The document presented information on Six Sigma and its application to software engineering. It began with an outline of the topics to be covered, including definitions of Six Sigma, its history and evolution, key statistical concepts, and the DMAIC methodologies. It then discussed Six Sigma as a metric, philosophy, and management system. Specific examples of how Six Sigma was implemented at Motorola in the 1980s-1990s were provided to help drive defect reduction and process improvement through statistical analysis.
This is a power-point presentation prepared for the students who are studying SYSTEM ENGINEERING in Fourth Semester (CBCS) of the branches of colleges affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.). In this presentation, topics of the first unit in the syllabus are covered. I hope it will be helpful to the students.
Learn about Agile Methodology of Software Engineering and study concepts like What is Agile, Why Agile is there, Agile Principles, Agile Manifesto with Pros & Cons of it.
Presentation also include Agile Testing Methodology like Scrum, Crystal Methodologies, DSDM, Feature Driven Development, Lean Software Development & Extreme Programming.
If you watch this one please rate it and do share this presentation to others so then can easily learn more about the Agile Methodology.
PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)IrtazaAfzal3
A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a certain software process system. ... Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
This is a power-point presentation prepared for the students who are studying SYSTEM ENGINEERING in Fourth Semester (CBCS) of the branches of colleges affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.). In this presentation, topics of the first unit in the syllabus are covered. I hope it will be helpful to the students.
Learn about Agile Methodology of Software Engineering and study concepts like What is Agile, Why Agile is there, Agile Principles, Agile Manifesto with Pros & Cons of it.
Presentation also include Agile Testing Methodology like Scrum, Crystal Methodologies, DSDM, Feature Driven Development, Lean Software Development & Extreme Programming.
If you watch this one please rate it and do share this presentation to others so then can easily learn more about the Agile Methodology.
PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)IrtazaAfzal3
A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a certain software process system. ... Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
A detail review of configuration and change management. This lecture provides details about how to manage different software versions of same software in a market with different customers clients and different set of functionalities.
This presentation is for the personnel who are going to be a part of Six Sigma project as process owner or team member & need to know the basics.
The scope of this presentation is “Overview” & “Define” of Six Sigma.
Systems Engineering is a very broad , overarching, and generally applicable engineering discipline. Many types of systems are developed using SE. These include biomedical systems, space vehicle systems, weapon systems, transportation systems, and so on.
Systems Engineering involves the coordination of work performed by engineers from all other engineering disciplines (electrical, mechanical, computer, software, etc.) as required to complete the engineering work on the project/program.
SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life Cycle. It is also called as Software development process. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
This is a detail lecture about software re-engineering. To make software more maintainable. This lecture also give detail about software reverse engineering. When to re-engineer and how to re-engineer software.
Testing in the New World of Off-the-Shelf SoftwareJosiah Renaudin
Testing an off-the-shelf, sometimes called COTS, system? Often, project managers and stakeholders mistakenly believe that one benefit of purchasing software is that there is little, if any, testing required. This could not be further from the truth. Testing COTS software requires a different focus from traditional testing approaches. Although no software package will be delivered free of bugs, the testing focus from the purchasing organization’s perspective is not on validating the base functionality. Gerie Owen and Peter Varhol share a framework for testing COTS packages and discuss in detail each of the major focus areas―customizations and configurations, integration, data, and performance. Discover how to work with business processes and integration maps to design an effective test strategy. Whether you are testing a small COTS package or a large enterprise COTS application, join Gerie and Peter to learn how to focus your testing effectively and develop a new test skill set.
A detail review of configuration and change management. This lecture provides details about how to manage different software versions of same software in a market with different customers clients and different set of functionalities.
This presentation is for the personnel who are going to be a part of Six Sigma project as process owner or team member & need to know the basics.
The scope of this presentation is “Overview” & “Define” of Six Sigma.
Systems Engineering is a very broad , overarching, and generally applicable engineering discipline. Many types of systems are developed using SE. These include biomedical systems, space vehicle systems, weapon systems, transportation systems, and so on.
Systems Engineering involves the coordination of work performed by engineers from all other engineering disciplines (electrical, mechanical, computer, software, etc.) as required to complete the engineering work on the project/program.
SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life Cycle. It is also called as Software development process. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
This is a detail lecture about software re-engineering. To make software more maintainable. This lecture also give detail about software reverse engineering. When to re-engineer and how to re-engineer software.
Testing in the New World of Off-the-Shelf SoftwareJosiah Renaudin
Testing an off-the-shelf, sometimes called COTS, system? Often, project managers and stakeholders mistakenly believe that one benefit of purchasing software is that there is little, if any, testing required. This could not be further from the truth. Testing COTS software requires a different focus from traditional testing approaches. Although no software package will be delivered free of bugs, the testing focus from the purchasing organization’s perspective is not on validating the base functionality. Gerie Owen and Peter Varhol share a framework for testing COTS packages and discuss in detail each of the major focus areas―customizations and configurations, integration, data, and performance. Discover how to work with business processes and integration maps to design an effective test strategy. Whether you are testing a small COTS package or a large enterprise COTS application, join Gerie and Peter to learn how to focus your testing effectively and develop a new test skill set.
Software Crisis
Software products:
fail to meet user requirements.
Software product
expensive.
difficult to alter, debug, and enhance.
often delivered late.
use resources non-optimally.
Factors contributing to the software crisis
Computer Systems Engineering
Software Life Cycle
Life Cycle Model
Investors in Risk Management provides expert-driven risk maturity assessment services to assess and improve the risk management maturity using our Risk Management Maturity Model (RMMM) to mitigate the impact of uncertainty on business objectives.
Six sigma originally developed in 1986 by Motorala, the business
management strategy is now used in many different industries in an effort
to improve the quality of products or services produced by the business
through the removal of effects and errors. The strategy involves creating
groups of people within the business or organisation who have expert
status in various methods, and then each product is carried out according
to a set of steps in an effort to reach specific financial milestones. A six
sigma process is defined as one in which 99.99966% of products created
are expected to be statistically free from defects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Six Sigma is a methodology for pursuing continuous improvement in customer satisfaction and profit. It is a management philosophy attempting to improve effectiveness and efficiency.
six sigma in strategic Management studies.pptxSheenaAgarwal5
Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of
process
outputs by identifying
and removing the causes of
defects.
Six Sigma approach is a collection of managerial
and statistical concept and techniques that
focuses on reducing variation in
processes and preventing deficiencies in product.
The concept of Variation states “NO two items
will be perfectly
identical.”
Six Sigma Methodologies and its Application in Manufacturing FirmsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Six Sigma is a methodology for process improvement as well as a statistical concept that looks for to determine the variation intrinsic in any process. Six Sigma represents process, that is having 3.4 defects per million opportunities. i.e. 99.99966 % of the products from a Six Sigma process are perfect. Firms can impact their sigma level by combining main principles from the Six Sigma methodology into leadership styles, process management, and improvement activities. Main principle of the technique is a focus on the customer. There are many challenges in the implementation of Six Sigma. A well-run manufacturing team can make the entire firm more successful through cost-saving measures, increased quality and a larger inventory of products that the company can market. The Six Sigma objective is to make sure the process has minimum defects(3.4 defects per million chances). Every aspect of the process must be carefully planned and documented in detail in order for manufacturing to go efficiently. The main aspect of Six Sigma for enhancement in the manufacturing industry is to maximize the financial returns.
What is Six Sigma? - Donald P. Lynch, Ph.D.Melissa Paige
Download our free white paper by ISD instructor and Six Sigma Master Black Belt Don Lynch that answers the question "What is Six Sigma?" in terms that everyone can understand.
"One of the reasons it has been so difficult for
those not working in an organization that has
embraced Six Sigma to really understand it
is because Six Sigma means multiple things.
The term Six Sigma is used interchangeably to
reflect a vision, philosophy, commitment, goal,
level of performance, statistical measurement,
metric, benchmark, methodology, systematic
approach, set of statistical tools, and a vehicle
for customer focus, breakthrough improvement
and people involvement. These different
definitions can be summarized in three main
categories; Six Sigma the philosophy, Six Sigma
the metric and Six Sigma the methodology."
In dis Doc. I ve covered all the phases of DMAIC methodology with Charts and Figures. And also I ve included a Case Study for easy Understanding.
To get this doc. send me a mail . . . bharath.ispat@gmail.com
An open, unencrypted wireless network can 'sniff' or capture and record the traffic, gain unauthorized access to internal network resources as well as to the internet, and then use the information and resources to perform disruptive or illegal acts.Many laptop computers have wireless cards pre-installed. The ability to enter a network while mobile has great benefits. However, wireless networking is prone to some security. Wireless networks relatively easy to break into, and even use wireless technology to hack into wired networks.The risks to users of wireless technology have increased as the service has become more popular.As a result, it is very important that enterprises define effective wireless security policies that guard against unauthorized access to important resources.
Pervasive computing also known as Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere. Eg:laptop computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a fridge or a pair of glasses.
•It is also termed as ambient intelligence, Ubiquitous computing ,everyware,physical computing, the Internet of Things, haptic computing, and 'things that think’.
SNMP is a tool (protocol) that allows for remote and local management of items on the network including servers, workstations, routers, switches and other managed devices.
•It is an application level protocol and is designed for application layer so that it can monitor devices made by different manufacturers and installed on different physical networks.
•In other words SNMP frees management tasks from both the physical characteristics of managed devices and the underlying network technology.
•It is based on the concept of manager and agent.
–Agent - process running on each managed node collecting information about the device it is running on. It is a router or a host that runs SNMP server program
–Manager - process running on a management workstation that requests information about devices on the network. It is a host that runs the SNMP client program.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. CSN2501 RTSE Presentation
Six Sigma and/for Software Engineering
Anshuman Biswal
PT 2012 Batch, Reg. No.: CJB0412001
M. Sc. (Engg.) in Computer Science and Networking
Module Leader: N. D. Gangadhar
Module Name: Real-Time Software Engineering
Module Code : ESD2525
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 1
2. Marking
Head Maximum Score
Technical Content 10
Grasp and Understanding 10
Delivery – Technical and 10
General Aspects
Handling Questions 10
Total 40
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 2
3. Presentation Outline
• What is Six Sigma ?
• Evolution of Concepts behind Six Sigma
• Six Sigma at Motorola
• History of Six Sigma
• Statistics behind Six Sigma
• What is Six Sigma Performance?
• Relationship between Sigma Level and defect
• Six Sigma methodologies
• Define
• Measure
• Analyze
• Improve
• Control
• Conclusion
• References
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 3
4. What is Six Sigma
A Metric ?
A A
Philosophy What is Methodology
? Six Sigma ?
A
Management
System
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 4
5. Six Sigma- A Metric
A metric that encourages measurements of process performance.
Sigma is the Greek letter representing a statistical unit of measurement that
defines the standard deviation of a population. It measures the variability
or spread of the data.
6 sigma is also the measure of variability. It’s a name given to indicate how
much of the data falls within the customers requirements. The higher the
process sigma, the more of the process outputs, products and services,
meets customers requirements – or fewer the defects
The term sigma is often used as the scale for levels of “goodness” or
quality. Using this scale, “ Six Sigma” equates to 3.4 defects per million
opportunities (DPMO).
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 5
6. Six Sigma – A business methodology
A methodology that focuses on the following
Utilizing
Driving rapid
Understandin Aligning key rigorous data
and
g and business analysis to
sustainable
managing processes to minimize
improvement
customer achieve those variation in
to business
requirements requirements those
processes
processes
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 6
7. Six Sigma – A management system
Six Sigma is management system for executing business strategy. Six Sigma is a
solution to help organizations to:
Align their
Govern efforts to
business strategy Mobilize teams Accelerate
ensure
to critical to attack high improved business
improvements are
improvement impact projects results
sustained
efforts
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 7
8. Six Sigma – A Philosophy
Business Excellence
Inferential Statistics Customer Focus
Transition from
Basic statistical intuition towards
analysis inferential statistics in
decision making
Basic Charts and First time right at
Graphs source
Zero defect
Brainstorming Tools Extra ordinary
processes that deliver
Intuition or Gut predictable results
feeling
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 8
9. Evolution of concepts behind Six Sigma
FMEA was formally
introduced in 1940’s for
military usage by US
armed forces. Later it
was used for
aerospace/rocket
Ronal Fisher development. Example of
introduced Design this is Apollo space
In 1920’s , Walter A
of Experiment program. The primary
Carl Friedrich Shewart showed that push came during 1960’s
3 sigma, from the through a book in
Gauss (1777-1855) ,while developing means
mean is the point 1935. This was a
introduced the to put a man on the moon
where a process result of series of and return him back
concept of Normal
requires correction. studies that started safely. In 1970 Ford
Curve
This finally led to with study of introduced FMEA in
Control Charts variation in crop automotive industry
yield
Automotive Industry Action Group ( AIAG) published the most accepted document on
Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA). MSA is an essential step in 6 sigma methodologies
and is used to ensure reliability of data.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 9
10. Six Sigma at Motorola
In the late 1970’s Dr. Mikel Harry, a senior staff engineer at Motorola’s
Government Electronics Group ( GEG),experimented problem solving through
statistical analysis. Using this approach, GEG’s product were being designed and
produced at a faster rate and at lower cost.
Subsequently Dr Harry began too formulate a method for applying six sigma
through out Motorola.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 10
11. Six Sigma at Motorola
In 1987 when Bob Galvin was the chairman, Six Sigma was started as a
methodology in Motorola.
Bill Smith, an engineer and Dr. Mikel Harry together devised a 6 step
methodology with the focus on defect reduction and improvement in yield
through statistics.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 11
12. Six Sigma at Motorola
The term Six Sigma was coined by Bill Smith, who is now called
the Father of Six Sigma.
Terms such as Black belt and Green belt were coined by Mikel
Harry in relation to martial arts
Using this methodology the company saved $16 billion in 10
years
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 12
13. History of Six Sigma
1987 Motorola Strength in Manufacturing
1994 Allied Signal Linked to Financial Returns
General Electric Linked to Design and Service
1996
3M / Phillips Linked to Sales and Product
Commercialization
Sony, Seagate, Raytheon, Toshiba and many other
2000
companies
2006 Motorola Begins Lean Transformation
Uses Lean concepts in 6 Sigma
2008 Motorola methodologies and termed it as Lean
6 sigma
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 13
14. Statistics behind Six Sigma
pizza
santas pizza hut
21 17 If two pizza delivery outlets have
9 18 same average delivery time of 20
11 21 minutes, against the promised
12 22
29 23 delivery time of 30 minutes then
14 16 would you say that they are equally
28 24 good?
26 23
20 19
24 18
22 21
23 16
23 21
7 19
29 22
average 19.8666667 20
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 14
15. Statistics behind Six Sigma
santas pizza pizza hut
21 17
9 18
To comment on which one is
11 21 better would you like to consider
12 22 variation in delivery time? If yes
29 23
how would you like to measure
14 16
28 24 variation?
26 23
20 19
24 18
22 21
23 16
23 21
7 19
29 22
2.618614
standard deviation 7.42454103 7
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 15
16. Statistics behind Six Sigma
santas pizza pizza hut
21 17
9 18
11 21 Can we find a single measure for
12 22 process performance that
29 23
14 16 incorporates the central tendency,
28 24 variation and specification limits?
26 23
20 19
24 18
22 21
23 16
23 21
7 19
29 22
average 19.8666667 20
standard deviation 7.42454103 2.6186147
Upper Specification Limit 30 30
sigma level 1.36484306 3.8188131
Probability 91.384881% 99.99330%
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 16
17. What is Six Sigma performance ?
Your process is performing at sigma level of six if the difference
between the mean and the specification limit is six times the standard
deviation.
To get a six sigma performance the variation should be as small as
possible so that we can fit six standard deviations between the mean
and the USL.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 17
18. Sigma level vs. Defect
DPMO = [ D ( N * O ) ] * 1 Million Sigma DPMO
2 308770
where: 2.25 226716
– D = total number of defects 2.5 158687
counted in the sample – 2.75 105660
3 66811
a defect is defined as failure to meet 3.25 40060
a Critical Customer 3.5 22750
Requirement or CCR 3.75 12225
– N = number of units of product or 4 6210
4.25 2980
service 4.5 1350
– O = number of opportunities per 4.75 577
unit of product or service for 5 233
5.25 88
a customer defect to occur 5.5 32
– M = million 5.75 11
6 3.4
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 18
19. Six Sigma methodologies
DMAIC
Define – Measure – Analyze – Improve – Control
Structured and repeated process improvement methodology
Focuses on Defect reduction
Improves existing products and processes
DMADV
Define – Measure – Analyze – Define – Verify
Strict approach to design so as to exceed customer expectations
Focuses on preventing errors and defects
Develop new product/process or redesign existing
product/process
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 19
20. Six Sigma methodologies
DMAIC
Define – Measure – Analyze – Improve – Control
Structured and repeated process improvement methodology
Focuses on Defect reduction
Improves existing products and processes
DMADV
Define – Measure – Analyze – Define – Verify
Strict approach to design so as to exceed customer expectations
Focuses on preventing errors and defects
Develop new product/process or redesign existing
product/process
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 20
21. DMAIC and Problem Solving Flow
Define Measure Improve Control
Analyze
Opportunities Performance Performance Performance
Opportunity
(Establish (Characterize (Modify) (Ensure
(Decompose)
Requirements) Performance) Consistency)
Practical Quantitative
Quantifiable Practical
Problem Problem Analysis
Conclusion Conclusion
statement Statement
Key Questions to Ask
How do we
What is How are we What is What needs to
guarantee
important? doing? wrong? be done?
performance?
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 21
22. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Select the Define and Develop the
Map the
improvement scope the team
process
opportunity project charter
•Business leaders identify Six Sigma projects with Master Black
Belts supporting the project portfolio process.
• Black Belts, Green Belts and Six Sigma Teams with Sponsors &
Champions are other sources of projects in the portfolio.
• A continuous review of Scorecard Goals, dashboard metric
results, and audit results suggest possible projects/opportunities for
Improvement.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 22
23. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Select the Define and Develop the
Map the
improvement scope the team
process
opportunity project charter
Translating Voice of the Customer (VOCs) to
Critical Customer Requirements (CCRs)
Often the voices of customers (VOC) are not clear and not in
technical language. Therefore VOC needs to be translated to the
Critical Customer Requirements (CCR) which can be translated
into the technical requirements known as Critical to Quality (CTQ),
and Critical to Process (CTP)
Tools: QFD/ House of Quality
Input Process Output Measures
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 23
24. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Example of Input Process
Output measures CTQ CCR CUSTOMER ISSUES VOC
Defect 1> Defect back log Defect back log Higher
Reduction needs to be cleared by increased so more staff number of
June 2012. count were needed defects
2> Not more than 100 and also some defects found in XXX
VOC: Voice Of Customer defects in XXXX r3.0 were pushed to next R1.0
CCR: Critical Customer Requirement 3> Try to attain virtual release by
CTQ: Critical To Quality zero goal at the end of compromising with
the release of the certain features that
product. got pushed to next
release
BUSINESS
VOB ISSUES CBR CTP
Quality of To clear the Staff count can not Minimize
product back log increase which can the rework
needs to be more staff increase cost cost by
improved i.e. counts reducing
Defects needed and Identify defects in early the defects
Backlog more effort phase before build going by 80%
needs to be needs to be to BT
cleared put.
without Reduce number of defects
increasing in Some ,so it reduces the rework
staff count features had cost
to be pushed
to next
release.
VOB: Voice Of Business
CBR: Critical Business Requirement
CTP: Critical To Process
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 24
25. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Select the Define and Develop the
Map the
improvement scope the team
process
opportunity project charter
Team Charter is a business document that communicates leadership
expectations, expected business outcomes and personal relevancy
of the project in order to focus and motivate team.
Purpose of the Team Charter
• Communicate leadership expectations, expected business
outcomes and personal relevancy of the project in order to motivate
and focus team.
• Clarify the scope, resources and deliverables of improvement
project.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 25
26. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Project Title: XXX R3.0 Defect Reduction
Business Case Opportunity Statement
The number of defects ,raised by the Box Test team in the XXX R1.0 is In the past seven months ( April 2011 to November
on the higher side resulting in massive rework and need of more 2011), which was the XXX R1.0 phase had a total of 532
resource working to clear the backlog. This accounts to USD 618K of BT SR out of which UI SR were 169, which was
costs and out of which UI defects accounts to USD 196K. We need to approximately 80% greater than expected.
reduce the number of defects by at least 80% in XXX R3.0 which will Improvement Opportunity is targeted at the front end
help us to achieve virtual zero goal for future releases phase of the UI Dev ( Req., Design, Code and Unit test
phases ) to achieve defect reduction from 169 to 32.
Estimated Savings = USD 37K( Cost per defect taken as
USD 1162). So a total of USD 138K can be saved if the UI
defects is controlled to 32 numbers or less in future
releases.
Goal statement Project scope
Reduce the BT defects against UI development in XXX R3.0 at least This project will involve review of main reasons for UI
by 80% by November 2012. development bugs raised during Box test. It will not
examine phase after the box test like system tests and
also it will not examine the bugs raised in the stack and
middle ware development.
Project plan Team Selection
Phase Start End Remarks Sponsor: Mr. X
Define 4/30/2012 5/18/2012 Champion: Mr. Y
Measure 5/21/2012 7/27/2012 MBB: Mr Z
Analyze 7/30/ 2012 9/28/2012 MBB : Mr. A
Black Belt Mentor : Mr. B
Improve 10/1/2012 10/31/2012 Project Manager: Mr. C
Project Lead: Mr. D
Control 11/1/2012 11/30/2012
GB Candidate : Mr. E
Team Members: Mr. F
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 26
27. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Select the Define and Develop the
Map the
improvement scope the team
process
opportunity project charter
Process Mapping
Purpose
– Understand the relationships among inputs and outputs of a
process
– Identify non-value added activities so they can be eliminated
Types of Process Maps
– SIPOC
– Top-down chart
– Functional Deployment Chart
– Value Stream Mapping
– Spaghetti Diagram
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 27
28. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Example of SIPOC- Development Process
SUPPLIER 1. INPUT OUTPUT CUSTOMERS
1.
PDM
Raw
Requirement
s Development
Process CAB file
Marketing Team Release
1. Notes Box Test Team
1. L3
Requirement
Development Design
Team Documents
SUB PROCESSES
Requirement Design
Coding Testing (BT) Release
Analysis Analysis
Start Boundary: End Boundary:
Requirement Gathering by PDM CAB file delivered to BT team
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 28
29. Define – The improvement Opportunity
TOP DOWN CHART
Start Boundary: End Boundary:
Requirement Gathering by PDM CAB file delivered to BT team
Process: Software Development
Requirement Design
Coding Testing (BT) Release
Analysis Analysis
Design Write source code
Collect architecture Develop test cases
requirements from Write comments for
Perform impact each source code Release test results
field, customer,
competitor analysis as per standards
Develop test scripts
product, external Prepare design Achieve in clear and automation
demos doc case
Perform code
Prepare L3
Collect internal reviews
document Review test cases
and customer
defects Review and Perform Unit Testing Raise defects if any
Update L3 Req to fix in next build
Perform Tests
Review and Perform integration
Update Testing
Release L3 req.
requirement spec,
and Design doc Review test results
UB Spec Prepare build
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 29
30. Define – The improvement Opportunity
Key Take Away
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
• Select the
• Strategic priorities • Team charter
improvement
• Scorecard development • Project Plan
opportunity
• Core process selections • Prepared team
• Define and scope the
• Improvement • Critical to customer
project
expectations requirements
• Develop the team
• Improvement project • Process Map (As-Is)
charter
team sponsor, • Risk and mitigation plan
• Map the process
champion, team leader • Quick win opportunities
• Identify quick wins
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 30
31. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Create Collect Establish
Select Define MSA- MSA-
Measu and Baseline
Measur Measu Variabl Attribu
rement validat performan
es res e Data te data
plan e Data ce
Example of Input Process Output Indicators
Process Output
Input Indicators Indicators Indicators
Number of cust omer Number of FTR comment s on
requirement s Document reviews Reduce t he number of SR
Number of change requirement Availabilit y of resources Cust omer sat isfact ion
Lines of Code Types of int ernal defect s Reduce t he Rework effort s
Number of BT Sr's raised in
R1.0 Project Schedule R1.0 in each module
Planned Effort Act ual Effort s
Number of design review
comment s
Number of code review
comment s
Act ual size of each module
Number of int ernal Defect s
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 31
32. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Cause and Effect Diagram
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 32
33. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Cause and Effect Matrix
High priority indicators for analysis
a. Number of internal defects
b. Types of internal defects
c. Number of change requirements
d. Number of BT Sr’s
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 33
34. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Create Collect Establish
Select Define MSA- MSA-
Measu and Baseline
Measur Measu Variabl Attribu
rement validat performan
es res e Data te data
plan e Data ce
Once the team knows what to measure, they need to further define
the measurement.
• This definition is called an operational definition.
( A operational definition is a precise description of
What ? The specific criteria used for measurement
How? The methodology to collect the data
How much? The amount of data to be collected
Who? Who has responsibility to collect data )
• The operation definition helps assure the data is:
– Collected and measured in a consistent way
– Representative of the process
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 34
35. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Create Collect Establish
Select Define MSA- MSA-
Measu and Baseline
Measur Measu Variabl Attribu
rement validat performan
es res e Data te data
plan e Data ce
•Determining current process performance usually requires the collection of data.
When developing a measurement plan ensure that:
– The data collected is meaningful
– The data collected is valid
– All relevant data is collected concurrently
• Before data collection starts, classify the data into different types: continuous or
discrete. This is important because it will:
– Provide a choice of data display and analysis tools
– Dictate sample size calculation
– Provide performance or cause information
– Determine the appropriate control chart to use
– Determine the appropriate method for calculation of Sigma Level
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 35
36. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Measurement Plan
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 36
37. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Create Collect Establish
Select Define MSA- MSA-
Measu and Baseline
Measur Measu Variabl Attribu
rement validat performan
es res e Data te data
plan e Data ce
What is MSA?
The study of the extent to which systematic and random factors are affecting our
ability to correctly measure some phenomenon.
When MSA is done?
Before data collection.
For variable data use Gage R and R test, Bias and Linearity Test and
Repeatability and reproducibility test
For attribute data use Kappa analysis
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 37
38. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Create Collect Establish
Select Define MSA- MSA-
Measu and Baseline
Measur Measu Variabl Attribu
rement validat performan
es res e Data te data
plan e Data ce
P value is 0.095 which is greater than 0.05 hence we conclude that
data is normal
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 38
39. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Create Collect Establish
Select Define MSA- MSA-
Measu and Baseline
Measur Measu Variabl Attribu
rement validat performan
es res e Data te data
plan e Data ce
What is Process Performance?
• Process performance is defined as the ability of a process to
produce outputs that meet engineering and/or customer
specifications.
• For continuous data we measure the process capability by
calculating Cp and Cpk
•For attributes data we calculate the process capability by DPMO
method
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 39
40. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Process capability analysis
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 40
41. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
DPMO – For attribute data
Total number Defects- UI D 283
SR’s caught internally in
R1.0 in different phases(
code review, Unit Test,
Design)
Number of Units N 11
processed- Modules
Number of defect O 164
opportunities- Test cases
DPMO = 1M *[D/(N*O)] = 1000000*[283/(11*164)] = 156874
Current Sigma level = 2.51
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 41
42. Measure – Measure The Process Performance
Key Take Away
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
• Team charter •Select Measures • Input, Output, and
• Project Plan •Define Measures Process Measures
• Prepared team •Create Measurement Plan • Operational Definitions
• Critical to customer •Conduct MSA
Collect and Validate Data
• Data collection plan
requirements
•Establish Baseline • Capable measurement
• Process Map (As-Is)
Performance system
• Risk and mitigation plan
• Baseline Performance
• Quick win opportunities
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 42
43. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Validate Root
Map the process Focus on Vital Few
Cause
•During the measurement phase, the team learned about the critical
x’s and collected measurements on these x’s.
• During the analysis phase, we need to understand the root cause(s)
of the variation affecting the critical x’s.
– Requires a more detailed level of investigation.
• A detailed process map helps the team identify all the x’s and use
this as a guide to get to root cause(s).
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 43
44. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
A detailed process map example
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 44
45. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
A detailed process map example
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 45
46. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
A detailed process map example
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 46
47. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
A detailed process map example
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 47
48. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Validate Root
Map the process Focus on Vital Few
Cause
Determine critical inputs
– Cause and Effect Matrix
– 5 Why’s
– FMEA
• Stratify data and narrow the focus
– Pareto
– Sources of Variation
• Validate root cause statistically
– Comparative Methods
– Regression
– DOE
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 48
49. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Pareto Chart
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 49
50. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
5 why
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 50
51. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Validate Root
Map the process Focus on Vital Few
Cause
Comparative methods
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 51
52. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Regression Analysis : Scatter Plot interpretation
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 52
53. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Regression Analysis : Residual Plot
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 53
54. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Regression Analysis : Residual Plot
Normality plot for the residuals. Points (residuals) falling along a
reasonably straight line indicates that residuals are normally
distributed.
• Residuals versus fitted values showing no pattern, funnelling out,
curvature, etc. indicating constant variance assumption is not
violated. A curvature in this plot indicates that the model is not
good and higher orders in the model may be needed. A funnelling
out indicates variation is not constant and needs a transformation
(square root, log, etc.)
• Histogram is skewed to the left. However, this is not uncommon
with a small number of observations. As long as the other three
charts look okay, the skewing is probably acceptable.
• Residuals versus order of the observation showing no pattern,
funnelling out, curvature, etc. No obvious violation of the
independence assumption.
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 54
55. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Regression Analysis
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 55
56. Analyze – Analyze the Opportunity
Key Take Away
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
• Input, Output, and
Process Measures • Develop Detailed Process • Data analysis
• Operational Definitions Map • Process FMEA
• Determine critical inputs
• Data collection plan • Stratify the data
• Sources of Variation
• Capable measurement • Identify and Validate • Standardized Work
system Root Causes • Validated root causes
• Baseline Performance
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 56
57. Improve – Improve Performance
Identify and
Full scale
Select Best
implementation
Solution
Brain Storming
AFFINITY Diagram
Solution Mapping
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 57
58. Improve – Improve Performance
Identify and
Full scale
Select Best
implementation
Solution
Brainstorming : Problem1 : Long Approval Time
Suggestions from Brainstorming Session:
Use informal meeting procedure than formal for review meeting
Not all test cases should be given for review to Test lead
Peer review should be encouraged
Define review frequency and time for final approval
Use review tool to monitor and track review comments status
Automatic assignment of test cases on completion using review tool
Independent reviews by test lead
Communicate review time to customer and hence include in project plan
Provide training on using review tool and to perform reviews
Improve review checklists and guidelines
Approve test cases in batch and not all at once
Communicate product critical review results to customer
Review tool should email review results on review completion
Improve Review tool interface for user friendly
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 58
59. Improve – Improve Performance
Affinity Diagram: Problem1 : Long
Approval Time
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 59
60. Improve – Improve Performance
Affinity Diagram: Problem1 : Long
Approval Time
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 60
61. Improve – Improve Performance
Solution Mapping
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 61
62. Improve – Improve Performance
Solution Selection Matrix
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 62
63. Improve – Improve Performance
Identify and
Full scale
Select Best
implementation
Solution
using the best solutions change the process and draw the new
process map
Do a pilot solution plan
Run the project and collect data again.
Calculate the capability index and sigma level (DPMO) of the
current process. Nevertheless the current process should be better
than the previous process. Else do Analyze phase again and find for
another set of root causes and repeat the improve phase. Keep on
repeating this step until the new process is not improved .
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 63
64. Improve – Improve Performance
Key Take Away
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
• Data analysis • Solutions
• Process FMEA • Identify and Select the • Process maps and
• Sources of Variation Best Solution documentation
• Standardized Work • Plan for Full-Scale • Cost/benefit analysis
• Validated root causes Implementation • Improvement impacts
and benefits
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 64
65. Control – Control Performance
Develop Evaluate
Transfer
integrated project
Ownership
control plan results
A Control Plan documents the data needed to accurately measure the
process on an ongoing basis and react to out of control processes.
• Based on the work performed during the improve phase, your organization
implemented your team’s recommendations and verified the impact they actually
made on the process you targeted.
• At this point, the objective is to sustain the gains (i.e., to make sure that the
changes you helped to make become an integral part of the way your organization
operates).
• This is done by making sure we have a thorough control plan, which should
address four different areas: error proof, measure and monitor, communicate, and
document
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 65
66. Control – Control Performance
Develop Evaluate
Transfer
integrated project
Ownership
control plan results
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 66
67. Control – Control Performance
Develop Evaluate
Transfer
integrated project
Ownership
control plan results
Checklist for Transition to Original Owner(s)
• Has the original owner been made aware of the changes and the needed controls
to maintain the process?
• How will the owner monitor these improvements over time?
• Is there a recommended audit plan for follow-up by the team / experts to assure
that the process is still being maintained?
• Have employees effected by the change been trained?
• Did we have a good change plan?
• Has the change been embraced by the owner and employees effected by the
process?
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 67
68. Control – Control Performance
Key Take Away
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS
•Develop a Detailed
•Solution process maps and •Process Control Plan
Control Plan
documentation •Updated Standardized
•Document final
•Cost/benefit analysis Work
implementation results
•Improvement impacts and •Project Final Report /
•Transfer ownership
benefits Closure
back to
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 68
69. Conclusion
• What is Six Sigma?
• History of Six Sigma?
• Methodologies of Six Sigma?
• DMAIC process with examples from the real case studies
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 69
70. References
[1] Pyzdek,T., The Six Sigma Hand Book, Revised and
Expanded,New Delhi:McGraw-Hill
[2] CIC2000: Six Sigma Green Belt Training, Motorola
University
[3] Benbow,W.D.,Kubiak,T.M.,The Certified Six Sigma
Blackbelt Handbook,2005,USA,ASQ Quality Press
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 70