Rawe ppt by haseena shabnam

GROUP – F IS PRESENTING THE PRESENTATION
OF
RAWE HAILING THE BATCH 2015
FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-19

GROUP – F MEMBERS
HASEENA SHABNAM
SHOHIB KHAN
PHUNSTOK SKALZANG
SHAHID MUMTAZ
AMEENA AKHTAR
ZAHIDA TABASUM
SUALIYA RASHID
ARJUMAN SHAHEEN
TABIA MEHRAJ
MOHD. NASIR
SHEIKH SHOWKAT

CONTACT FARMER’S
STUDENT’S NAME FARMER’S NAME CONTACT NUMBER
SHOHIB KHAN GHULAM MAHUDDIN DAR
PHUNTSOK SKALZANG FEROZ AHMED DAR
SHAHID MUMTAZ FAROOQ AHMED BHAT
HASEENA SHABNAM HAJI WALI MOHD BHAT
AMEENA AKHTER HAJI GHULAM KADIR
ZAHIDA TABASUM GHULAM MOHIUDIN MIR
SUALIYA RASHID MOHD ASHRAF BHAT
ARJUMAN SHAHEEN ABDUL AHAD DAR
TABIA MEHRAJ GHULAM MOHD DAR
MOHD NASIR MANZOOR AHMED BHAT
SHEIKH SHOWKAT TOUSEEF AHMED BHAT

PROCEDURES OF THE RAWE PROGRAMME
BEGINNING WITH ITS CORE OBJECTIVES
 To develop interaction with the rural life and its proper understanding.
 To take into account the socio-economic status of the village considering the
crop production and the further activities of Agriculture.
 To survey the various schemes involved in the upbringing of the rural
households.
 To survey the rural participation viz women and men in the agriculture activities.
 Analysis of the various problems and its proper diagnosis.
 Development of proper communication with farmers and understanding their
view points.

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other
agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of
rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes. PRA can be described as a
family of approaches, methods and behaviors that enable people to express and analyse the realities of their lives
and conditions, to plan themselves what action to take, and to monitor and evaluate the results.
The basic techniques used include:
A. Understanding group dynamics e.g. through feedback sessions etc.
B. Surveying and sampling e.g. transect walks, wealth ranking, social mapping.
C. Interviewing e.g. focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews.
D. Community mapping e.g. Venn diagrams, resource maps etc.
PRA METHODS USED BY OUR GROUP :-
A. Diagram
B. Transact walk
C. Interaction with local people and with Officers involved in Social Works.

GROUP MEMBERS ALONG WITH VILLAGE SARPANCH

DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY
MALE,
1037,
59%
FEMALE,
728,…
POPULATION
MALE FEMALE Source :- Patwari

TOTAL MALE FEMALE
CHILD (0-6) 385 203 182
CHILD (7-18) 460 260 200
ADULT (18-50) 515 210 245
SENIORS (>50) 405 304 101
TOTAL 1765 1037 728

EDUCATION - LITERACY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FEMALE MALE Source :- Patwari
Census – 2011

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF THE VILLAGE
OCCUPATION NO. OF PEOPLE INVOLVED
AGRICULTURIST 325
VILLAGE ARTISIANS 29
LANDLESS AGRICULTURE LABOURERS 28
ENGINEERS 07
CARPENTER 09
BARBER 03
TAILOR 05
SHOPKEEPER 31
COBBLER 01

VILLAGE FACILITIES
A. EDUCATION
SCHOOL DISTANCE FROM THE VILLAGE
GIRLS Hr. Sec. school 2 Km
GOVT BOYS High school 2km
COMMON 2Km
B. C ONNEC TIVITY ( MOTORABL E ROAD )
ROAD DISTANCE FROM THE VILLAGE
MT (metallic road) 1Km
Bus stop 1Km
Railway 14Km

BUS STOP & ROAD CONNECTIVITY
BUS STOP VILLAGE ROAD
NH -701

Distance from the village
Agriculture market 7Km
General market 7Km
Plant distribution center 6Km
Ration depot 1Km
Oil depot 1Km
LPG outlet 10Km
Cooperative fair price shop 10Km
Handcraft prod center 9Km
Cold storage 10Km
Bank branch 1Km
Panchayat Ghar 1Km
Post office 3Km
Community hall 2Km
PCO 1Km
Tourist guest house 8Km
C. OTHER FACILITIES

FACILTIES
OVERHEAD WATER TANK HAND PUMP
PLAY GROUND

VISIT TO ANGANWADI CENTER
Under integrated child development scheme (ICDS),Ferozpora has an Anganwadi center with about 20 children. We interacted
with the Anganwadi worker and learnt the various schemes “ BETI BACHAO BETI PADAO” , “GUDDA GUDDI” applied besides
the work status of the center .

Following services are being provided at the Anganwadi center

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
1 . TRANSECT WALK

2. KISSAN MELA AT WADURA
D AT E : - 2 7 / 0 9 / 1 8 O U R G R O U P P R O J E C T O N H Y D R O P O N I C S

KISAN MELA IN WADOORA
INTRODUCTION
 In an attempt to educate the farmers on the farm mechanization in the backdrop of steady rise in the demand
for high agriculture production and increasing labour costs
It was organized on 27 September 2018 in SKUAST-K Wadoora campus.
 It was a farmers day out as there was impressive display of modern farming machinery at the stalls showcasing
varieties of seeds , fruit farm product and information on the latest farm practices .

3. POOR SANITATION IN THE VILLAGE..
LACK OF SANITATION FACILITIES

Cleanliness Drive in village Ferozpora

4. DEMONSTRATION OF
SOIL SAMPLING AT VILLAGE FEROZPORA

5. SOIL TEST REPORT DISTRIBUTION TO CONTACT FARMERS AT VILLAGE
FEROZPORA

LAND USE PATTERN
 NET SOWN AREA = 74.4 Ha
 FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS
i. Irrigated = 16.4 Ha
ii. Unirrigated = 58 Ha
 Area under HORTICULTURAL CROPS = 52.8 Ha
 Area under vegetables = 1.6 Ha
 Area under orchard = 51.2 Ha

AGRICULTURE SECTION
FIELD CROP:
 In whole village rice –fallow cropping pattern is adopted .
 Maize is also grown but in orchard between the apple trees.
 As maize is an exhaustive crop ,there is a nutrient deficiency in apple trees.
REASON FOR ONE CROP PER YEAR:
Some area of valley remain in submerge condition ,so doesn't support for rabi crops.
Lack of knowledge of proper nutrient management.
 Lack of proper interaction with the university scientists.
 No commercial production and hence less stress on improving yield strategies

KHARIF CROPS GROWN AND THE CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICES
ADOPTED
VARIETY SEED RATE
Kg/ha
FERTILIZER DOSE
Kg/ha
YIELD
(Per ha)
RICE CHINA -1039 20-25 50:50:20 (50-55)q
MAIZE LOCAL 3-5 5-6Kg
RAJMA LOCAL 15-20 25-30Kg

PADDY CULTIVATION
FARMERS PRACTICES UNIVERSITY PRACTICES
Variety:china1039 Variety :SR-1,SR-2,SR-3,SR-4,
Nursery preparation :
•prepared before 15 days of sowing via traditional
method
• Apply 10t of FYM and 5kg urea
• 1.5 kanal of land is prepared for
transplanting in one hectare of land
Nursery preparation:
•Via protective nursery method and seedling are
prepared in thirty days
•1 kanal land is prepared for 1 hac
Fertilizer application:
•Urea:50kg/ha
•DAP:50kg/ha
•MOP:20kg/ha
Fertilizer application :
•Urea:120kg/hac
•Dap:60kg/hac
•40kg/hac
Time of sowing:April-May Time of sowing: first week of may
Seedling per hill:7-10 Seedling per hill:2-3 seedling
Time of transplanting:June Time of transplanting:June
Yield:50-55q/ha 65-70q/ha

PROBLEMS
There is not a major problems in Ferozpora but:
 Water stagnation is a reason for low yield.
 For this bund are break to drain the water
University varieties are not available or improper distribution.
The plant protection amendments are either of low quality and one
with good quality costs them more .
 Dose formulation is sometimes random.
 Lack of proper interaction with the university research scientists.

BROWN SPOT OF RICE
CAUSAL ORGANISM: Helmenthosporium oryzae
S Y M P T O M S
1. Small circular to oval spots appear on the seedling leaves.
2. Leaf spots are observed throughout the growing season.
3. Infected glumes and panicle branches have dark brown to black oval spots or discoloration on the entire surface.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDED BY SKUAST-K
1. Treat seeds with hot water (53-54 0c) for 10-12 minutes before planting, to control primary
infection at the seedling stage.
2. Use fungicides ( e.g. iprodione and carbendazim ) as seed treatments.
3. Use resistant varieties.
4. Providing proper nutrition and prevention of water stress.
5. Use disease free seeds.

APPLE
AREA UNDER APPLE -- 1024 KANAL
VARIETIES COMMONLY GROWN --
o DELICIOUS
o AMERICAN
o MAHARAJI
o GOLDEN DELICIOUS
PRODUCTION SCALE:-
APPLE BOXES PER TREE - 20 BOXES
APPLE BOXES PER KANAL – 142 BOXES
TOTAL NO. OF BOXES - 1 lakh 36 thousand
NET INCOME -
NOTE:- PESTS INCIDENCE IS QUITE LESS IN THE ORCHARD .

Diseases of apple
S. No. Diseases Farmers Managemnet
1. Apple scab Superstar (Dodine) @ 100gm /200lts of water
2. Alternaria leaf blotch Dithane M-45 @ 100gm /50lts of water
3. Apple canker Score (Difenconazol) @ 100gm / 300lts of water
Captan @ 100ml in 300lts of water
Antracal ( Propineb) @ 100ml / 50lts of water
Cabriotop ( Metiram 55%) @ 100gm / 100ml 0f water

Apple scab
Causal organism: Venturia inequalis.
SYMPTOMS
On leaves
• Velvety olive green lesions with irregular margins, that turns metallic black.
• Mostly occur on lower surface.
On fruits
• Same spots observed as that of leaves.
• Small circular and olive coloured they become dark and corky after maturation.
• Deep cracks develops on corky areas which serves way for entry of other organism that may cause
rot of fruits.

SCAB SYMPTOMS ON LEAVES AND FRUITS

MANAGEMENT BY FARMER
1. CAPTAN 50WP(300g/100L water
2. SUPERSTAR 65WP
3. SCORE 25EC (50 ml/100L OF Water)
4. GOVERNER 40EC
5. ANVIL 5EC
Farmer sprays fungicides randomly as he has no knowledge about which kind of spray is required and at what physiological stage.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDED BY SKAUST-K
1. Sanitation
2. Avoid raw manure
3. Water present in orchard should be avoided
Spray schedule recommended by SKUAST-K should be followed.

SKUAST- K recommended spray schedule
Tree Stage Fungicide / 100lts of water
Green tip Mancozeb 75WP @ 300gm
Pink bud Propineb 70WP or Captan 25WP @300gm
Petal fall Difenoconazole 25EC or Panconazole 10 EC @ 30ml
Fruitlet (pea size) Ziram 80WP or Captan 70 % @ 200gm
Fruit development-I Dodine 65WP or Metiram 55% @ 100gm
Fruit development-II Hexacanazole 5% 75 WP @ 50 gm
Fruit development-III Chlorothalonial 75WP @150gm
Fruit development-IV Hexaconazole 75 WP @ 50gm
Pre-harvest Ziram 80WP @200gm

ALTERNARIA LEAF BLOTCH OF APPLE
Causal organism. Alternaria mali
S Y M P T O M S
• We observed brownish spots on the leaves of some trees, some of the spots had turned necrotic. Severe infection leads to
economic losses.

Following trend applied by the farmer:-
1. CAPTAN 50WP (300g)
2. SUPERSTAR 65WP
3. SCORE 25EC
4. GOVERNER 40EC
Farmer sprays fungicides randomly as he has no knowledge about which kind of spray is required and at what physiological stage.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDED BY SKAUST-K
1. When leaf spotting incidence is more then 20% at fruit development-iv i.e (12-18days after
viii spray )spray metiram 55%+pyraclostrobin 5% hexaconazole 5EC(50ml)in 100 lit of water

CANKER IN APPLE
CAUSAL ORGANISM:Botryosphaeria Dothraea
S Y M P T O M S
1. Infected tree dry up, canker surround the leaves ,trunk and finally girdle it.
2. Infested plant shows less fruit sets.

1. Farmer go for cultural operation such as cleaning of orchard from previous
season fallen leaves, twigs etc
2. They go for training and pruning also.
3. Wrapping of sand and cloth is done to cover the canker wound.

1. White paint should be applied.
2. Healthy portion should be exposed on all sides and then paste and paints are sprayed on it.
3. Ready made chaubattia paste is recommended on canker wound.
4. Carbendazim, Mancozeb can be added in the paint to form protectant layer on the branch.
5. Bordeaux mixture (CuSo4+lime+linseed oil) in the ratio of (2:3:5) is recommended.
6. Training and Pruning should be done in dry season.

AREA UNDER VEGETABLES :- 32 KANAL
• TO the notice the farmers were of the view that they grow vegetables on a small scale and not
on commercial scale and hence they have small kitchen gardens.
• Seed source - stored seeds of their own ,buy from local dealers and probably hybrid seeds
are less used.
CROPS AND VARIETIES GROWN :-
a. Kale ( variety - khanyari)
b. Potato ( kufri joti, himalyani,gardari)
c. Chili ( variety – Kashmiri long 1)
d. Cauliflower (variety - snowball 1,snowball2)

VEGETABLES
VEGETABLE SOURCE OF SEEDLINGS AREA SEED RATE MAJOR PROBLEMS
chili Self sown seeds. 0.32ha No particular seed rate Diseases like fusarium wilt
and anthracnose
Tomato Self sown seeds,
Market.
< 0.30ha No particular seed rate Late blight of tomato.
Early blight of tomato.
Kale Self sown seeds. >0.5ha No particular seed rate Aphids.
Brinjal Local Dealers <0.22ha No particular seed rate Damping off
Fruit rot
Crucifers Local Dealers >0.26ha No particular seed rate Damping off
Downy mildew

Vegetable Disease/ Pest. Farmers Mgmt. Recommended Mgmt.
Chili Fusarium wilt Nil 1. Seed treatment with Carbendazim or Thiram or Mancozeb , Metalaxyl
@2 g/kg of seed is effective. Captan 0.3 is also used.
2. Soil drenching with Bordeaux mixture 0.1 may be taken for effective
control.
3. Weedicide Oxyflourfen @0.2 is effective.
Chili Anthracnose Nil 1. Seed treatment with Agrosan G N @2.5g/kg seed.
2. Spray Blitox @0.2%.
Tomato Early blight. Nil 1. Spray Zineb @0.2%.
2. Sort out infected seedlings.
DISEASES AND PESTS

Early B light of Tomato
Fusarium Wilt of ChilliAnthracnose of chilli

A. SANJOSE SCALE
(Quadraspidiotus perniciosus)
Order : Hemiptera Family : Diaspididae
NATURE OF DAMAGE :
• Round red coloured dots with white circular speck in the middle
seen on the fruits.
• Size of the fruit is reduced moreover immature fruits are developed
by infested trees.
• Heavily infested trees lack vigour and foliage turns yellow.

SYMPTOMS OF SANJOSE SCALE ON FRUIT

MEASURES TAKEN BY FARMER
• Farmer sprays Coroban ( Chlorpyriphos 20 EC )@ 1lit. /1000 lit. of water & Score (
Difenoconazole 25 EC) @ 100 ml/100 lit. of water.
SPRAY TREESTAGE MANAGEMENT
1st Delayed Dormancy HMO (Horticultural mineral oil) @ 2 lit. per 100 lit. of water
2nd Petal Fall When 6-12 crawlers/sq. cm of SJS are observed, apply any of
the insecticide ;
Dimethoate 30 EC @ 100 ml/100 lit. of water
Or
Quinalphos 25 EC @ 100ml/100 lit. of water
3rd Fruit development If more than 13 crawlers/cm2 of SJS are observed
Dimethoate 30 EC (100 ml / 100 lit. of water ) or
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC (100 ml / 100 lit. of water )

B. APHIDS ON KALE
(Brevicoryne brassicae)
Order : Hemiptera Family : Aphididae
NATURE OF DAMAGE :
• Dense colonies of aphids are seen on the leaves.
• They feed on tender parts of plant.
• They secrete honeydew on leaves which promotes sooty mould.

MEASURES TAKEN BY FARMER:
• Farmers do not usually go for any control measures for kale as it
is not grown for commercial purposes just for the domestic use.
• But in case of severe infestation, Farmer sprays (Carbendazim +
Mancozeb ) @ 50 ml / 100 lit. of water.
• Spraying with Dimethoate 30EC (Rogor) @ 100ml in 100 lit. of
water or Dichlorvos 76EC (Nuvan) @ 100ml in 100 lit. of water.

C. APPLE STEM BORER
(Aeolesthes sarta)
Order : Coleoptera Family :
Cerambycidae
NATURE OF DAMAGE :
• Saw dust coming out from live holes.
• Large circular holes seen on the trunk and branches of the trees.

SYMPTOMS OF THE BORER ON TREE TRUNK

• Farmers usually put petrol in the holes.
• They apply lime to the holes.
• Some farmers simply plug the holes with mud and then cover it with gunny bags.
• Clean the hole and plug it with cotton dipped in Dichlorvos 76EC @ 3ml/lit. of water.
• Pruning and destruction of heavily infested branches or twigs.

D. ANAR BUTTERFLY
(Virachola isocrates )
Order : Lepidoptera Family : Lycaenidae
NATURE OF DAMAGE :
• Small circular holes with excreta coming out of them could be seen on
the fruits.
• Infested fruits ultimately fall off and give an offensive smell.

SYMPTOMS OF ANAR BUTTERFLY ON THE FRUIT

NO MANAGEMENT
• Collect & destruct fallen infested fruits to prevent build up of
the pest.
• Spraying of Dimethoate 30 EC ( Rogor ) @ 0.03% just after the
initiation of fruit setting.

WHAT IS SOIL TESTING AND WHY DO WE PERFORM IT…..
Soil test is referred to one or more of the procedures of soil analysis to determine the nutrient
status of the soil for the fertilizer recommendation in agriculture.
Conducted to determine the other characteristics such as pH and nutrient status.
Defines the growth potential of the soil ,the toxic effect of the excess nutrient concentration
and the growth inhibition by the lack of the essential nutrients.
Why do we perform it….
 Soil chemistry changes with time as the various biological and the chemical factors break and
combine the compounds over time and hence it is essential to determine the soil chemical
profile.
 Farmer is benefited with the right nutrient dose.
 Ecologist would perform soil test to control the deteriorating soil nutrients by the various
human factors..

STARTING WITH PROCEDURES……
PROCEDURE :-
1. Checking into the orchard ..
2. Selection of a site which lies almost at an equal distance from all the sides.
3. Location of the drip line.
4. Digging – up to 90cm.
5. Three layers of sample at 30cm
6. Samples in bags labeled ( collection date ,farmers name ,age of the tree ,variety

Procedures as follows with digging and tracing the location..
A. IN ORCHARD

PROCEDURES FOR THE SOIL SAMLPING OF THE PADDY FIELD:-

ACTION PHOTOS IN THE PADDY FIELD FOR SOIL SAMPLE

LABORATORY WORK
A. SOIL PROCESSING
B. INCLUDING ( Drying , Grinding ,Sieving )

SOIL TEST RESULTS – ORCHARD AND PADDY
NUTRIENT SA
L1
SB
L2
SB
L3
SB
L4
SC
L5
SC
L6
SP
L7
SP
L8
NORMAL RANGE
PHOSPHORUS
(kg/ha),by Olsen
method
10-18
POTASSIUM
(kg/ha),by Flame
Photometer
235.2 92.96 156.8 201.6 227.36 80.64 88.48 91.84 125-250
ORGANIC CARBON
(kg/ha),by Walkley
and Black method
0.72% 0.33% 0.87% 0.02% 0.74% 0.35% 1.17% 1.54% 0.5-0.75%
pH,by pH meter 6.49 6.84 5.98 5.62 6.65 6.54 6.98 7.5 1-14
EC, by EC meter
In dsm-1
0.12 0.08 0.21 0.90 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.18 0.8-1.6
NITROGEN
(kg/ha),by Kjeldahl
method
595.8 156.8 94 125.4 250.8 94 250.8 407.6 272-500

INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
NUTRIENT RANGE SA
L1
SA
L2
SB
L3
SB
L4
SC
L5
SC
L6
SP
L7
SP
L8
PHOSPHORUS
(kg/ha)
10-18
Potassium
(Kg/ha)
125-250 Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low
Organic
carbon
0.5-0.75 Medium Low High Low Medium Low High High
pH 1-14 Neutral Neutral Slightly
acidic
Slightly
acidic
Neutral Neutral Neutral Slightly
alkaline
EC(dsm-1 ) 0.8-1.6 Normal Normal Normal Moderate Normal Normal Normal Normal
Nitrogen
(kg/ha)
272-500 High Low Low Low Low Low Low High

Recommendations given to the farmers

INTRODUCTION
KVK is an agricultural extension centre in India . The name means ,Farm Science
Centre’.
ICAR introduced the idea to establish Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and Mohan Sing
Mehta Committee was appointed in 1974 by ICAR.
The first KVK was established in 1974 at Pondicherry under the administrative
control of TNAU, Coimbatore.
As on October 2018, there are 690 KVKs in India and 21 in J&K.

OBJECTIVES OF KVKs
The main objective of KVK is to impart training at the Kendra (centre) or out of
centre i.e., in the village to the people according to their needs about the
agriculture and allied subjects viz; animal husbandry , ﬁsheries, Horticulture,
Agriculture Engineering, Home Sciences etc.
To arrange front-line demonstrations and on-farm trials at farmer’s fields on
improved technologies.
MANDATES OF KVKs
Organizing vocational trainings in agriculture and allied areas.
On farm testing on farmers fields.
Organizing in-service training programmes to field/local extension functionaries.
Conducting frontline demonstrations
Work as resource and knowledge centre

KVK Bandipora was sanctioned in year 2005. It is located at Potushahi, Distt. Bandipora , J&K. The main objective of KVK Bandipora is transfer of
technology from lab to farmer’s ﬁeld with respect to agriculture and allied activities and to test & verify the technologies in the socio-economic
conditions of the farmer and accordingly modify them.
Villages adopted by KVK Bandipora :-
Sumlar, Khayar, Mangnipora, Watapora,
Aloosa, Markoot & Izmarg (Gurez) etc.
No. of technologies transferred to
farmers during last year –
o Demonstration of SRI technologies
o Introduction of Shalimar Rice-4 in lower belts of
the district
o Introduction of SR-2 & SR-3.
o Demonstration of offseason vegetable cultivation in
Gurez valley and so on.
We attended lecture about different activities of KVKs ,
different agronomic practices adopted for Onfarm
demonstration and trials of Rice and Maize ( Sweet corn )
by Dr. Bilal Ahmad ( Agricultural Extension ). We were also
taught about Pesticidal effects on various insects and
on environment by Dr. Malik Mukhtar ( Plant Protection ).
KVK BANDIPORA

KVK KUPWARA
PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETY AND FARMER RIGHT ACT 2001 ( PPV&FR ACT 2001 )
This program aims for establishment of an effective system for the protection of plant varieties,
the rights of farmer and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of
plants .
It has been considered necessary to recognize and the right of farmer in respect of their
contribution made at anytime in conserving, improving, and making available plant genetic
resources for development of new plant varieties.
So Govt. of India enacted “The protection of plant variety and farmer right (PPV&FR) act 2001”

CRITERIA FOR REGISTRATION
• A variety is eligible for registration under the act if it fulfill the criteria of distinctiveness, uniformity and
stability i.e.(DUS).
• The central Govt issues notification in official gazettes specifying the genera and species for the purpose of
registration of varieties .
• The time limit for registration of extant varieties is available on the official websites of the authority .
Dr. JAVAID, SCIENTIST FROM CITH
(CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR TEMPERATE HORTICULTURE)
ADRESSING FARMERS AND STUDENT ABOUT PPV&FR ACT 2001.

KVK SHUHAMA, GANDERBAL
KVK Shuhama is functioning since March 2002 . This centre is situated 12km away from Lal Chowk ,Srinagar and is located at
Shuhama, Ganderbal, J&K

Visit to MLRI
MLRI ( Mountain Livestock Research Institute ) is located at Manasbal, Safapora.
We visited different Units in MLRI such as :-
 Milk Processing Plant.
 Feed Mill.
 Livestock Shed.
 Vermicompost Unit.
 Pasture & Grazing Land etc.

IMD SRINAGAR
INTRODUCTION
 The Indian metrological department is an agency of the ministry of earth science of the government of India .it
was established in the year 1875 to bringing all metrological work in the country under a central authority .
 It is the principal agency responsible for metrological observation ,weather forecasting and seismology.
 It issues warning against severe weather condition like cyclone, dust storm ,heavy rainfall , cold and heat waves.
the department also records earthquakes and conduct research .
 IMD is headquartered in Delhi and operates hundreds of observation station across India .beside regional offices
are at Mumbai ,Kolkata ,Nagpur and Pune .

OBJECTIVE
 It help in dissemination of the knowledge of such science both among the scientific workers and public.
 To provide training to support operational activities .
 To support career development of IMD personnel .
 To conduct periodic refresher courses to maintain and enhance job competency .
 To improve scientific content of research in IMD
 To provide appropriate infrastructure administrative and managerial for departmental and extra departmental
examinations .
 To customize and effect quick change in the curriculum to make it STATE OF ART course .

VISIT TO MACHINERY MELA
INTRODUCTION
 A machinery mela was held on 20 September 2018 at chief horticulture officers office premises at Handwara ,
Distt. Kupwara.
 A total of 20 stalls were displaying there farm equipment.
 Besides Kupwara , Handwara , Sopore ,Pattan etc. and several companies from Srinagar also participated
displaying different models.
 The main equipment put on display include.
 sprayer.
Tractors.
Weeders.
Irrigation pumps etc.

OBJECTIVE
 The main purpose of the Mela is to provide an opportunity for farmers to see and assess the utility of various
farm machines
 To provide machinery to farmers on fair price.
 To transfer of technology .
 The department also made sure that the documentary formalities for releasing the subsidy component from the
department were also done on the spot.

VISIT TO CHOGUL
 It is situated 6 km from our university with an area of 184 kanal land i.e 9 ha. Land.
 This realm is mainly confined to horticulture development program me mainly by organic
basis.
 There is apple , grapes, kiwi, hazelnut etc. trees and protected by organic basis.
 There is menace of bear in this area and one should be very careful.
 Different rootstock are use for grafting purpose in apple and on m-7 different grafting can be
done.
 But the yield of fruit crop is reduce just because of lack of pollinizer.
 A polyhouse is also established with the investment of 10lakh so as to grow fruits under
control conditions.
 Pollinizers are maintained in polyhouse in a definite ratio so as to ensure proper pollination.
 Our university has provided an apple verity Shalimar- 1 and Shalimar -2 which are resistance
to scab disease but Shalimar 1 was not proved as résistance to scab.
 Nehle pore is a source of irrigation and water is store in a pond which has a polythene lining
so as to check the water loss.

CONTINUED…
 Hazel nut trees ,planted in 2008 and
protected by complete organic basis .
 Hazelnuts are propagated by suckers.
 It yield 5kg per plant .
 And get Rs. 500 per kg

6o yrs old apple orchard A p p l e o r c h a r d u n d e r o r g a n i c m a n a g e m e n t .
SOURCE OF IRRIGATION. VARIETY PROVIDED BY OUR UNIVERSITY

VISIT TO FRUIT MANDI SOPORE
Fruit Mandi Sopore is the Asia’s 2nd largest apple fruit mandi . This Mandi was started in the year 1987 in Iqbal market Sopore. Later it was shifted to an orchard
namely PISSU BAGH by Khawaja Mustafa Khan whose main aim was that the local growers sell their produce in the local market so as to increase the economy and to
get profit from their own land. Khawaja Mustafa Khan laid the foundation of this mandi in the year 1988-89. Shed no. 2 was the first shed of the mandi and after that
Shed no. 1 was constructed.
 Total area under mandi is 500 kanal.
 At present there are about 15 auction center and
639 shop sides in mandi.
 Auction period of produce starts from 15 May to ending March.
 Payment period is 1 month and 15 days and payment is either
by banking channel or by cash.
 Peak period is from sept. to Nov.
 Financial Assistance is given by J&K Bank and by
State and central Govt.
 There are 22 supplied markets .
 There are about 50 commission agent, 400 buyers from
outside the state and 250 buyers from within state.
 3 tier channel system exist in this mandi
(Grower - commission agent - trader)
 About 200 to 300 trucks are used for daily loading and unloading purpose.
 Traders from other countries like Bangladesh etc. also visit here.

OUR BATCH AT FRUIT MANDI SOPORE

VISIT TO CHASMA SHAHI
“ SNOW-CAP” MILK PLANT
INTRODUCTION:-
o Visited to CHASMA SHAHI (SNOWCAP) Which is Jammu & Kashmir Milk Producers Co-operative Ltd. under the supervision of Dr. S.A.RAUF
and DR.REHANA HABIB.
o JKMPCL was started in the 2004.
o They explained about the processing of milk and manufacturing of products and also told us about the procedure and quality checking
apparatus.
o They buy milk from milk producers for 20-30per L.
OBJECTIVE :-
o To provide better quality of milk
o To increase the living standard of milk producers.
o Provide assure income to the producers in a year.
o To eliminate the role of middlemen from the business.
o To make a better co-operative structure under which maximum number of producers can join easily.

PROCESSING OF MILK:-
1 • Collection of MILK
2 • Transportation to SNOWCAP
3
• Testing of Milk QUALITY and PURITY
4
• Storage of MILK IN tanks
5 • Pasteurization of milk
6 • Checking of FAT Content
7 • Chilling of milk
8 • Packing of Milk
9 • Storage for SALE purpose

PRODUCTS OF SNOWCAP :-
1.Snowcap Ghee
2.Snowcap Dahi
3.Snowcap
Flavoured Milk
4.Snowcap
Tonned Milk

VISIT TO AGRI- ENGINEERING WORKSHOP AT SHALIMAR
OBJECTIVE OF THIS VISIT:-
 The main objective of this visit was to make us aware of the agri-tech used now-a -days and to learn us the
advances made in technology designs.
 To teach the importance of technology in farming
 To demonstrate the core relation of the technology designs with crop production designs.
 To learn the working of the machines.

VISIT TO , CANNING CENTRE , SOPORE
INTRODUCTION
 It has been established decades back in the early 1970s it primarily provide to the processing needs of the people of the
Kashmir valley .the main aim of this processing and canning centre is to impart training to the interested people in the field of
vegetables and fruits processing so that they are able to process various type of food at small scale either at home or any unit .
 The perishable fruit and vegetables if processed will to a great extent solve the problem of food wastage and make available in
the off season also . In addition to it there is a value addition to our fruit and vegetable also which help in increasing of
economic of entrepreneur.
OBJECTIVES
 To demonstration on fruit and vegetable preservation techniques before
 the forming community and to the interested peoples .
 The canning process to destroy any microorganism in the food and prevent recontamination by microorganisms .
 It play a significant role in the preservation of perishable food in a stable form that can be stored and shipped to distant
market during all months of the year.

Some Activities
at
Wadura Campus

VERMICOMPOST LAB. VISIT
AGROBACTERIUM

Agronomy’s ICAR Training Programme AT WADURA

IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Socio-economic study of respondent farmer.
Working out the cost of cultivation or cost of establishment of the important crop(apple,
paddy) of the host farmer.
Working out the measures of farm profitability & efficiency.
Analyzing the existing farm plan and suggest location specific alternative farm plan.
 Use various theoretical concepts of economics to provide answer to the problems of
agriculture and agri-business.

Some Points About Marketing Facilities Of
Village “ Ferozpora ”
 Most of the farmers of the village are small growers and they sell their produce either to
the pre- harvest contractors or to Fruit Mandi Sopore from where most of the fruits are
exported outside the state or country.
 There are also few big Orchardists who directly sold their fruits to wholesalers or retailers
without the involvement of commission agents.
 Paddy production is mostly of subsistence type.

Table No.1
Cost of cultivation ( in Rs. ) of Apple orchard on 20 Kanal of land
( 1 Ha )
Continue
F O R A P P L E O R C H A R D

VARIABLE COSTS 1st Yr. (Rs) 2nd Yr.
(Rs)
3rd Yr.
(Rs)
4th Yr.
(Rs)
5th Yr.
(Rs)
6th Yr
(Rs)
7th Yr.
(Rs)
8th Yr.
(Rs)
9th Yr.
(Rs)
10th Yr.
(Rs)
Planting material
plants @ Rs 10/ plant
2800 400 100
Seed cost
( Paddy / Maize /
Pulses )
3000 2790 2560 2800 2250 2000 14909 900 1200 1350
Family Labour 716 882 1078 1410 1803 2146 2686 3641 4433 5760
Hired Labour 164 550 821 1151 1546 2596 3231 3981 4864 6128
Technical hired labour
92 206 462 648 1159 1461 1999 2646 3648 4341
Manures 745 1668 2803 4191 5860 7876 10291 13173 16598 20655
Plant Protection
1139 1524 2560 3982 6154.5 10842 15758
Spray charges 200 240 290 370 599
Urea 250 280 293 377 461 545 640
DAP 381 495 900 1150 1409 1600 1980
MOP 600 750 1490 1880 2200 2645 3060
Expenses on boxes /
nails / papers
1560 4050 8000 22000 35000
Transportation charges 450 905 1500 2200 4000
Total variable costs
7517 6496 7824 12570 15667 23532 45700 44355.5 70945 99271
Interest @6 % 451.02 389.76 469.44 754.2 940.02 1411.92 2742 2661.33 4256.7 5956.26
Grand total of
VARIABLE COST 7968.02 6885.76 8293.44 13324.2 16607.02 24943.92 48442 47016.83 75201.7 105227.3
1. (A ) VA RI A BLE CO ST S

VARIABLE COSTS 11th Yr.
(Rs)
12th Yr.
(Rs)
13th Yr.
(Rs)
14th Yr.
(Rs)
15th Yr.
(Rs)
16th Yr.
(Rs)
17th Yr.
(Rs)
18th Yr.
(Rs)
19th Yr.
(Rs)
20th Yr.
(Rs)
Planting material
plants @ Rs 10/ plant
Seed cost
( Paddy / Maize /
Pulses )
1390 1400 1490 1500 1550 1690 1780 1860 1900 2000
Family Labour
6895 9218 10603 12187 14000 15200 16500 17100 18800 19500
Hired Labour
7372 8542 10204 12856 15200 16500 17200 18400 19100 19900
Technical hired labour
5148 6086 7175 8839 11250
12400 13800 14200 15100 16600
Manures
25445 31091 37724 45497 54600 56100 56900 57200 57900 58800
Plant Protection
20872 26536 35542 36988.8 49946 50000 50900 51200 52100 52800
Spray charges 830 900 1200 1760 2500 2600 2650 2700 2720 2800
Urea 948 1100 1260 1400 1550 1600 1650 1740 1790 1860
DAP 2770 3200 3670 4100 4670 4700 4800 5000 5200 5300
MOP 4500 5350 6060 6870 7650 8500 8600 8700 8800 9000
Expenses on boxes /
nails / papers
36200 37100 37900 38400 39000 40000 40900 41700 43000 45000
Transportation charges 4200 5000 5500 6200 7600 8200 9000 9800 10200 11500
Total variable costs
116570 135523 158328 176597.8 209516 217490 224680 229600 236610 245060
Interest @6 % 6994.2 8131.38 9499.68 10595.87 12570.96 13049.4 13480.8 13776 14196.6 14703.6
Grand total of
VARIABLE COST 123564.2 143654.4 167827.7 187193.7 222087 230539.4 238160.8 243376 250806.6 259763.6
C O N T I N U E : -

FIXED
COST
1st Yr. 2nd Yr. 3rd Yr. 4th Yr. 5th Yr. 6th Yr. 7th Yr. 8th Yr. 9th Yr. 10th Yr.
Rental value of
owned land
@500/kanal
10000 11000 12100 13310 14641 16105.1 17715.61 19487.17 21435.8
9
23579.48
Land revenue @200/
ha
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Depreciation
Foot Pump sprayer 140 126 113 102 92
Motor power sprayer 1400 1260 1134 1020.6 918
Farm implements 62
49.6 40 32 25.6
102
81.6 65.6 52 41.6
Total
10402 11375.6 12453 13644 14958.6 17807.1 19257.21 20886.77 22708.49 24739.08
Interest on fixed
capital @ 12%
1248.24 1365.072 1494.36 1637.28 1795.032 2136.852 2310.865 2506.412 2725.019 2968.69
TOTAL FIXED COST.
11650.24 12740.672 13947.36 15281.28 16753.63 19943.95 21568.08 23393.18 25433.51 27707.77
1. (B) FI XED CO ST S

FIXED
COST
11th Yr. 12th Yr. 13th Yr. 14th Yr. 15th Yr. 16th Yr. 17th Yr. 18th Yr. 19th Yr. 20th Yr.
Rental value of
owned land
@500/kanal
25937.42 28531.17 31384.28 34522.71 37974.98 41772.48 45949.73 50544.70 55599.17 61159.09
Land revenue
@200/ ha
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Depreciation
Foot Pump sprayer
Motor power
sprayer
826.2
743.58 669.222 602.2998 542.07 487.863 439.0767 395.17 355.653 320.094
Farm implements 144
115.2 92.16 73.728 58.984
170
136 108.8 87.04 69.632
Total
27107.62 29589.95 32345.66 35398.74 38776.03 42630.34 46724.81 51248.67 56241.86 61748.82
Interest on fixed
capital @ 12%
3252.9144 3550.794 3881.479 4247.849 4653.124 5115.641 5606.977 6149.84 6749.024 7409.858
TOTAL FIXED
COST.
30360.53 33140.744 36227.14 39646.59 43429.15 47745.98 52331.79 57398.51 62990.88 69158.68
C O N T I N U E : -

1st Yr. (Rs) 2nd Yr.
(Rs)
3rd Yr.
(Rs)
4th Yr.
(Rs)
5th Yr.
(Rs)
6th Yr
(Rs)
7th Yr.
(Rs)
8th Yr.
(Rs)
9th Yr.
(Rs)
10th Yr.
(Rs)
19618.26 19626.43 22240.8 28605.48 33360.65 44887.87 70010.08 70410.01 100635.2 132935.1
11th Yr.
( Rs. )
12th Yr.
( Rs. )
13th Yr.
( Rs. )
14th Yr.
( Rs. )
15th Yr.
( Rs. )
16th Yr.
( Rs. )
17th Yr.
( Rs. )
18th Yr.
( Rs. )
19th Yr.
( Rs. )
20th Yr.
( Rs. )
153924.7 176795.1 204054.8 226840.3 265516.2 278285.4 290492.6 300774.5 313797.5 328922.3
1 ( C ) TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION
( GRAND TOTAL VARIABLE COST + GRAND TOTAL FIXED COST )

RETURNS 1st Yr.
(Rs)
2nd Yr.
(Rs)
3rd Yr.
(Rs)
4th Yr.
(Rs)
5th Yr.
(Rs)
6th Yr
(Rs)
7th Yr.
(Rs)
8th Yr.
(Rs)
9th Yr.
(Rs)
10th Yr.
(Rs)
Wood
0 0 0 0 0 950 1250 1500 1700 2500
Maize / Pulses /
Paddy
13000 14500 15600 16500 17760 7600 6900 7500 8000 8600
Fruit
0 0 0 0 0 35010 61710 98500 148500 222000
Total Returns
13000 14500 15600 16500 17760 43560 69860 107500 158200 233100
2. RETURNS

RETURNS 11th Yr. 12th Yr. 13th Yr. 14th Yr. 15th Yr. 16th Yr. 17th Yr. 18th Yr. 19th Yr. 20th Yr.
Wood
3500 5500 7500 9500 12000 13500 15500 16800 18840 21500
Maize / Pulses /
Paddy
10000 12500 14500 16000 18000 21000 22500 23800 24600 25500
Fruit
335200 452300 523000 685000 451000 650140 888800 1065500 1255000 1454000
Total Returns
348700 470300 545000 710500 481000 684640 926800 1106100 1298440 1501000
C O N T I N U E : -

3. BENEFIT COST RATIO OF APPLE ORCHARD
Year Total costs(RS) Returns(Rs) Discounting factor @ 12% Present Worth Gross
costs(Rs)
Present WorthGross return(Rs)
1
19618.26 13000
0.8929
17517.14 11607.7
2
19626.43 14500
0.7972
15646.19 11559.4
3
22240.8 15600
0.7118
15831 11104.08
4
28605.48 16500
0.6355
18178.78 10485.75
5
33360.65 17760
0.5674
18928.83 10077.02
6
44887.87 43560
0.5066
22740.19 22067.5
7
70010.08 69860
0.4523
31665.56 31597.68
8
70410.01 107500
0.4038
28431.56 43408.5
9
100635.2 158200
0.3606
36289.05 57046.92
10
132935.1 233100
0.3219
42791.81 75034.89

Year Total costs(RS) Returns(Rs) Discounting factor @ 12% Present Worth Gross
costs(Rs)
Present WorthGross return(Rs)
11
153924.7 348700
0.2874
44237.96 100216.4
12
176795.1 470300
0.2566
45365.62 120679
13
204054.8 545000
0.2291
46748.95 124859.5
14
226840.3 710500
0.2046
46411.53 145368.3
15
265516.2 481000
0.1827
48509.81 87878.7
16
278285.4 684640
0.1631
45388.35 111664.8
17
290492.6 926800
0.1456
42295.72 134942.1
18
300774.5 1106100
0.1300
39100.69 143793
19
313797.5 1298440
0.1161
36431.89 150748.9
20
328922.3 1501000
0.1037
34109.24 155653.7
T O T A L : - 676619.9 1559794
C O N T I N U E : -

BENEFIT COST RATIO OF APPLE ORCHARD
1. Present worth of Gross Return (Rs) = 1559794
2. Present worth of Gross Cost (Rs) = 676619.9
BENEFIT-COST RATIO: PRESENT WORTH OF GROSS RETURN
PRESENT WORTH OF GROSS COSTS
1559794
: 676619.4
= 2.30

4. NET PRESENT WORTH ( NPW ) ( Rs.) of an Orchard
Year Cost ( Rs. ) Return
( Rs. )
Net Income (Rs. ) Discount Factor
@ 12 %
Net Present Worth
( Rs. )
1
19618.26 13000 -6618.26
0.8929
-5909.44
2
19626.43 14500 -5126.43
0.7972
-4086.79
3
22240.8 15600 -6640.8
0.7118
-4726.92
4
28605.48 16500 -12105.5
0.6355
-7693.05
5
33360.65 17760 -15600.7
0.5674
-8851.84
6
44887.87 43560 -1327.87
0.5066
-672.699
7
70010.08 69860 -150.08
0.4523
-67.8812
8
70410.01 107500 37089.99
0.4038
14976.94
9
100635.2 158200 57564.8
0.3606
20757.87
10
132935.1 233100 100164.9
0.3219
32243.08

( Rs. )
Net Income (Rs. ) Discount Factor
@ 12 %
Net Present Worth
( Rs. )
11
153924.7 348700 194775.3
0.2874
55978.42
12
176795.1 470300 293504.9
0.2566
75313.36
13
204054.8 545000 340945.2
0.2291
78110.55
14
226840.3 710500 483659.7
0.2046
98956.77
15
265516.2 481000 215483.8
0.1827
39368.89
16
278285.4 684640 406354.6
0.1631
66276.44
17
290492.6 926800 636307.4
0.1456
92646.36
18
300774.5 1106100 805325.5
0.1300
104692.3
19
313797.5 1298440 984642.5
0.1161
114317
20
328922.3 1501000 1172078
0.1037
121544.5
NPW 883173.8
C O N T I N U E : -
PAYBACK PERIOD : - 15th yr.

( Rs. )
Net Income ( Rs.
)
D.F @ 12 % Net Present
Value
Value
1
19618.26 13000 -6618.26
0.8929
-5909.44 0.6493 -4297.24
2
19626.43 14500 -5126.43
0.7972
-4086.79 0.4216 -2161.3
3
22240.8 15600 -6640.8
0.7118
-4726.92 0.3738 -2482.33
4
28605.48 16500 -12105.5
0.6355
-7693.05 0.1777 -2151.15
5
33360.65 17760 -15600.7
0.5674
-8851.84 0.1154 -1800.32
6
44887.87 43560 -1327.87
0.5066
-672.699 0.0749 -99.4575
7
70010.08 69860 -150.08
0.4523
-67.8812 0.0486 -7.29389
8
70410.01 107500 37089.99
0.4038
14976.94 0.0316 1172.044
9
100635.2 158200 57564.8
0.3606
20757.87 0.0205 1180.078
10
132935.1 233100 100164.9
0.3219
32243.08 0.0133 1332.193
5. Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) ( Rs.) of an Orchard

( Rs. )
Net Income ( Rs.
)
Value
Value
11
153924.7 348700 194775.3
0.2874
55978.42 0.0086 1675.068
12
176795.1 470300 293504.9
0.2566
75313.36 0.0056 1643.627
13
204054.8 545000 340945.2
0.2291
78110.55 0.0036 1227.403
14
226840.3 710500 483659.7
0.2046
98956.77 0.0023 1112.417
15
265516.2 481000 215483.8
0.1827
39368.89 0.0015 323.2257
16
278285.4 684640 406354.6
0.1631
66276.44 0.0009 365.7191
17
290492.6 926800 636307.4
0.1456
92646.36 0.0006 381.7844
18
300774.5 1106100 805325.5
0.1300
104692.3 0.0004 322.1302
19
313797.5 1298440 984642.5
0.1161
114317 0.0002 196.9285
20
328922.3 1501000 1172078
0.1037
121544.5 0.0001 117.2078
NPW :- 883173.8 -1949.26
C O N T I N U E : -

ESTIMATION OF INTERNAL RATE OF
RETURNS (Rs.) ( IRR ) :
IRR ( Internal Rate of Returns ) =
( Lower discount rate ) + ( Difference between the two discount rates ) × Present worth of the cash flow
at the lower discount rate
Absolute difference between the
present worths of the cash flow
at the two discount rates
= 12 + ( 54 -12 ) × 883173.8
883173.8 – ( - 1949.26 )
= 12 + 42 × ( 0.9978 )
= 12 + 41.91
= 53.907
= 53.907 %
The positive %age of 53.907 % shows this project is worthy.

Table No.1
Cost of cultivation ( in Rs. ) of PADDYon 20 Kanal of land
( 1 Ha )
Continue
F O R P A D D Y O R C H A R D

COST INVOLVED NO. RUPEES (Rs.)
Hired Labour 32 (Rs.500 × 32) 16000
Family labour 14 (Rs.400×14) 5600
Machinery Cost No. of Hours = 9 hrs (Rs300 × 9) 2700
Cost of seed 25 kg / 5 kanal i.e 100kg/ 1 Ha
( Rs. 12 x 100 )
1200
Plough 2 1000
Puddling cost 2 1000
Manure 1.tonnes / 5 kanal i.e 4 t / Ha.
(Rs.4/ kg)
16000
Fertilizer Urea –Rs.6/ kg - 5kg/5 kanal - 20 kg / 20 kanal
MOP- Rs. 22 / kg - 5kg/ 5 kanal – 20 kg / 20 kanal
DAP – Rs. 24/kg - 10kg/ 5 kanal – 40 kg / 20 kanal
1550
Transportation Charges 1500
Depreciation on Implements 70
Total variable cost 46620
Interest @ 3% 1398.6
GRAND TOTAL VARIABLE COST 48018.6
6 (A) VARIABLE COST

COST INVOLVED RUPEES ( Rs. )
Rental value of owned land @ 600/kanal 12000
Land Revenue ( Rs. 10/ kanal ) 200
Total fixed cost 12200
Interest @ 6% 732
Grand Total Fixed Cost 12932
6 ( B) FIXED COST
TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION :- Fixed Cost + Variable Cost
= 12932 + 48018.6
= 60950.6
6 ( C ) TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION

COST IN
Particulars. Quantity Rupees ( in Rs. )
Main Product 70 Qtl ( Rs . 1500 / qtl × 20
)
105000
Straw 1000 bundles
50 Bundles / kanal
( Rs. 20 / bundles × 1000 )
20000
2. Returns( in Rs. )From Paddy 20 Kanal ( 1ha))
TOTAL RETURN 125000
Profit :- Total Returns – Total Cost of Cultivation
= 125000 - 60950.6
= 64049.4
BENEFIT COST RATIO ( BCR ) :- Total Return ÷ Total Cost
= 125000 / 60950.6
= 2.05
BENEFIT COST RATIO IS GREATER THAN 1 , SO IT IS A WORTHY ENTERPRISE

INCOME MEASURES of paddy crop
Cost A = Hired Labour + Cost of seed + Manure + Fertilizers + Transportation + Depreciation + Interest on working
capital
= 37718.6
Cost B = Cost A + Rental Value of Land + Interest on Fixed Capital = 50450.6
Cost C = Cost B + imputed value of family labour = 56050.6
1. FARM BUSINESS INCOME = Gross Return - Cost A = 125000 – 37718.6 = 87281.4
1. FAMILY LABOUR INCOME = Gross Return – Cost B = 125000 – 50450.6 = 74549.4
2. NET INCOME = Gross Return – Cost C = 125000 – 56050.6 = 68949.4
3. FARM INVESTMENT INCOME = Farm Business Income - Imputed Value of Family Labour
= 87281.4 – 5600 = 81681.4
Conclusion :- As the respondent is having two projects and both the projects are worthy, so farmer should
continued both enterprise

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