This document presents a simulation study of a hysteresis current controlled series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power from a non-linear load. The series active filter uses a simple method to calculate the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. Simulation results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, effectively mitigating harmonic distortion, compensating reactive power, and improving the power factor.
This document summarizes a study on simulating and evaluating the performance of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) using hysteresis current control. A UPQC consists of back-to-back connected shunt and series active power filters to compensate for load harmonics and voltage distortions. The shunt filter regulates DC link voltage and compensates for current harmonics and reactive power, while the series filter compensates for voltage harmonics. Simulation results show the UPQC is able to mitigate harmonics and improve power quality metrics like power factor to within IEEE standards.
The document describes the use of active power filters to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by nonlinear loads. It discusses shunt active power filters, which compensate for harmonic currents, and series active power filters, which compensate for voltage harmonics. The key points are:
1) Shunt active power filters inject harmonic currents to cancel out load current harmonics and maintain the DC link voltage. Series active power filters inject a compensating voltage to cancel out supply voltage harmonics.
2) Reference compensation currents/voltages are estimated using techniques like Fast Fourier Transform and p-q theory.
3) Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC) consist of back-to-
This document describes a simulation study of a PI-controlled three-phase shunt active power filter using hysteresis current control. Shunt active power filters can compensate for harmonics and reactive power required by non-linear loads. The filter employs fast Fourier transform to calculate the reference compensation current. Hysteresis current control is used to inject the compensation current into the line. Simulation results show the filter is able to mitigate harmonic distortion, reactive power compensation, and improve power factor, while maintaining total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating and investigating the performance of a series active power filter using hysteresis current control.
The paper presents the simulation of a hysteresis current controlled, three-phase series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by a non-linear load. The series active filter employs a simple method for calculating the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. The results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, providing satisfactory mitigation of harmonics, reactive power compensation, and power factor improvement.
Implementation of Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Current Harmonic Re...IOSR Journals
This document discusses implementing the instantaneous reactive power theory (IRP theory) for current harmonic reduction and reactive power compensation in a three phase four wire power system. The IRP theory defines instantaneous power components in the α-β-0 coordinate system. It can calculate the reference compensating currents required by a shunt active power filter to inject into the network. Simulations show the power filter can reduce current harmonics and reactive power, improving the power factor by making the source current sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage. The IRP theory provides a flexible way to select the undesirable power components for compensation to minimize pollution from nonlinear loads.
Fuzzybased Transformerless Single-Phase Universal Apf for Harmonic and Reacti...IRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller-based universal active power filter (UAPF) for single-phase systems that compensates for harmonics and reactive power without using a transformer. The proposed UAPF configuration combines parallel and series active filters. It reduces lower order harmonics and total harmonic distortion. A mathematical model of the system is derived and it is shown that circulating current must be controlled. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed transformerless topology achieves harmonic compensation performance comparable to the conventional transformer-based configuration.
T Source Inverter Based Shunt Active Filter with LCL Passive Filter for the 4...IJPEDS-IAES
The inverter topology is being used as an active filter to reduce the
harmonics in the power system. The traditional voltage source or current
source inverters are having the disadvantages of limited output voltage range
hence it may not be able to supply enough compensating currents during
heavy switching surges, Vulnerable to EMI noise and the devices gets
damaged in either open or short circuit conditions and the main switching
device of VSI and CSI are not interchangeable. The active filters are the type
of DC-AC system with wide range of voltage regulation and integration of
energy storages is often required. This cannot be achieved with conventional
inverters and hence the impedance source inverters have been suggested. The
T source inverters are basically impedance source inverters which can be
used as an active filter in the power system. The MATLAB simulation is
done and the results are discussed in this paper for both the types. The
proposed dampening system is fully characterized by LCL based passive
filters and T source inverter based shunt active filter. The disturbances in the
supply voltage and load current due to the non linear loads are observed in
the simulation. The same is studied after connecting the designed hybrid
shunt active filter in the distribution system. The simulation results obtained
from the proposed method proves that it gives comparatively better THD
value.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement using Active Power FilterIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using an active power filter. It proposes a novel circuit topology for a three-phase active power filter (APF) that can suppress harmonic currents and provide complete reactive power compensation. The proposed APF uses a two-arm bridge power converter along with filter inductors, reactive power capacitors, and capacitor/resistor filtering. It is shown to have enhanced harmonic compensation capabilities compared to conventional APF topologies. The APF aims to mitigate issues caused by nonlinear loads such as current harmonics, reduced power factor, and voltage distortions on distribution systems.
This document summarizes a study on simulating and evaluating the performance of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) using hysteresis current control. A UPQC consists of back-to-back connected shunt and series active power filters to compensate for load harmonics and voltage distortions. The shunt filter regulates DC link voltage and compensates for current harmonics and reactive power, while the series filter compensates for voltage harmonics. Simulation results show the UPQC is able to mitigate harmonics and improve power quality metrics like power factor to within IEEE standards.
The document describes the use of active power filters to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by nonlinear loads. It discusses shunt active power filters, which compensate for harmonic currents, and series active power filters, which compensate for voltage harmonics. The key points are:
1) Shunt active power filters inject harmonic currents to cancel out load current harmonics and maintain the DC link voltage. Series active power filters inject a compensating voltage to cancel out supply voltage harmonics.
2) Reference compensation currents/voltages are estimated using techniques like Fast Fourier Transform and p-q theory.
3) Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC) consist of back-to-
This document describes a simulation study of a PI-controlled three-phase shunt active power filter using hysteresis current control. Shunt active power filters can compensate for harmonics and reactive power required by non-linear loads. The filter employs fast Fourier transform to calculate the reference compensation current. Hysteresis current control is used to inject the compensation current into the line. Simulation results show the filter is able to mitigate harmonic distortion, reactive power compensation, and improve power factor, while maintaining total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating and investigating the performance of a series active power filter using hysteresis current control.
The paper presents the simulation of a hysteresis current controlled, three-phase series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by a non-linear load. The series active filter employs a simple method for calculating the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. The results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, providing satisfactory mitigation of harmonics, reactive power compensation, and power factor improvement.
Implementation of Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Current Harmonic Re...IOSR Journals
This document discusses implementing the instantaneous reactive power theory (IRP theory) for current harmonic reduction and reactive power compensation in a three phase four wire power system. The IRP theory defines instantaneous power components in the α-β-0 coordinate system. It can calculate the reference compensating currents required by a shunt active power filter to inject into the network. Simulations show the power filter can reduce current harmonics and reactive power, improving the power factor by making the source current sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage. The IRP theory provides a flexible way to select the undesirable power components for compensation to minimize pollution from nonlinear loads.
Fuzzybased Transformerless Single-Phase Universal Apf for Harmonic and Reacti...IRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller-based universal active power filter (UAPF) for single-phase systems that compensates for harmonics and reactive power without using a transformer. The proposed UAPF configuration combines parallel and series active filters. It reduces lower order harmonics and total harmonic distortion. A mathematical model of the system is derived and it is shown that circulating current must be controlled. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed transformerless topology achieves harmonic compensation performance comparable to the conventional transformer-based configuration.
T Source Inverter Based Shunt Active Filter with LCL Passive Filter for the 4...IJPEDS-IAES
The inverter topology is being used as an active filter to reduce the
harmonics in the power system. The traditional voltage source or current
source inverters are having the disadvantages of limited output voltage range
hence it may not be able to supply enough compensating currents during
heavy switching surges, Vulnerable to EMI noise and the devices gets
damaged in either open or short circuit conditions and the main switching
device of VSI and CSI are not interchangeable. The active filters are the type
of DC-AC system with wide range of voltage regulation and integration of
energy storages is often required. This cannot be achieved with conventional
inverters and hence the impedance source inverters have been suggested. The
T source inverters are basically impedance source inverters which can be
used as an active filter in the power system. The MATLAB simulation is
done and the results are discussed in this paper for both the types. The
proposed dampening system is fully characterized by LCL based passive
filters and T source inverter based shunt active filter. The disturbances in the
supply voltage and load current due to the non linear loads are observed in
the simulation. The same is studied after connecting the designed hybrid
shunt active filter in the distribution system. The simulation results obtained
from the proposed method proves that it gives comparatively better THD
value.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement using Active Power FilterIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using an active power filter. It proposes a novel circuit topology for a three-phase active power filter (APF) that can suppress harmonic currents and provide complete reactive power compensation. The proposed APF uses a two-arm bridge power converter along with filter inductors, reactive power capacitors, and capacitor/resistor filtering. It is shown to have enhanced harmonic compensation capabilities compared to conventional APF topologies. The APF aims to mitigate issues caused by nonlinear loads such as current harmonics, reduced power factor, and voltage distortions on distribution systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Representing Tap-changer Transformers in Conic Relaxation Optimal Power Flowsinventionjournals
Conic optimization has been applied optimal power flow (OPF) problem recently. Present conic relaxation OPFs only consider for the continuous decision variables, and the transformer tap ratios have not been treated as optimization variables. Based on angle relaxed branch power flow, an extended branch power flow model with tap-changer transformers is proposed. The tap-changer transformers were modeled with bilinear functions. Then the McCormick envelopes were deployed to exactly reformulate the bilinear functions with linear constrains. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained in the test systems
Mitigation Unbalance Nonlinear Loads and Dissimilar Line Currents Using Shunt...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document presents a new control method for a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for unbalanced nonlinear loads and dissimilar line currents. The proposed control method uses both dq-theory and instantaneous p-q power theory to calculate reference currents. Fuzzy logic control is also used to optimize the SAPF performance. Simulation results show the controller is effective at mitigating harmonic distortion, compensating load asymmetry, and eliminating negative and zero sequence currents. The total harmonic distortion of the line currents is reduced from 29.8% to 4.1% with this control approach.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Based Active Power Filters: A Survey of ControlsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several control strategies for cascaded multilevel inverter based active power filters, including:
1. P-q theory with PI controller, which calculates real and reactive power to generate reference currents but has errors when voltages are distorted.
2. Average power method with carrier phase shifted PWM, which gives accurate results even with distorted voltages by using a PLL and calculating average power.
3. Instantaneous real-power theory with triangular-sampling current modulator, which generates reference currents to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in real-time using simple calculations. It maintains the DC bus voltage and works for generic power systems.
Shunt active power filters based on diode clamped multilevel inverter and hys...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a shunt active power filter system based on an 11-step diode clamped multilevel inverter and hysteresis band current controller. The system aims to compensate for harmonics in non-linear loads and improve power quality. A two inverter shunt active power filter configuration is proposed to reduce total harmonic distortion and device ratings. Instantaneous reactive power theory is used to generate reference currents, which the hysteresis controller then uses to generate switching signals for the multilevel inverter. Simulation results show the system can achieve 1.8% THD, 0.99 power factor, and compensate 10MW of active and 0.3MVAR of reactive power.
Hysteresis Current Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Six Pulse Ac/D...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a hysteresis current control based shunt active power filter for a six pulse AC/DC converter. It describes using p-q theory and a PI controller to calculate reference currents for the shunt active power filter to compensate harmonic currents drawn by a three phase six pulse AC/DC converter. Simulation results show the filter is effective at reducing total harmonic distortion at the source from over 23% to under 2.4% transiently and 1.1% steadily, meeting IEEE standards. The shunt active power filter configuration, hysteresis current control approach, and simulation results validating the compensation of harmonics are summarized.
Faults Diagnosis in Five-Level Three-Phase Shunt Active Power FilterIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, characteristics of open transistor faults in cascaded H-bridge
five-level three-phase PWM controlled shunt active power filter are
determined. Phase currents can’t be trusted as fault indicator since their
waveforms are slightly changed in the presence of open transistor fault. The
proposed method uses H bridges output voltages to determine the faulty
phase, the faulty bridge and more precisely, the open fault transistor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
A New Structure for ''Sen'' Transformer Using Three Winding Linear TransformerIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a new structure for "Sen" transformer (ST) is introduced, by
using three winding transformers with neutral point in order to use negative
value of compensating voltage. Combination of taps will be adjusted by a
novel algorithm, to control the required active and reactive powers,
separately. This paper tries to focus on three parts. First of all there is an
introduction on the concept of ST structure what comes next is a try to work
on power flow control by using PI controllers and an algorithm to find the
best and efficient combination of taps, finally proposed idea and algorithm
will be implement on a practical system. Implementation of the system
consists of two separated and related parts. The first one is about
transmission line and Sen Transformer and theinteraction between them. The
second part is programing codes that adjust taps for required active and
reactive powers.
The document describes a fuzzy logic hysteresis current controlled shunt active power filter (SAPF) for power quality improvement. A SAPF uses a voltage source inverter to inject compensating currents to correct power factor, balance loads, and eliminate harmonics. The paper compares a conventional PI controller to a fuzzy logic controller for regulating the DC bus voltage and generating PWM signals. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the fuzzy controller has better dynamic performance than the PI controller, maintaining steady state conditions and responding faster to transients or load changes.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RDIAL & MESH DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMIAEME Publication
This document presents a new and efficient method for solving load flow problems in radial and weakly meshed distribution systems. The proposed method is based on network topology, circuit laws, and power summation techniques. It uses loop analysis to account for the impact of tie lines in meshed networks. The algorithm calculates effective power injections, voltage drops, and loop currents to solve for bus voltages and power losses. It was coded in MATLAB and tested on IEEE 33-bus test systems. Results show the voltage profile, power losses, computation time, and number of iterations for different systems and operating conditions. The proposed method provides an efficient way to analyze load flow in distribution networks with radial and weakly meshed topologies.
Load Flow Analysis of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) Pakistan Using MA...sunny katyara
This article summarizes a study analyzing the load flow of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) in Pakistan using MATLAB programming. The study models the power plant and transmission network in MATLAB to calculate active and reactive power flows, line losses, voltage profiles and angles at different buses. This provides information for efficient scheduling and future planning of the power system. MATLAB code was developed using the Gauss-Siedel iterative method to solve the load flow equations. The results provide voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus and active/reactive power flows on each transmission line. This analysis can help optimize the economic operation and future expansion of the JTPS power system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of power flow and transmission capacity in multi phase transmission linesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study comparing the power flow and transmission capacity of multi-phase transmission lines to three-phase lines. The study developed several performance characteristic curves relating to power flow and voltage stability for multi-phase systems. These included load end real and reactive power operating contour maps, reactive power loss characteristics, and voltage-power characteristics. Across all characteristics analyzed, the study found that multi-phase transmission systems have higher power handling capacity and are more secure from a voltage stability perspective compared to equivalent three-phase systems. Specifically, increasing the number of phases from three to four or twelve phases resulted in 10-20% greater reactive and real power transfer capacity while maintaining voltage stability.
In this paper, a problem of allocation and sizing of multiple active power-line conditioners (aplcs) in power systems is handled with novel formulation. The utilized objective function comprises two main factors such as reduction of total harmonic distortion and the total cost of active power-line conditioners (aplcs). The formulated problem is solved by optimization technique SHUFFLE FROG LEAP ALGORITHM (SHFLA) using MATLAB. To evaluate the competence of the proposed formulation, the IEEE 18-busdistorted distribution test system is employed and investigated with various number of aplcs placement. These cases are based on the discrete and limited size for aplcs, requiring the optimization method to solve the constrained and discrete nonlinear problems. The comparison of results in this paper showed that the proposed SHFLA is the most effective result among others in determining optimum location and size of APLC in distribution systems.
Power Flow Analysis using Power World SimulatorUmair Shahzad
The importance of power flow analysis cannot be overrated. In the scope of Electrical Power Engineering, it is very vital for the utility as well as the consumer to know about several electrical quantities including voltages and power flows regarding power systems. This paper successfully uses Power World Simulator software to carry out load flow analysis on a typical large power system. The results can be used to apply on a much more complex system consisting of several loads and variety of power generation sources including synchronous and induction generators.
This document discusses the implementation of instantaneous reactive power theory (IRP theory) for current harmonic reduction and reactive power compensation in three phase four wire power systems. IRP theory is used to calculate reference compensating currents that are injected by a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for non-linear and reactive loads. Clarke's transformation is used to convert voltages and currents to the α-β-0 reference frame for IRP calculations. Hysteresis current control with a constant switching frequency is used to generate PWM signals to control the SAPF inverter. Simulations show the SAPF reducing current harmonics and reactive power, improving the power factor by making the source current sinusoidal and in phase with
Decomposition of current through active power filter for compensating harmoni...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
The document describes the use of active power filters to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by nonlinear loads. It discusses shunt active power filters, which compensate for harmonic currents, and series active power filters, which compensate for voltage harmonics. The key points are:
1) Shunt active power filters inject harmonic currents to cancel out load current harmonics and maintain the DC link voltage. Series active power filters inject a compensating voltage to cancel out supply voltage harmonics.
2) Reference compensation currents/voltages are estimated using techniques like Fast Fourier Transform and p-q theory.
3) Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC) consist of back-to-
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Representing Tap-changer Transformers in Conic Relaxation Optimal Power Flowsinventionjournals
Conic optimization has been applied optimal power flow (OPF) problem recently. Present conic relaxation OPFs only consider for the continuous decision variables, and the transformer tap ratios have not been treated as optimization variables. Based on angle relaxed branch power flow, an extended branch power flow model with tap-changer transformers is proposed. The tap-changer transformers were modeled with bilinear functions. Then the McCormick envelopes were deployed to exactly reformulate the bilinear functions with linear constrains. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained in the test systems
Mitigation Unbalance Nonlinear Loads and Dissimilar Line Currents Using Shunt...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document presents a new control method for a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for unbalanced nonlinear loads and dissimilar line currents. The proposed control method uses both dq-theory and instantaneous p-q power theory to calculate reference currents. Fuzzy logic control is also used to optimize the SAPF performance. Simulation results show the controller is effective at mitigating harmonic distortion, compensating load asymmetry, and eliminating negative and zero sequence currents. The total harmonic distortion of the line currents is reduced from 29.8% to 4.1% with this control approach.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Based Active Power Filters: A Survey of ControlsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several control strategies for cascaded multilevel inverter based active power filters, including:
1. P-q theory with PI controller, which calculates real and reactive power to generate reference currents but has errors when voltages are distorted.
2. Average power method with carrier phase shifted PWM, which gives accurate results even with distorted voltages by using a PLL and calculating average power.
3. Instantaneous real-power theory with triangular-sampling current modulator, which generates reference currents to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in real-time using simple calculations. It maintains the DC bus voltage and works for generic power systems.
Shunt active power filters based on diode clamped multilevel inverter and hys...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a shunt active power filter system based on an 11-step diode clamped multilevel inverter and hysteresis band current controller. The system aims to compensate for harmonics in non-linear loads and improve power quality. A two inverter shunt active power filter configuration is proposed to reduce total harmonic distortion and device ratings. Instantaneous reactive power theory is used to generate reference currents, which the hysteresis controller then uses to generate switching signals for the multilevel inverter. Simulation results show the system can achieve 1.8% THD, 0.99 power factor, and compensate 10MW of active and 0.3MVAR of reactive power.
Hysteresis Current Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Six Pulse Ac/D...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a hysteresis current control based shunt active power filter for a six pulse AC/DC converter. It describes using p-q theory and a PI controller to calculate reference currents for the shunt active power filter to compensate harmonic currents drawn by a three phase six pulse AC/DC converter. Simulation results show the filter is effective at reducing total harmonic distortion at the source from over 23% to under 2.4% transiently and 1.1% steadily, meeting IEEE standards. The shunt active power filter configuration, hysteresis current control approach, and simulation results validating the compensation of harmonics are summarized.
Faults Diagnosis in Five-Level Three-Phase Shunt Active Power FilterIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, characteristics of open transistor faults in cascaded H-bridge
five-level three-phase PWM controlled shunt active power filter are
determined. Phase currents can’t be trusted as fault indicator since their
waveforms are slightly changed in the presence of open transistor fault. The
proposed method uses H bridges output voltages to determine the faulty
phase, the faulty bridge and more precisely, the open fault transistor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
A New Structure for ''Sen'' Transformer Using Three Winding Linear TransformerIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a new structure for "Sen" transformer (ST) is introduced, by
using three winding transformers with neutral point in order to use negative
value of compensating voltage. Combination of taps will be adjusted by a
novel algorithm, to control the required active and reactive powers,
separately. This paper tries to focus on three parts. First of all there is an
introduction on the concept of ST structure what comes next is a try to work
on power flow control by using PI controllers and an algorithm to find the
best and efficient combination of taps, finally proposed idea and algorithm
will be implement on a practical system. Implementation of the system
consists of two separated and related parts. The first one is about
transmission line and Sen Transformer and theinteraction between them. The
second part is programing codes that adjust taps for required active and
reactive powers.
The document describes a fuzzy logic hysteresis current controlled shunt active power filter (SAPF) for power quality improvement. A SAPF uses a voltage source inverter to inject compensating currents to correct power factor, balance loads, and eliminate harmonics. The paper compares a conventional PI controller to a fuzzy logic controller for regulating the DC bus voltage and generating PWM signals. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the fuzzy controller has better dynamic performance than the PI controller, maintaining steady state conditions and responding faster to transients or load changes.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RDIAL & MESH DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMIAEME Publication
This document presents a new and efficient method for solving load flow problems in radial and weakly meshed distribution systems. The proposed method is based on network topology, circuit laws, and power summation techniques. It uses loop analysis to account for the impact of tie lines in meshed networks. The algorithm calculates effective power injections, voltage drops, and loop currents to solve for bus voltages and power losses. It was coded in MATLAB and tested on IEEE 33-bus test systems. Results show the voltage profile, power losses, computation time, and number of iterations for different systems and operating conditions. The proposed method provides an efficient way to analyze load flow in distribution networks with radial and weakly meshed topologies.
Load Flow Analysis of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) Pakistan Using MA...sunny katyara
This article summarizes a study analyzing the load flow of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) in Pakistan using MATLAB programming. The study models the power plant and transmission network in MATLAB to calculate active and reactive power flows, line losses, voltage profiles and angles at different buses. This provides information for efficient scheduling and future planning of the power system. MATLAB code was developed using the Gauss-Siedel iterative method to solve the load flow equations. The results provide voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus and active/reactive power flows on each transmission line. This analysis can help optimize the economic operation and future expansion of the JTPS power system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of power flow and transmission capacity in multi phase transmission linesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study comparing the power flow and transmission capacity of multi-phase transmission lines to three-phase lines. The study developed several performance characteristic curves relating to power flow and voltage stability for multi-phase systems. These included load end real and reactive power operating contour maps, reactive power loss characteristics, and voltage-power characteristics. Across all characteristics analyzed, the study found that multi-phase transmission systems have higher power handling capacity and are more secure from a voltage stability perspective compared to equivalent three-phase systems. Specifically, increasing the number of phases from three to four or twelve phases resulted in 10-20% greater reactive and real power transfer capacity while maintaining voltage stability.
In this paper, a problem of allocation and sizing of multiple active power-line conditioners (aplcs) in power systems is handled with novel formulation. The utilized objective function comprises two main factors such as reduction of total harmonic distortion and the total cost of active power-line conditioners (aplcs). The formulated problem is solved by optimization technique SHUFFLE FROG LEAP ALGORITHM (SHFLA) using MATLAB. To evaluate the competence of the proposed formulation, the IEEE 18-busdistorted distribution test system is employed and investigated with various number of aplcs placement. These cases are based on the discrete and limited size for aplcs, requiring the optimization method to solve the constrained and discrete nonlinear problems. The comparison of results in this paper showed that the proposed SHFLA is the most effective result among others in determining optimum location and size of APLC in distribution systems.
Power Flow Analysis using Power World SimulatorUmair Shahzad
The importance of power flow analysis cannot be overrated. In the scope of Electrical Power Engineering, it is very vital for the utility as well as the consumer to know about several electrical quantities including voltages and power flows regarding power systems. This paper successfully uses Power World Simulator software to carry out load flow analysis on a typical large power system. The results can be used to apply on a much more complex system consisting of several loads and variety of power generation sources including synchronous and induction generators.
This document discusses the implementation of instantaneous reactive power theory (IRP theory) for current harmonic reduction and reactive power compensation in three phase four wire power systems. IRP theory is used to calculate reference compensating currents that are injected by a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate for non-linear and reactive loads. Clarke's transformation is used to convert voltages and currents to the α-β-0 reference frame for IRP calculations. Hysteresis current control with a constant switching frequency is used to generate PWM signals to control the SAPF inverter. Simulations show the SAPF reducing current harmonics and reactive power, improving the power factor by making the source current sinusoidal and in phase with
Decomposition of current through active power filter for compensating harmoni...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
The document describes the use of active power filters to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by nonlinear loads. It discusses shunt active power filters, which compensate for harmonic currents, and series active power filters, which compensate for voltage harmonics. The key points are:
1) Shunt active power filters inject harmonic currents to cancel out load current harmonics and maintain the DC link voltage. Series active power filters inject a compensating voltage to cancel out supply voltage harmonics.
2) Reference compensation currents/voltages are estimated using techniques like Fast Fourier Transform and p-q theory.
3) Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC) consist of back-to-
The document describes the design of a shunt hybrid active power filter (SHAPF) to reduce harmonics on the AC side due to non-linear loads. A SHAPF consists of both an active filter and a passive filter connected in parallel. The active filter uses an instantaneous reactive power theory-based control strategy to calculate compensating currents, while the passive filter includes a tuned RLC circuit to filter specific harmonics. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink show the SHAPF reduces the total harmonic distortion of the source current from 30.35% to 3.25%, outperforming passive and active filters alone. The control strategy effectively reduces harmonics through feedback compensation provided by the hybrid filter configuration.
This paper presents the control for Shunt Active Power (SAPF) filter in photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. The proposed configuration of the system consists of a photovoltaic array that connected to the grid through the three-phase inverter topology that also serves as an active filter. Photovoltaic is coupled in parallel with the direct curret (DC) side of the active filter. With this configuration, can be obtained three advantages, namely the elimination of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear load, reactive power injection, and injection of active power generated photovoltaic. The p-q Theory is used to calculate the harmonic reference current to be used to control the active filter coupled fotovoltaic in generating anti-harmonic currents. The results show that system can reduce harmonic distortion from THD 27.22% to be THD 1.05%, whereas when the active power from photovoltaic injected, the THD become 2.01%. Power sharing can also be seen from this study.
In This paper we present experimental comparative study of feedBack Linearized and Proportional Integral (PI) Controller of the DC bus voltage of three phase shunt Active Power Filter (APF). The FeedBack Linearized and PI controllers are introduced to improve tracking performance characteristics, power quality and minimized consumption of the reactive power. The algorithm used to identify the reference currents is based on the Self Tuning Filter (STF). The firing pulses of the IGBTs inverter are generated using a hysteresis current controller; which is implemented on an analogue card. Finally, the above study, under steady state and transient conditions, is illustrated with signal-flow graphs and corresponding analysis. This study was verified by experimental tests on hardware prototype based on dSPACE-1104. The experimental results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the designed active filter, associated with Feedback Linearized and PI controllers and are capability in meeting the IEEE 519-1992 recommended harmonic standard limits.
Power system harmonics are a menace to electric power system with disastrous consequence. Due to the presence of non linear load, power quality of the system gets affected. To overcome this, shunt active power filter have been used near harmonic producing loads or at the point of common coupling to block current harmonics. The shunt active power filter is designed to minimize harmonics in source current and reactive power in the non linear power supplies which are creating harmonics. In this paper, Instantaneous power of p-q theory is employed to generate the reference currents and PI controller is used to control the dc link voltage. In addition to this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is used to minimize the harmonics produced by nonlinear load. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare THD of the source current with PI controller and by artificial neural network based back propagation algorithm. The proposed system is designed with MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
This document discusses using an active power filter (APF) to compensate for power quality issues caused by linear and non-linear loads. It analyzes system performance with and without an APF for different load types. For a linear load without an APF, voltage sag and 2.96% total harmonic distortion are observed. With an APF, voltage sag is eliminated and distortion is reduced to 1.70%. For a non-linear load without an APF, voltage is highly distorted with harmonics. When an APF is added, it monitors the load current and adapts to changes in harmonics to improve power quality. The APF provides a solution for problems like harmonics, reactive power compensation, and voltage regulation
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
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COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER AND TRANSFORMERLESS PARALLEL HYBRI...cscpconf
This research work presents the comparison analysis of Shunt Active Filter (SAF) with Parallel Hybrid Active Filter (PHAF). The performances of SAF and PHAF have been analyzed with PI controllers based on Synchronous Reference Frame theory. In each case, simulation is carried out for three phase unbalanced non liner load conditions. The advantages of the designed system and the proposed current reference calculation methods are verified by simulations using MATLAB Power system Toolbox.
Comparison analysis of shunt active filter and transformerless parallel hybri...csandit
This research work presents the comparison analysis of Shunt Active Filter (SAF) with Parallel
Hybrid Active Filter (PHAF). The performances of SAF and PHAF have been analyzed with PI
controllers based on Synchronous Reference Frame theory. In each case, simulation is carried
out for three phase unbalanced non liner load conditions. The advantages of the designed
system and the proposed current reference calculation methods are verified by simulations
using MATLAB Power system Toolbox.
A New Topology for Power Quality Improvement using 3-Phase 4-Wire UPQC with R...IJMTST Journal
This document discusses a new topology for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with a reduced DC-link voltage rating. The UPQC uses a series inverter to perform simultaneous voltage sag/swell compensation and load reactive power sharing with a shunt inverter. The control approach integrates active power control for sag/swell compensation with power angle control to coordinate reactive power between the inverters. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK support the new UPQC concept. Finally, the proposed UPQC topology is validated through simulation.
Comparative Analysis of Power Quality Enhancement of Distribution System usin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to improve power quality in a 16-bus distribution system. A UPQC combines series and shunt active power filters to mitigate both voltage and current-based power quality issues. The document describes the components and control strategies of a UPQC. It then models a UPQC connected to the 16-bus system and compares the performance of using different controller types for the UPQC: proportional-integral (PI) controller, neural network, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The modeling results show the effectiveness of a UPQC in enhancing power quality by reducing issues like voltage sag, harmonics, and interruptions.
Design of Shunt Active Power Filter to eliminate harmonics generated by CFLpaperpublications3
Abstract: The use of non-linear loads; such as TV sets and computer, microwave ovens, multiple low power diode rectifier, fluorescent lamps and electric drives, draw very distorted currents. These non-linear loads lead to generation of current/voltage harmonics and draw reactive power. This paper presents the three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to compensate harmonics generated by non-linear load (compact fluorescent lamp). The instantaneous active and reactive power theory (called p-q theory) is used to design the control of SAPF. The harmonic distortion and the active filter control scheme have been verified by MATLAB simulation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis and mitigation of unbalance due to load in distribution system by us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed an active power filter is designed, simulated, implemented, and tested. It can work in different modes: active power filtering, power factor correction, and load unbalance compensation. It is based on a current controlled voltage-source inverter with fixed carrier PWM. The control algorithm generates the source reference currents based on the controlled DC link voltage. The dimensioning criteria of the inductive and capacitive power components are discussed. The implementation is validated with simulated and experimental results obtained in a 5 kVA prototype. Keywords: distribution networks, losses, load unbalance, power flow
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Simulation And Performance Investigation Of Series Active Power Filter Using Hysteresis Current Control Method
1. Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1073-1080
1073 | P a g e
Simulation And Performance Investigation Of Series Active
Power Filter Using Hysteresis Current Control Method
1. Vikash Anand
M.Tech. (Power Electronics and Drives)-Electrical Engineering Department,
Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College
Gorakhpur-273010(U.P), India.
2. Dr.S.K.Srivastava
Associate Professor-Electrical Engineering Department
Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College
Gorakhpur-273010(U.P), India.
ABSTRACT
The simulation study of Hysteresis Current
Controlled, three phase series active power filter to
improve power quality by compensating harmonics
and reactive power required by a non-linear load is
presented. The series active filter employs a simple
method for the reference compensation voltage
based on p-q theory. Classic filters may not have
satisfactory performance in fast varying conditions.
But auto tuned active power filters give better result
for harmonic minimization, reactive power
compensation and power factor improvement. This
paper has proposed an auto tuned series active filter
maintains the THD well within the IEEE-519
standards. The results are found to be quite
satisfactory to mitigate harmonic distortion, reactive
power compensation and power factor
improvement.
.
KEYWORDS
Power System, Series Active Power Filter,
Hysteresis Current Pulse Width Modulation.
1.INTRODUCTION
Harmonics contamination is a serious and a
harmful problem in Electric Power System. Active
Power filtering constitutes one of the most effective
proposed solutions. A series active power filter that
achieves low voltage total harmonic distortion
(THD), reactive power compensation and power
factor correction is presented. Hence, it is necessary
to reduce the dominant harmonics below 5% as
specified in IEEE-519-1992 harmonic standard [9].
Harmonic Amplification is one the most serious
problem. It is caused by harmonic resonance
between line inductance and power factor correction
(PFC) capacitors installed by consumers. Active
filters for damping out harmonic resonance in
industrial and utility power distribution systems
have been researched [9]-[7].
Traditionally based, passive L-C filters were used to
eliminate line harmonics in [1]-[13].
However, the passive filters have the demerits of
fixed compensation, bulkiness and occurrence of
resonance with other elements. The recent advances
in power semiconductor devices have resulted in the
development of Active Power Filters (APF) for
harmonic suppression. Various topologies of active
filters have been proposed for harmonic mitigation.
There are two major approaches that have emerged
for the harmonic detection [1], namely, time domain
and the frequency domain methods. The frequency
domain methods include, Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),
and Recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (RDFT)
based methods. The frequency domain methods
require large memory, computation power and the
results provided during the transient condition may
be imprecise [13].
There are several current control strategies proposed
in the literature [7]-[2], [12]-[3], namely, PI control,
Average Current Mode Control (ACMC), Sliding
Mode Control (SMC) and hysteresis control. Among
the various current control techniques, hysteresis
control is the most popular one for active power
filter applications. Hysteresis current control is a
method of controlling a voltage source inverter so
that the output current is generated which follows a
reference current waveform in this paper[10].
In this paper, the proposed control algorithm for
series active power filters is applicable to harmonic
voltage source loads as well as to harmonic current
source loads. This control algorithm is applied under
the basic concept of the generalized p–q theory.
However, this generalized p–q theory is valid for
compensating for the harmonics and reactive power
using the parallel active power filter in the three-
phase power system. To overcome such limits, a
revised p–q theory is proposed. This revised
algorithm may be effective not only for the three-
phase three-wire series active power filter with
harmonic current voltage loads, but also for the
combined system of parallel passive filters and
active filter[14].
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This chapter basically deals with the modeling and
design of series active power filter for compensation
of harmonics and reactive power. Designs of different
parameters like power circuit, ontrol circuit, control
strategies, PLL circuit are discussed.
2. Series Active Power Filter
Series active power filters are operated
mainly as a voltage regulator and as a harmonic
isolator between the nonlinear load and the utility
system. The series connected filter protects the
consumer from an inadequate supply voltage quality.
This type of approach is especially recommended for
compensation of voltage unbalances and voltage sags
from the AC supply and for low power applications
and represents economically attractive alternatives to
UPS, since no energy storage (battery) is necessary
and the overall rating of the components is smaller.
The series active filter injects a voltage component in
series with the supply voltage and therefore can be
regarded as a controlled voltage source, compensating
voltage sags and swells on the load side[11].
Non-linear
Load
Vc
+_
shunt
passive
filter
series
Active
filter to
compensate
voltage
disturbances
sinusoidal
source
Fig.1 Filter voltage generation to compensate
voltage disturbances
2.1 Basic Compensation Principle
Fig.2 shows the basic compensation principle of
series active power filter. A voltage source inverter
(VSI) is used as the series active power filter. This is
controlled so as to draw or inject a compensating
voltage Vc from or to the supply, such that it cancels
voltage harmonics on the load side i.e. this active
power filter (APF) generates the distortions opposite
to the supply harmonics[4].
Fig.3 shows the different waveforms i.e. source
voltage, desired load voltage and the compensating
voltage injected by the series active power filter
which contains all the harmonics, to make the load
voltage purely sinusoidal. This is the basic principle
of series active power filter to eliminate the supply
voltage harmonics.
2.2 Estimation Of Reference Voltage
This Section introduces the control algorithm of the
series active power filter, which compensates for
harmonics and reactive power. The three-phase
voltages va, vb and vc and currents ia, ib and ic for the
three-phase three-wire power distribution system is
shown in Fig.4[14]-[11]-[4].
The three-phase load voltages vL(a,b,c) and the three-
phase source currents is(a,b,c) are represented as:
La
L(a, b, c) Lb
Lc
v
v = v
v
,
sa
s(a, b, c) sb
sc
i
i = i
i
(1)
The load voltage vector L(a, b, c)v and the source
current vector s(a, b, c)i of (1) are transformed into
0 co-ordinates by the substituting (3) into (2) as
Fig.2 Basic compensation principle
Fig.3 Waveforms for the supply voltage (VS),
Desired load voltage (VI) and
the Compensating voltage (filter voltage-VC
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La Lα
L(α, β, 0) Lb Lβ
Lc L0
v q
v = T v = q
v q
,
sa
s(α, β, 0) sb
sc
i
i = T i
i
=
sα
sβ
s0
i
i
i
(2)
Fig.4 Circuit configuration for series active power
filter
Where,
1 -1 2 -1 2
2
T = 0 3 2 - 3 2
3
1 2 1 2 1 2
(3)
The active power p can be expressed as (4) by the
inner product of the load voltage vector L(α, β, 0)v and
the source current vector s(α, β, 0)i of (2), where the
active power p is the instantaneous active power at
the load side of the CT in Fig. 4.
L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0) Lα sα Lβ sβ L0 s0p = v i = v i +v i +v i
(4)
Also, the reactive power L(α, β, 0)q is represented as
(5) by the cross product of L(α, β, 0)v and s(α, β, 0)i
L(α, β, 0)q = L(α, β, 0)v s(α, β, 0)i
(5)
( , , 0) L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)v iLq q
(6)
Where, q is the instantaneous reactive power at the
load side of the CT in Fig.4.
For a three-phase system without zero sequence
voltage and current, i.e.
a b cv + v + v = 0 and a b ci +i +i = 0
L0 a b c
1
v = (v + v + v ) = 0
3
and
s0 a b c
1
i = (i +i +i ) = 0
3
),
Equ. (4) and (5) can be expressed as follows:
L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0) = Lα sα + Lβ sβp = v i v i v i (7)
L(α, β, 0)q = L(α, β, 0)v s(α, β, 0)i =
Lα
Lβ
L0
q
q
q
=
L L
s s
0
0
v v
i i
(8)
From (1)–(5), the active voltage vector p (α, β, 0)v and
the reactive voltage vector q (α, β, 0)v are defined as
follows:
p(α, β, 0) (α, β, 0)
(α, β, 0) (α, β, 0)
p
v = i
i i (9)
(α, β, 0) (α, β, 0)
q(α, β, 0)
(α, β, 0) (α, β, 0)
q i
v =
i i
(10)
The p(α, β, 0)v represents the parallel component of
the load voltage vector L(α, β, 0)v to the current vector
s(α, β, 0)i ; q(α, β, 0)v represents the perpendicular
component of the load voltage vector L(α, β, 0)v to the
current vector s(α, β, 0)i . As a result, the load voltage
vector is represented by the sum of the active
voltage vector p(α, β, 0)v and the reactive voltage
vector q(α, β, 0)v as follows:
L(α, β, 0) p(α, β, 0) q(α, β, 0)v = v +v (11)
The active voltage vector p(α, β, 0)v is induced as
follows, using the projection of the load voltage
vector L(α, β, 0)v onto the current vector s(α, β, 0)i :
L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
p(α, β, 0) i L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
2
s(α, β, 0)
v i
v = projv = i
i
(12)
4. Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
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The reactive voltage vector q(α, β, 0)v , which is
perpendicular to the active voltage vector p(α, β, 0)v ,
is also induced through (13)–(16):
L(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
s(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
q = v i
i q = i (v i )
(13)
2 2
s(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0)
L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
s(α,β,0) s(α,β,0)
i q p
v = i
i i
(14)
The second term of the right-hand side of (15) is the
active voltage vector p(α, β, 0)v and the first term of
the right-hand side of (14) becomes the reactive
voltage vector q(α, β, 0)v :
2
s(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0)
q(α, β, 0)
s(α,β,0) s(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
i q i q
v =
i i i
(15)
Where L(α, β, 0)q is equal to the reactive power,
which is defined in the instantaneous reactive power
theory. The voltage compensation reference of the
series active power filter can be represented as (16),
using p(α, β, 0)v and q(α, β, 0)v in (9) and (10):
~
s(α, β, 0) L(α, β, 0)
s(α, β, 0)C(α,β,0)
s(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0) s(α, β, 0)
i q
v i +
i i i i
(16)
The active power and the reactive power can be
divided into DC components and , which
are generated from the fundamental components of
the load voltages and the source currents, and AC
components and , which are generated from
the negative sequence components and the harmonic
components of the load voltages and the source
currents. If the reactive power q is replaced by the
AC component of reactive power , a new voltage
compensation reference compensates for the AC
component of the active power and the
reactive power .
The compensation voltage reference in
αβ0 co-ordinates is obtained from (16) and the
final compensation voltage reference by
transforming this compensation voltage reference in
αβ0 co-ordinates into the compensation voltage
reference of three-phase co-ordinates.
* *
Cα Ca
-1* * *
C(a,b,c) Cβ Cb
**
CcC0
v v
v = T v = v
vv
(17)
2.3 Hysteresis Current Controller
With the hysteresis control, limit bands are
set on either side of a signal representing the desired
output waveform. The inverter switches are operated
as the generated signals within limits. Hysteresis-
band PWM is basically an instantaneous feedback
control method of PWM where the actual signal
continually tracks the command signal within a
hysteresis band [5].
Fig.5 Basic principle of hysteresis band control
The rate of change of inductor current is then given
by
(18)
Making assumption that the ac supply does not
change during a cycle of switch operations, the time
taken t
m
taken to cross a dead band is
(19)
The switching frequency f
sw
is, therefore variable.
Combining above two equations (18) and (19) to
obtain the switching period, and inverting, gives
5. Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
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3. Simulation and Performance Investigation of Series APF
In this section the simulation analysis of series APF is described for R-L load and the FFT analysis has
been carried out simultaneously.
3.1 Operation of Simulation Model
The operation of the simulation model shown below is described as – first the reference voltages are
generated and then these reference voltages are compared with the actual load voltages and the error signal is
given to the hysteresis controller to generate the firing pulses for the switches of the inverter. The switches are
turned on and off in such a way that if the reference voltage is more than the actual load voltage then the lower
switch is turned on and the upper switch is turned off and if the reference voltage is less than the actual load
voltage then the upper switch of the same leg is turned on and the lower switch is turned off. The output of the
series active power filter is fed to the main lines through series transformers so as to make the load voltage
purely sinusoidal the harmonic voltage is absorbed or injected by the filter [6].
Fig.6 MATLAB model for Series active power filter
3.2 Simulation Result
Fig.7 Source voltage containing harmonics
6. Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
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Fig.8 Load voltage before and after compensation
Fig.9 Load current
7. Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
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Fig.10 FFT Analysis for source voltage
Fig.11 FFT Analysis for load voltage
Load type THD (%) source voltage THD (%) load voltage
R-L load 15 0.97
Table 1 THD analysis of series active power filter for R-L load
The table 1 shows the THD analysis for the source voltage and the load voltage. It is clear from the table that the
performance of the system improves and the THD is reduced from 15 % to 0.97 %. The values of different
parameters used for this model have been given in appendix.
4. Conclusion
A MATLAB based model of the series active power filter has been simulated for RL load using the hysteresis
control technique. The simulation results show that the input voltage harmonics are compensated very
effectively by using the series active power filter.
8. Vikash Anand , Dr.S.K.Srivastava / International Journal of Engineering Research and
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Appendix
The values of the different parameters used for series active power filter
Source voltage: 3-phase, 100V, 50Hz.
Harmonics in the supply voltage: 5th
, 0.2pu and 7th
, 0.15pu.
Series transformer rating: 1KVA, 50Hz, 240/240V
RL load parameters : 10 Ω, 100mH
Line parameters : 0.2 Ω, 1.5mH
Line parameters : 0.2 Ω, 1.5mH
RC filter parameters : 16 Ω, 199.04μF
Hysteresis band gap : -0.01 to 0.01