides information on diagnostic examinations and tests, related nursing responsibilities, and general nursing responsibilities. It discusses various diagnostic examinations including radiography, endoscopy, radionuclide imaging, and electrical graphic recordings. It also covers responsibilities for specific examinations like ECG, EEG, and EMG. Laboratory tests and specimen collection are described. Preparing clients, obtaining equipment, positioning during procedures, and post-procedural care are summarized.
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Cardiovascular System
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen before returning to the left side of heart to be pumped throughout the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins, and is propelled by blood pressure generated with each heartbeat.
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The lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues and returns it to the circulatory system. Lymph vessels carry this fluid through lymph nodes, which filter the fluid and produce white blood cells, before returning it to the circulatory system via veins near the collarbone. Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and more throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and blood cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, each with distinct functions like oxygen transport, waste removal, and clotting. A person's blood type is determined by antigens on red blood cells, and the Rh factor is another important antigen that can cause complications during pregnancy if mother and child are incompatible.
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Sexual Disorders
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Transient Ischemic Attack
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The prostate gland is located in the male reproductive system and commonly enlarges with age in a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As men age, BPH symptoms emerge such as frequent and hesitant urination that result from the enlarged prostate pressing on the urethra. Treatment options range from minimally invasive procedures that use heat or lasers to destroy excess prostate tissue to more invasive surgical procedures. After surgery, a catheter is typically used and sexual function often returns after recovery, though the surgery can cause retrograde ejaculation in which semen enters the bladder rather than being expelled.
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Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf