The document discusses locomotion and the skeletal and muscular systems that enable movement. It describes the three types of joints - fixed, slightly movable, and freely movable - and provides examples like the ball and socket hip joint. The skeletal system includes bones and cartilage that provide structure, shape, protection and movement. Key bones are discussed like the skull, spine, ribs, limbs and girdles. The muscular system works with tendons and ligaments to contract muscles and enable locomotion. Examples show how different animals like earthworms, birds and fish move using alternative structures and locomotion methods besides bones.

4. Introduction
Locomotion
Importance of locomotion
Joints and their types
Skeletal system &its parts
Muscular system
Locomotion in different animals

5. Locomotion
It is the movement of the
entire body from one
place to another.

7. Skeletal
system
Joints
Fixed
Ribs, joint to the
sternum, bones of skull
movable
ball and socket hinge pivot gliding
partially movable;
joints in vertebral
column.

8. JOINTS

9. Joints
 The place where two or more bones join.
 Ends of bones forming a joint is lined with a layer of tough and
elastic tissue called cartilage. It helps to reduce friction between
the bones during movement.
 It is also present in other parts e.g., upper part of ear and front part
of nose.
 There are three types of joints- Immovable or fixed, slightly
movable joint and freely movable.

10. Type of Joint
Joint
Movable
Joint
Immovable
Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Fixed
Joint
Gliding Joint
Ball & Socket Joint

11. Hinge Joint
• A hinge joint (ginglymus) is a bone
joint in which the articular surfaces
are molded to each other in such a
manner as to permit motion only in
one plane.
• Examples of The knee joints and ankle
joints are less typical, as they allow a
slight degree of rotation or of side-to-
side movement in certain positions of
the limb.
Allows back and forth movements.

12. Hinge joint:

13. HINGE JOINT

14. Ball and Socket Joint
• The ball and socket joint (or spheroidal
joint) is a joint in which the ball-shaped
surface of one rounded bone fits into the
cup-like depression of another bone.
• These are found in the hip, where the
rounded head of the femur (ball) rests in
the cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the
pelvis, and in the glenohumeral joint of
the shoulder, where the rounded head of
the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like
glenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder
blade.

15. Ball & Socket Joint

16. Pivot Joint
• Pivot joints allow for rotation, which can
be external (for example when rotating
an arm outward), or internal (as in
rotating an arm inward). When rotating
the forearm, these movements are
typically called pronation and supination.
• This joint enable us to move our head
up, down, right and left and are
present in our neck.

17. • A plane joint (arthrodial joint, gliding
joint, plane articulation) is a synovial
joint which, under physiological
conditions, allows only gliding
movement.
• The opposed surfaces of the bones are
flat or almost flat, with movement limited
by their tight joint capsules.
• Typically, they are found in the wrists
and ankles.
Gliding Joint

18. Fixed Joint
• Some joints between bone in our head
are different from those we have
dicussed as it doesn’t move.
• Fixed bones are only found in our upper
jaw and skull and our teeth

19. PIVOT JOINT

20. HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

21. 2 systems for our body’s
movement
Muscular
System

22. The skeletal system is made up of 2 parts:
Bone
(is hard)
Cartilage
(is Elastic
and soft)

24. Cartilage
ear lobe
cartilage

25. The skeleton divide into two types:
Endoskeleton-
Skeleton within the
body
Exoskeleton-
Skeleton outside the
body

27. Usually insects have EXOSKELETONS.

28. HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

31. The skeletal system is made up of bones,
joints and connective tissue.
Endoskeleton
Skull Vertebral
column
Ribs
Limbs
Girdles

32. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON SYSTEM
• Shape and support to the body.
•Protects the soft and delicate vital organs of the
body.
• Movement of the body.
•Some bones enclose bone marrow-a blood-forming
tissue.
•Bones store calcium and phosphorus making them
strong and hard.

33. Bones and their function
• Bones are rigid organ that constitute part of
the endoskeleton of vertebrates consist of
calcium.
• They support and protect the various organs
of the body, produce red and white blood
cells and store minerals.
• Protection —bones can serve to protect
internal organs, such as the skull protecting
the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and
lungs.
• Bones provide a frame to keep the body
supported.

34. Human Skeletal System
It comprisesof-
 Skull
Backbone
Ribcage
Pelvic bones
Girdles

35. Skull
Cranium
Lower jaw

37. Backbone (Spine)
Vertebrae
Cartilage

38. RIBCAGE

39. HIP GIRDLE (Pelvic girdle)
Hip girdle
Backbone

41. SHOULDER
GIRDLE
Collar bone
Shoulder girdle
Humerus

42. WHAT ARE TENDONS AND
LIGAMENTS?

43. Muscles help in movement only by contracting

45. Earthworm
• Earthworms do not have bones.
• The body is made up of muscle
rings.
• Food: it eats soil.

46. Snail
1) Snails do not have bones.
2) Snail has soft & moist body.
3) Snail does not like sunshine
because the body dries up.
4) Snail does not come out from
shell during dry day.
5) Snail comes out during rainy
season.

47. Snail
6) Snail has rounded structure
(not a bone) on its back called
the shell.
7) The rounded structure helps in
protection.
8) Below the shell, there is head
and thick structure.
9) Thick structure (made up of strong
muscles) is its foot which helps
in movement.

48. Cockroach

49. Birds

50. Bird
• How do they move from
place to place?
• They fly in the air or walk
on the ground.

51. 1) Birds have light and hallow
bones.
2) They have hind limb bones
which help in walking.
3) The forelimbs bones are
modified as wings.
4) They have strong shoulder
bones.

52. Fish
3) The head and the tail of the fish are smaller and
the middle portion is bigger.
4) This boat shape body is called streamlined.
1) Fish has a bone.
2) The skeleton of the fish is
covered with strong muscles.
5) During swimming, fins help in movement
while muscles help to push forward.

54. Snake
1) Snakes have bones.
2) Snakes have a long
backbone and ribs.
3) They have many thin
muscles.
snake skeleton

56. THANK
YOU