These slides are for Yoga Teachers or students of Yoga for understanding the disease and what Yoga program we can offer to our client when they reach you for help. Although every individual is unique and Yoga Therapy should also be made considering what level of disease they are going through. Disclaimer: We dont take any responsibility if someone starts to follow the program as mentioned in the PPT for any harm or injury.

1. DISEASES OF
BONES AND JOINTS
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2. Common Human Diseases
ARTHRITIS
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3. WHAT IS ARTHRITIS?
• Arthritis affects the musculoskeletal system, specifically
the joints. It is the main cause of disability among people
over fifty-five years of age .
The word arthritis comes from the Greek “arthron” meaning
"joint" and the Latin ”itis” meaning “inflammation".
Arthritis is not a single disease - it is a term that covers over
100 medical conditions. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most
common form and generally affects elderly patients. Some
forms of arthritis can affect people at a very early age.
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4. JOINT
• Joint is where one bone moves on another
bone.
• Ligaments hold the two bones together like
elastic bands.
• Cartilage covers the bone surface to stop the two
bones from rubbing directly against each other
thus allows the joint to work smoothly and
painlessly.
• A capsule surrounds the joint. The space within
the joint - the cavity - has synovial fluid which
nourishes the joint and the cartilage. The synovial
fluid is produced by the synovium (synovial
membrane) which lines the joint cavity.
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5. WHAT CAUSES ARTHRITIS?
If one has arthritis, something goes wrong with the joint(s).
What goes wrong depends on what type of arthritis he has. It
could be :
• the cartilage is wearing
away
• a lack of fluid
• autoimmunity
• infection
• combination of many
factors.
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6. WHAT CAUSES ARTHRITIS?
• According to yogic approach, acidic wastes and toxins,
accumulating in the joint fluid, irritate the nerve fibers in the
joint, causing pain and stiffness. If the circulation of ‘Prana’ in
the joint remains blocked for a longer period, the structure of
the joint itself begins to degenerate.
• The joint fluid begins to dry up, the soft cartilage lining
corrodes away and the bones
themselves begin to accumulate
excessive calcium, forming new
bone growth which limits movements.
• Eventually, the sufferer becomes
crippled.

7. DOES CRACKING KNUCKLES
CAUSE ARTHRITIS?
• Cracking the knuckles, also known as
"popping", is a kind of joint
manipulation that produces a cracking
sound.
In fact, humans are able to crack several
joints, including the ankles, shoulders,
feet, jaws, toes, neck and back vertebrae,
elbows, wrists and hips.
Two studies showed that chronic knuckle
cracking does not appear to increase the
risk of hand osteoarthritis, but may
reduce the strength of your grip.
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8. TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
There are over 100 types of arthritis. Some common ones are:
• Osteoarthritis - cartilage loses its elasticity and becomes
damaged more easily. The cartilage will gradually wear away
in some areas. As the cartilage becomes damaged tendons and
ligaments become stretched,
causing pain.
Eventually the bones may rub
against each other causing very
severe pain.
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9. • Rheumatoid arthritis - this is an inflammatory form of
arthritis. The synovial membrane (synovium) is attacked,
resulting in swelling and pain. If left untreated the arthritis can
lead to deformity. It is more common in women than man
between 40 and 60 years of age. However, children and much
older people may also be affected.
TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
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10. TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
• Gouty Arthritis: Gout is a type of arthritis in which crystals
of uric acid get deposited in joints making it swollen and very
painful. There is also an uncommon form of gouty arthritis
caused by the formation of rhomboid crystals of calcium
pyrophosphate known as ‘Pseudogout’.
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11. TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
• Infectious arthritis (septic arthritic) - An infection in the
synovial fluid and tissues of a joint. It is usually caused by
bacteria, but could also be caused by fungi or viruses.
Pathogen may spread through the bloodstream from infected
tissue nearby, and infect a joint. Most susceptible people are
those who already have some form of arthritis and develop an
infection that travels in the bloodstream.
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12. TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) - arthritis that affects a
person aged 16 or less. There are three main types:
1. Pauciarticular JRA: most common, mildest, pain in 4 joints.
2. Polyarticular JRA: affects more joints, more severe.
3. Systemic JRA: least common. Pain in many joints. It can
spread to organs.
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13. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
ARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis -
• The symptoms develop slowly and get worse as time goes by.
• Pain in a joint, either during or after use, or after inactivity.
• There will be tenderness when pressure is applied to the joint.
• Stiff joints, especially in the morning.
• No flexibility.
• A grating sensation when the joint is used.
• Hard lumps, or bone spurs around the joint.
• The joint might swell.
• The most common affected joints are in the hips, hands, knees
and spine.
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14. Rheumatoid arthritis -
• The same joints in each side of the body are painfully
inflamed and stiff.
• Symptoms are worst in the morning
and the stiffness can last for 30 minutes.
• Hands may be red and puffy.
• Many patients feel tired most of the time.
• Weight loss is common.
• The smaller joints are usually noticeably affected first. As the
arthritis progresses it spreads from the smaller joints in hands,
wrists, ankles and feet to elbows, knees, hips, neck, shoulders
and jaw.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
ARTHRITIS
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15. STAGES OF RHEUMATOID
ARTHRITIS
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16. • Gout-
• Initially occurs in one joint, later in many joints and be quite
crippling.
• The joints can often become swollen and lose function.
• Become particularly painful.
• When uric acid levels cannot be
controlled with standard gout
medicines that decrease the
production of uric acid or increase
uric acid elimination from the body through the kidneys, this can
be referred to as refractory chronic gout or RCG.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
ARTHRITIS
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17. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
ARTHRITIS
Infectious arthritis -
• Fever, joint inflammation and swelling, sharp pain.
• Most affected areas: knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger.
• In the majority of cases, just one joint is affected.
.
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18. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis -
• The patient is a child.
• Intermittent fevers, tend to peak in the evening then disappear.
• Poor appetite, will lose weight, Anemia.
• Blotchy rashes on his arms and legs.
• A joint may suddenly swell and stay larger than it usually is.
The child may experience a stiff neck, hips or some other joint
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
ARTHRITIS
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19. DIAGNOSIS AND RISK
Diagnosis is made by clinical examination from an appropriate health
professional, and may be supported by other tests such as:
• Radiology
• Blood tests,
• Elements of the history of the disorder
• Radiographs are often used to follow progression or help assess
severity.
Arthritis can make it very difficult for an individual to remain
physically active, contributing to an increased risk of obesity,
high cholesterol or vulnerability to heart disease. Individuals with
arthritis are also at increased risk of depression, which may be
related to fear of worsening symptoms.
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20. THANK YOU
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21. Common Human Diseases
OSTEOPOROSIS
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22. OSTEOPOROSIS
• Osteoporosis ("porous bones“), from Greek:
“ostoun” meaning "bone" and “poros” meaning "pore“, is
a bone disease that's characterized by a decrease in bone mass
and density and that leads to an increased risk of fracture.
• In osteoporosis, the bone
mineral density (BMD)
is reduced, bone micro
architecture deteriorates,
and the amount and
variety of proteins in
bone are altered.
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23. TYPES OF OSTEOPOROSIS
Mainly 3 type:
• Primary type 1 or Postmenopausal osteoporosis- This form
of osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause.
• Primary type 2 or Senile osteoporosis – It occurs after age
75 and is seen in both females and males at a ratio of 2:1.
• Secondary osteoporosis may arise at any age and affect men
and women equally. This form results from chronic predisposing
medical problems or disease, or prolonged use of medications
such as glucocorticoids, when the disease is called steroid-
or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
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24. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Osteoporosis itself has no
symptoms. Its main
consequence is the
increased risk of bone
fractures.
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25. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Osteoporotic fractures occur in
situations where healthy people
would not normally break a bone;
they are therefore regarded as
fragility fractures. Typical
fragility fractures occur in
the vertebral column, rib, hip
and wrist.
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26. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Fractures
• Fractures are the most dangerous aspect of osteoporosis. Acute
and chronic pain in the elderly is often attributed to fractures
from osteoporosis and can lead to further disability and early
mortality. These fractures may also be asymptomatic. The
most common osteoporotic fractures are of the wrist, spine,
shoulder and hip.
• The risk of osteoporosis fractures can be reduced with lifestyle
changes and in those with previous osteoporosis related
fractures medications. Lifestyle change includes diet,
exercise, and preventing falls.
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27. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• The symptoms of a vertebral collapse are sudden back pain,
often with shooting pain due to nerve root compression and
rarely with spinal cord compression. Multiple vertebral
fractures lead to a stooped posture, loss of height, and chronic
pain with resultant reduction in mobility.
• Fractures of the long bones
acutely impair mobility and
may require surgery.
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28. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Hip fracture, usually requires prompt surgery, as serious risks
are associated with it, such as increased mortality.
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29. RISK FACTORS
Can be classified as - Non modifiable, Modifiable and Medical
Non modifiable factors:
• Advanced age (in both men and women)
• Estrogen deficiency in females following
menopause correlated with a rapid
reduction in bone mineral density
• A decrease in testosterone levels in males has a comparable
(but less pronounced) effect
• Those with a family history of fracture or osteoporosis
• Those who have already had a fracture are at least twice as
likely to have another fracture as compared to others
• A small stature
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30. RISK FACTORS
Modifiable factors:
• Excess alcohol
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Tobacco smoking
• Malnutrition
• Underweight/inactive life style
• Endurance training: In female athletes
• Heavy metals
• Soft drinks
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31. RISK FACTORS
Medical disorders:
• Immobilization causes bone loss (following the 'use it or
lose it' rule).
• Endocrine disorders
• Malnutrition and malabsorption
• Patients of rheumatologic arthritic
disorders
• Renal insufficiency
• Hematologic disorders like
leukemia, hemophilia,
sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
• Several inherited disorders
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32. CAUSES
The underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis is an
imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation.
The three main mechanisms by which osteoporosis develops are
• An inadequate peak bone mass (the skeleton develops
insufficient mass and strength during growth),
• Excessive bone resorption,
• Inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling
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33. CAUSES
• Hormonal factors like lack of estrogen (e.g. due to menopause)
increases bone resorption.
• Calcium metabolism plays a significant role, deficiency of
calcium and vitamin D leads to impaired bone deposition.
• The parathyroid glands react to low calcium levels by
secreting parathyroid hormone (parathormone, PTH), which
increases bone resorption to ensure sufficient calcium in the
blood.
• The role of calcitonin, a hormone
generated by the thyroid that
increases bone deposition, is less
clear and probably not as significant as that of PTH.
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34. DIAGNOSIS
• By conventional radiography
• By measuring the bone mineral density (BMD). The most
popular method of measuring BMD is dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry.
• Investigations of potentially modifiable underlying causes; this
may be done with blood tests.
• Investigations for cancer with metastasis to the bone
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35. PREVENTION
• Calcium is important for building and maintaining healthy
bone. Vitamin D is also needed because it helps your body
absorb calcium. Following a healthy, well-balanced diet can
help you get these and other important nutrients.
Other tips for prevention:
• Do not drink large amounts of alcohol.
• Do not smoke.
• Get regular YOGA / exercise
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36. YOG THERAPY
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37. YOGASANAS
• “ Sthiram sukham asanam”
Yog Sutra defines asana as that which is comfortable, easy and
firm.
Most of the yog asanas have therapeutic value as they:
• Help reduce pain of joints, muscles and connective tissue.
• Reduce muscular and joint stiffness.
• Gradually increase strength and stamina
• Revitalize the entire body
• Improve blood circulation
• Re-energize the body and mind
• Increase positivity and reduce negativity
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38. YOGASANAS
The therapeutic use of asanas are based on 5 principals:
• The use of gravity
• Organ massage
• Stretching muscles and ligaments
• Deep breathing
• Concentration
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39. YOG THERAPY FOR ARTHRITIS
• In yogic science, arthritis is not considered a disease, rather as
one symptom of widespread metabolic and pranic
‘malfunction’ which begins early in life.
• Yog offers a way to arrest it in early stages before irreversible
damage to joint has occurred.
• But in the later stages, yogic practices can reduce drug
dependency, maximize remaining mobility of the joint, and
make the life of the arthritic more tolerable and acceptable.
• Remarkable restoration of functions and improved outlook on
life have been obtained in severely crippled patients who have
followed a daily “Yog Program”.
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40. YOG FOR HEALTHY
BONES AND JOINTS
All therapy should be done in a positive, supportive and self reliant
atmosphere. Karm Yog is as much a part of the sadhana of
‘Arthritic’ and ‘Osteoporotic’ individual as asana and pranayama.
• ASANAS:
• All ‘stretching asanas’, which put the body through it’s full range of
movements and fully relax and massage all the bones and joints
like- Tadasana, Yashtikasana and Pawanmuktasana.
• The asanas which involve the working of one or more joints like-
Utkatasana, Garudasana, Vakrasana, Ardh- Matsyendrasana,
Akarndhanurasana and Bhujangasana.
• If possible, Vajrasana should be practiced after meals.
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41. • KRIYAS:
• The following kriyas will alleviate constipation and eliminate
metabolic waste and acids which accumulate in joints, blood
and tissues- Shankh Prashalan, Vaman Dhouti and Neti.
• PRANAYAMA:
• Bhastrika and Anulom Vilom bolster the digestive and
eliminative capacities.
• MEDITATION:
• It releases mental and emotional tensions.
YOG FOR HEALTHY
BONES AND JOINTS
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42. YOG FOR HEALTHY
BONES AND JOINTS
• YOGIC LIFE STYLE:
• A calcium rich diet for osteoporotics.
• Sufficient rest during inflammatory conditions.
• Upward Body massage invigorates and relaxes the sensory and
motor nerves and promotes blood circulation thus has an
relaxing effect.
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43. THANK YOU
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