The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is made up of two main parts - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, spine and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet. The skeletal system performs important functions like providing a framework for muscle attachment and protecting internal organs. It contains four types of bones - long, short, flat and irregular. Cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons all help the skeletal system function properly by connecting bones and allowing movement. Maintaining strong bones requires proper diet, exercise and avoiding fractures.

1. The Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System
 Part 1: What is the skeletal system?
 Part 2: Proper bone care and fractures.

3. Part 1: What is the skeletal system?

4. Skeletal System
 Functions
 Structure - 2 main parts:
 Axial & Appendicular
 Basic Types - 4 kinds
 Cartilage
 Joints
 Ligaments & Tendons

5. Functions of the Skeletal System
 Provides a strong, steady frame for the
body’s muscle to move.
 Supports and protects internal organs.

6. Structure of the Skeletal System
 Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that make up
the skull, spine, ribs, or sternum
(breastbone).
 Functions include the vertebrae which protect
the spinal cord. Also, the ribs which connect
around to attach to the sternum and protects
the heart and lungs.

7. Examples of Axial Bones
 Pictures of ribs and sternum

8. Structure of the Skeletal System
 Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones of
the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and
feet.
 Function allowing the body to perform a wide
range of motions.

9. Examples of Appendicular Bones
 X-Ray Pictures of the hip and hands bones
Pelvis (hip) Carpals (wrist), metacarpals
(hand), phalanges (fingers)

10. Basic Types of Bones
 Long- found in the arms and legs. These
bones are very strong. For example, the
femur bone in the leg.
 Short- Short bones are as broad as they
are long. For example, carpal bones in
the wrist.

11. Basic Types of Bones
 Flat- have a thin, flat shape. Flat bones
are generally used to protect the body’s
vital organs. For example, the ribs and
skull.
 Irregular- any bone shape that does not
fall into the previous 3 categories. For
example, the vertebrae is a irregular bone.

12. Cartilage
 Cartilage- A strong, flexible connective
tissue.
 Different types of cartilage line the surface of
bones at joints allowing smooth movement.
 Other functions include cushioning the
vertebrae and supporting the ear and nose.

13. Fat into Cartilage?
 Podcast: A Duke University Study
 Might be possible to turn fat to cartilage
 Very beneficial, as cartilage can’t repair itself

14. Cartilage
 A baby’s skeletal system is mostly made
up of cartilage.
 As the baby grows, the cartilage is
replaced with bone minerals and cells
through ossification.
 Ossification- the process by which bone is
formed, renewed, and repaired.

15. Joints
 Joint- the point at while 2 bones meet.
 Some joints provide a small range of motion
and are considered immovable (ex.-skull).
Most are mobile and provide a range of
movement.

16. Types of Mobile Joints
 There are 4 types:
 Ball and Socket- allows the widest range of
motion; forward, backwards, sideways,
circular. Examples- shoulder and hip.
Pivot Joint- allows rotation. Between the
skull and the first two vertebrae is an
example of a pivot joint.

17. Types of Joints
 Ellipsoidal Joint- oval shaped part in a
curved space like the wrist. Allows all
movements except pivot.
 Hinge Joint- allows bending and
straightening. Examples include, fingers,
knee, and elbow.

18. Ligaments
 Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, slightly
elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at
the joint.
 Also prevents excess movement of the joint.

19. Tendons
 Tendons- Fibrous cords that join muscle to
bone or to other muscles.
 Example of tendons that are visible to the eye
are when you use your fingers you see the
tendons moving on the back of your hand.

20. Part 2: Proper Bone Care and
Fractures

21. Part 2: Proper Bone Care and
Fractures
 Importance of bone function
 Proper diet for good bone care
 Physical Exercise
 Fractures

22. Importance of Bone Function
 Bones act as a storage center for the
body’s essential minerals like calcium and
phosphorus.
 Bones also produce blood cells. This takes
place in the red bone marrow.

23. Proper Diet for Good Bone Care
 Calcium is an essential mineral in order to
build up the strength of the bones.
 Food sources include milk, cheese, most dairy
products.

24. Race & Osteoporosis

25. Proper diet
 Phosphorus combines with calcium to give
bones their rigidity.
 Food sources include milk, peas, liver, cottage
cheese, broccoli, and whole grains.

26. Physical Exercise
 Regular activity is important for the health
of bones. Exercise promotes better blood
flow, increasing nourishment to the bones.

27. Physical Exercise
 Also important is weight bearing exercise
which increases the bone mass.
 Weight bearing activities include walking,
lifting weights, any exercise with direct weight
pressure to the ground.
 Not included are swimming, biking, etc.

28. Fractures
 Any type of break in a bone.
 Two main types:
 Simple (closed)- the bone does not stick out
of the skin.
 Compound (open)-one or both ends of the
bone stick out or protrude through the skin.