The document discusses the skeletal system, including its structures and functions. It describes the different types of bones and joints in the human body. It covers topics like bone tissue, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and the role of the endocrine system in bone health. The document also discusses disorders like fractures, osteoporosis, and discusses how practices like yoga can benefit bone and joint health.

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24 January
2020
Skeletal System
Anatomy ,Physiology & Diet
by
Dr.Nutan Pakhare
Qualified For Assistant ProfesSOR
B.A.M.S, MSc Yoga, PGDYS,CCY & COUNSELLOR
Dr.Nutan Pakhare

2. Familiarity - Skeletal System &
Yoga
24 January 20202
 Structures & Functions of
■ Bones
■ Joints
■ Cartilage
■ Bone marrow
■ Role of Endocrine system for health of Bones
 Disorders of Bones & Joints
 Yoga therapy for healthy bones & joints
 Diet & Lifestyle for health of bones & join
Dr.Nutan Pakhare

3. Specific Characteristics of
bones
Most hard and tough part of the body.
Remains after death.
Though they are hard.
They are not heavy.
Contains 50% water.
Remaining solid part mostly contains calcium phosphate .
Long bones has cavity which contains bone marrow (soft
tissue)
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Dr.Nutan
Pakhare
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4. • Skeletal system is the framework
,arranged symmetrically in the
combination of bones & Joints
• Bones are hard but they are living
organs, composed of various
connective tissues
• Cells in bone nourished by food mainly
rich in minerals & calcium.
• Assimilation of calcium is key for health
of bones, cartilage & ligaments, where
yoga plays important role.
• Skeletal bones are important for storage
of calcium & phosphate
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2020
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Trunk & Limbs =206 Bones

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Dr.Nutan Pakhare
Skeleton - Storage of ca+ and
phosphorous
Upper limb 60 Lower Limbs
60Humerus
Radius &
Ulna
Hand
Pectoralis Girdle
(Clavicle &
scapula)
Femur Patella
Tibia & Fibula
foot
Pelvic Girdle (Dancing
bone) (Ilium, Ischium &
Pubis)

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Skeletal system –Two parts

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Bones - Hands & Feet
Carpal – 8
Metacarpal - 5
Phalanx -
14
27 x 2 = 54
Tarsal – 7
Metatarsal -5
Phalanx -
14
26 x 2 = 52

9. Types of bones
Long bones-
Humerus,Femur
(Extremities)
Short bones-
metacarpal,
phalanges
Flat bones -
Head,
Pelvic
bones
Irregular bones –
Vertebrae, ribs
Sesamoid-
Patella.
(formed by big
tendons of the
muscles)
Pneumatic bones
–Skull. (contains
more pores)
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Pakhare
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Flat bones & irregular bones

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Short bones & Long bones
(Strenuous activities & Limbs)

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Structure & Function of Ribcage
(Malnourished ribcage - Rickets in
children)

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Osteon - Haversian System
There are two types of bone tissue:
compact and spongy
The basic unit of Compact Bone is
an "osteon", which is also known as
a "Haversian System".
Three types of cells that contributes
bone homeostasis.
1.Osteoblasts are bone- makers
2.Osteoclasts are bone breakers
3.Osteocytes are
mature bone cells maintain
bone matrix
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Dr.Nutan Pakhare

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Joints ,Where two or more
bones meet (important for ROM)
Articulating cartilage &
Synovial Cavity made up of
Synovial membrane
Secreting Synovial Fluid
■ vicious liquid nourishing &
lubricating joints ,prevents
friction & absorb shocks.
■ It is also medium of gas
exchange & detoxify bones
Bursa –Pouch like structure
contains synovial fluid

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Structure of
Long bone
• Limbs –Upper & Lower limbs
• Epiphysis- RBC (both ends)
• Diaphysis –Shaft (Yellow
bon marrow)
• Metaphysis –Growing bone
• Articular cartilage ,covering
& cavity
• Medullary cavity –It contains
Yellow bone marrow &
spongy bones contains Red
bone marrow
• Endosteum- bone forming
cells

16. Cartilage - Semisolid
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Pakhare
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Elastic
and less
hard
than
bone.
Destroy
after
death.
Respiratorytrack
Thoracic
cage
Joints
Ears

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2020
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Ligaments –Bone to bone
connection
Tendons – Muscle to bone
connection

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Types of Joints

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Movable & Slightly Movable
Joints
The adult human body has approximately
230 movable and semi-movable joints.
Gliding
joints move
against each
other on asingle
plane.E.g..
intervertebral
joints and
wrists and
ankles bones.
Hinge
joints
move on just
one
axis. These
joints
allow for
flexion and
extension.
E.g. the elbow
and finger
joints.
A pivot
jointprovides
rotation.E.g. the atlas
and axis
allows for
rotation of the
head.
A condyloid
jointallows for
circularmotion,
flexion, and
extension.E.g. The wrist
joint between
the radius and
the
carpal bones.
A saddle
joint allows for
flexion,
extension, andother
move , butments
no
rotation.In the hand,
the thumb’s
saddle joint
(between the
first
metacarpal
and the
trapezium) lets
the thumb
cross over the
palm, making it
opposable.
The ball-
and- socket
joint is a
freely movingjoint that
canrotate on
any
axis.E.g. The
hip and
shoulder
joints

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Types of
Synovial
Joints

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Synovial Joints movements

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2020
Dr.Nutan Pakhare
The adult human body has approximately 230 movable and semi-
movable joints.
1. Gliding joints move against each other on a single plane. E.g..
intervertebral joints and wrists and ankles bones.
2. Hinge joints move on just one axis. These joints allow for flexion and
extension. E.g. the elbow and finger joints.
3. A pivot joint provides rotation. E.g. the atlas and axis allows for
rotation of the head.
4. A condyloid joint allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension.
E.g. The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones.
5. A saddle joint allows for flexion, extension, and other movements,
but no rotation. In the hand, the thumb’s saddle joint (between the
first metacarpal and the trapezium) lets the thumb cross over the
palm, making it opposable.
6. The ball-and-socket joint is a freely moving joint that can rotate on
any axis. E.g. The hip and shoulder joints

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Dr.Nutan Pakhare

25. Function Of Skeletal System
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Support to muscles & ligaments
Protection-delicate organs like brain, lungs,
uterus
Movement (Tendons) - Locomotion
Holding postures - Maintains Specific
position
Formation of blood cells
Hearing – 3 tiny bones(in each ear)
Homeostasis- Store house of calcium(99%)
& phosphorous & fat

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2020
Dr.Nutan Pakhare
Normal Curve
Total - 33
bones
Cervical – 7
Thoraci
c – 12
Lumbar
– 5
Sacru
m –1
Coccyx – 4 (at times
counted a 1 bone)
Backward
Cervical
Lumber
Forward-
Thoracic
Sacral

27. Yoga Therapy For
Musculoskeletal
Disorders

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2020
Dr.Nutan Pakhare
Abnormal Spine Curve
my case study

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S
Marjarasana

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2020
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a Soft tissues mainly
present in the centre part of long
bones
Types– Red & Yellow
Adults - average about 2.6kg (50%
RBM)
Red Bone Marrow- produces RBC
platelets and most white blood
cells .Red marrow is found mainly in
the flat bones such as hip bone,
breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae
and shoulder blades, and in the
cancellous ("spongy") material at the
proximal ends of the long bones
femur and humerus
Yellow marrow –Produces white
cells, Cartilage & fat cells

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2020
Dr.Nutan Pakhare
Leukaemia & Multiple
myeloma Blood/Bone Cancer
Symptoms –Lack of immunity & anaemia
Treatment - Medication, Chemotherapy , Bone
Marrow Transplantation.
Survival rate – 15-70%
Relapse rate - 33-78%
https://www.yoga-teacher-
training.org/2011/07/27/yoga-for-leukemia-
patients/
Dr.Paul Jerard
Asana - Ushtrasana, or Camel pose,
Gomukhasana, or Cow Face pose, and Balasana
or Child’s pose with arms extended in front,
combined with Bhujangasana or Cobra pose ,
Sarvangasana, or Bridge Pose are all excellent
chest openers.
Meditation & Breathing yoga techniques -
Emotional & mental health support
The most common type of
bone cancer that starts in
the bone marrow is called
multiple myeloma

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• People who exercise regularly have thicker bones
than people who are more sedentary.
Yoga, Diet & healthy activities are important
to maintain proper BONE DENSITY &
HEALTH OF BONES
• Calcium rich food leafy green vegetables, certain
fish, oatmeal and other grains, tofu, cabbage,
summer squash, green beans, garlic, yoghruta ,
Vit D,C,B12 , Magnesium, phosphorous

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Pakhare
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Hardness.
Due to absorption &
assimilation of Calcium
phosphate in the bones
maintained by digestion ,
estrogen & testosterone
hormones .
Good
density
means
Long life.
High working
capacity.
Bone Density

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Pakhare
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Disturbed
proportion of
Calcium and
phosphorous
in the blood
Disturbance
in hormones
like
estrogen,
Calcitonin
&
other Para-
thyroid
hormones
Lack of
exercise
Factors Responsible for
Degeneration of bones

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2020
Dr.Nutan Pakhare
Age, Hormones & Bone mass
Importance of pelvis & spine
health

36. Role Of Endocrine System
in Skeletal system
Testosterone - growth & hardness of the
bones.
Estrogen –in female its helps for protein
anabolism & calcium intake. This increases the
hardness of bones
Parathyroid hormone –It helps in calcium
transport
,inhibits the loss of calcium filtered by kidney &
improves the absorption of calcium ,magnesium
from intestine.
Calcitonin – Its secreted by thyroid gland & it
helps in uptake of calcium & phosphate in bone.
So it stores calcium.
27-Jan-
19
BY Dr.Nutan Pakhare -
Kaivalyadhama
26
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2020
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2020
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Osteoporosis & Joints
disorders
(Intervertebral disc-Spring like)

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Fractures ,Calcaneal spur &
Sprain etc.

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Disc & Disorders
Slip discs etc. & Yoga
■ Forward bends –
compress disc
■ Backward bend –Release
compression & bring disc
back to natural position
■ Lateral bends strengthen
muscles around spine
■ Disc Allows space to pass
through sensory & motor
nerves to & from body &
brain

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Pakhare
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Increases
density
Improves
Flexibility
Increases
elasticity and
strength of
ligaments
Improves blood
formation
Increases
working stamina
Avoids early
degeneration.
Benefits Of Yoga For Healthy Skeletal
System
Enhances function of VIT D formation in the liver & kidney
& calcium uptake inside bones

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2020
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Ref link -
https://well.blogs.nyti
mes.com/2015/12/21/
12-minutes-of-yoga-
for-stronger-bones/
■Yoga include better posture,
improved balance, enhanced
coordination, greater range of
motion, higher strength,
reduced levels of anxiety and
better gait.
■“By opposing one group of
muscles against another,
■ it stimulates osteocytes, the
bone-making cells.”
“Yoga looks like it’s safe, even for
people who have suffered significant
bone loss,
“Spinal fractures can result from poor
posture, and there’s no medication for
that, but yoga is helpful,”(Dr.Loren M
Fishman)physiatrist at Columbia
University who specializes in
rehabilitative medicine (Osteoporosis in
women)

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pakharenutan@gmail.co
m
9821842424