IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel p q control algorithm for combined active front end converter and shu...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents a combined active front-end converter and shunt active filter (AFE+SAF) controlled by p-q theory control
algorithm. The Combined AFE+SAF is able to compensate reactive power, harmonic power and unbalanced power produced by
unbalanced linear, non linear and at the same time three phase AC to DC power conversion AFE+SAF will not pollute the source
currents. The p-q theory control algorithm is able to meat the target of load compensation and three phase AC to DC (for drives)
conversion. the AFE+SAF verified by simulation for different cases as unbalanced linear load, non linear load, unbalanced linear
and non linear load, unbalanced linear non linear and drive load. The whole simulation has been carried out on the mat lab/ simulink
software.
Keywords:- active front-end converter, shunt active power filter, p-q theory, power quality, harmonics, reactive power
A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Multi-Objective Aspects of Distribution Network Volt-VAr OptimizationPower System Operation
Recent research has enabled the integration of traditional Volt-VAr Control (VVC) resources, such as capacitors banks and transformer tap changers, with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic farms and batteries, in order to achieve various Volt-VAr Optimization (VVO) targets, such as Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR), minimizing VAr flow at the transformer, minimizing grid losses, minimizing asset operations and more. In this case, where more than one target function is involved, the question of multi-objective optimization is raised. In this work, we demonstrate various methods in which such optimization can be performed in practice and we discuss the various operational considerations that are involved with each method. We demonstrate the methods using simulation on a test feeder
AN EFFICIENT COUPLED GENETIC ALGORITHM AND LOAD FLOW ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL PL...ijiert bestjournal
A genetic algorithm is used in conjunction with an efficient load flow programme to determine the optimal locations of the predefined D Gs with MATLAB & MATPOWER software. The best location for the DGs is determin ed using the genetic algorithm. The branch electrical loss is considered as the objecti ve function and the system total loss represent the fitness evaluation function for drivi ng the GA. The load flow equations are considered as equality constraints and the equation s of nodal voltage and branch capacity are considered as inequality constraints. The approach is tested on a 9 &14 bus IEEE distribution feeder.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a double-fed induction generator DFIG. We proposed a technique of active and reactive power control to improve the performance and dynamics of variable speed wind system. The objective of the modeling is to apply the direct and indirect vector control stator flux orientation to control independently, the active and reactive power generated doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The simulation results are tested and compared in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
Applying Parametric Functional Approximations for Teaching Electromechanical ...IOSRJEEE
In this paper functional approximations for the parameters of a DC machine are proposed. These nonlinear algebraic approximations are based on the experimental data that are obtained by carrying out several steady state and transient tests, besides, this method links mathematics and practical analysis of electromechanical systems, allowing students to improve their academic performance and comprehension by comparing estimated values with measured data. An excellent dynamic model results of combining the well known state space description and these parametric functional approximations. This augmented model provides reliable results even during demanding large-excursion transient conditions
A novel p q control algorithm for combined active front end converter and shu...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents a combined active front-end converter and shunt active filter (AFE+SAF) controlled by p-q theory control
algorithm. The Combined AFE+SAF is able to compensate reactive power, harmonic power and unbalanced power produced by
unbalanced linear, non linear and at the same time three phase AC to DC power conversion AFE+SAF will not pollute the source
currents. The p-q theory control algorithm is able to meat the target of load compensation and three phase AC to DC (for drives)
conversion. the AFE+SAF verified by simulation for different cases as unbalanced linear load, non linear load, unbalanced linear
and non linear load, unbalanced linear non linear and drive load. The whole simulation has been carried out on the mat lab/ simulink
software.
Keywords:- active front-end converter, shunt active power filter, p-q theory, power quality, harmonics, reactive power
A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Multi-Objective Aspects of Distribution Network Volt-VAr OptimizationPower System Operation
Recent research has enabled the integration of traditional Volt-VAr Control (VVC) resources, such as capacitors banks and transformer tap changers, with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic farms and batteries, in order to achieve various Volt-VAr Optimization (VVO) targets, such as Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR), minimizing VAr flow at the transformer, minimizing grid losses, minimizing asset operations and more. In this case, where more than one target function is involved, the question of multi-objective optimization is raised. In this work, we demonstrate various methods in which such optimization can be performed in practice and we discuss the various operational considerations that are involved with each method. We demonstrate the methods using simulation on a test feeder
AN EFFICIENT COUPLED GENETIC ALGORITHM AND LOAD FLOW ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL PL...ijiert bestjournal
A genetic algorithm is used in conjunction with an efficient load flow programme to determine the optimal locations of the predefined D Gs with MATLAB & MATPOWER software. The best location for the DGs is determin ed using the genetic algorithm. The branch electrical loss is considered as the objecti ve function and the system total loss represent the fitness evaluation function for drivi ng the GA. The load flow equations are considered as equality constraints and the equation s of nodal voltage and branch capacity are considered as inequality constraints. The approach is tested on a 9 &14 bus IEEE distribution feeder.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a double-fed induction generator DFIG. We proposed a technique of active and reactive power control to improve the performance and dynamics of variable speed wind system. The objective of the modeling is to apply the direct and indirect vector control stator flux orientation to control independently, the active and reactive power generated doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The simulation results are tested and compared in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
Applying Parametric Functional Approximations for Teaching Electromechanical ...IOSRJEEE
In this paper functional approximations for the parameters of a DC machine are proposed. These nonlinear algebraic approximations are based on the experimental data that are obtained by carrying out several steady state and transient tests, besides, this method links mathematics and practical analysis of electromechanical systems, allowing students to improve their academic performance and comprehension by comparing estimated values with measured data. An excellent dynamic model results of combining the well known state space description and these parametric functional approximations. This augmented model provides reliable results even during demanding large-excursion transient conditions
Non-integer IMC Based PID Design for Load Frequency Control of Power System t...IJECEIAES
This paper deals with non-integer internal model control (FIMC) based proportional- integral-derivative(PID) design for load frequency control (LFC) of single area nonreheated thermal power system under parameter divergence and random load disturbance. Firstly, a fractional second order plus dead time(SOPDT) reduced system model is obtained using genetic algorithm through step error minimization. Secondly, a FIMC based PID controller is designed for single area power system based on reduced system model. Proposed controller is equipped with single area non-reheated thermal power system. The resulting controller is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK under various conditions. The simulation results show that the controller can accommodate system parameter uncertainty and load disturbance. Further, simulation shows that it maintains robust performance as well as minimizes the effect of load fluctuations on frequency deviation. Finally, the proposed method applied to two area power system to show the effectiveness.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System using Anal...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel analytical technique is proposed for optimal allocation of shunt capacitor bank in radial distribution system. An objective function is formulated to determine the optimal size, number and location of capacitor bank for real & reactive power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and annual cost saving. A new constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed here. The value of PVSC constant decides the candidate bus location and size. The achievability of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-69 bus and real distribution system of Jamawaramgarh, Jaipur city. The obtained results are compared with latest optimization techniques to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison of cascade P-PI controller tuning methods for PMDC motor based on ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, there are two contributions: The first contribution is to design a robust cascade P-PI controller to control the speed and position of the permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC). The second contribution is to use three methods to tuning the parameter values for this cascade controller by making a comparison between them to obtain the best results to ensure accurate tracking trajectory on the axis to reach the desired position. These methods are the classical method (CM) and it requires some assumptions, the genetic algorithm (GA), and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The simulation results show the system becomes unstable after applying the load when using the classical method because it assumes cancellation of the load effect. Also, an overshoot of about 3.763% is observed, and a deviation from the desired position of about 12.03 degrees is observed when using the GA algorithm, while no deviation or overshoot is observed when using the PSO algorithm. Therefore, the PSO algorithm has superiority as compared to the other two methods in improving the performance of the PMDC motor by extracting the best parameters for the cascade P-PI controller to reach the desired position at a regular speed.
Enhanced Performance of Matrix Converter using Adaptive Computing TechniquesIJERA Editor
This paper deals mainly with the improvement of linear load current profile considering different grid conditions. A popular power conversion circuit known to be a Matrix Converter was considered to study the effects on the quality of electrical power supply. This advanced converter configured with power semiconductor devices effectively optimizes the harmonic components of linear type loads with the aid of various controllers like PI, Fuzzy, Adaptive Fuzzy and ANFIS models. The simulation studies and subsequent comparisons are derived for the proposed system on MATLAB/SIMULINK package under balanced and distorted grid conditions
A new T-circuit model of wind turbine generator for power system steady state...journalBEEI
Modeling of wind power plant (WPP) is a crucial issue in power system studies. In this paper, a new model of WPP for steady state (i.e. load flow) studies is proposed. Similar to the previous T-circuit based models, it is also developed based on equivalent T-circuit of the WPP induction generator. However, unlike in the previous models, the mathematical formulation of the new model is shorter and less complicated. Moreover, the derivation of the model in the present work is also much simpler. Only minimal mathematical operations are required in the process. Furthermore, the rotor voltage value of the WPP induction generator is readily available as an output of the proposed new model. This rotor voltage value can be used as a basis to calculate the induction generator slip. Validity of the new method is tested on a representative 9-bus electrical power system installed with WPP. Comparative studies between the proposed method (new model) and other method (previous model) are also presented.
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
Effects of Different Parameters on Power System Transient Stability StudiesPower System Operation
The transient stability studies plays a vital role in
providing secured operating configurations in power systems.
This paper shows an analysis of the effects of various parameters
on the transient stability studies of power system. The various
parameters for which the analysis is presented include the Fault
Clearing Time (FCT), Fault location, load increasing, machine
damping coefficient D, and Generator Armature Resistance
GAR. Under the condition that the power system is subjected to a
three-phase short-circuit fault, the Critical Clearing Time (CCT)
is calculated using numerical integration method. The analysis
has been carried out on the IEEE 30-bus test system. From this
analysis, we can conclude the importance of these different
parameters on power system transient stability studies.
Renewable energy sources are increasingly being used today and solar energy is the most readily and abundantly available energy source. Boost converters are an integral part of any solar energy system. In order to obtain maximum possible energy from the solar system multi-phase interleaved boost converters are used. This paper presents the small-signal ac modelling and closed loop control of three-phase interleaved boost converter. State–space modelling methodology has been adopted to have linearized equivalent model of the boost converter. The interleaved three-phase boost converter is averaged over its one switching period and perturbed with small ac variations and finally linearized around its quiescent point to have a small signal ac model. Type III compensator is employed to improve the frequency response and closed loop control of three-phase boost converter. The controller design procedure is discussed in detail. The effect of right-half plane zero in non-minimum phase system and the appropriate pole-zero placements to overcome the maximum phase lag in such system is discussed. The compensated closed loop system is tested for load variations to observe the transient response.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Non-integer IMC Based PID Design for Load Frequency Control of Power System t...IJECEIAES
This paper deals with non-integer internal model control (FIMC) based proportional- integral-derivative(PID) design for load frequency control (LFC) of single area nonreheated thermal power system under parameter divergence and random load disturbance. Firstly, a fractional second order plus dead time(SOPDT) reduced system model is obtained using genetic algorithm through step error minimization. Secondly, a FIMC based PID controller is designed for single area power system based on reduced system model. Proposed controller is equipped with single area non-reheated thermal power system. The resulting controller is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK under various conditions. The simulation results show that the controller can accommodate system parameter uncertainty and load disturbance. Further, simulation shows that it maintains robust performance as well as minimizes the effect of load fluctuations on frequency deviation. Finally, the proposed method applied to two area power system to show the effectiveness.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
Power losses reduction of power transmission network using optimal location o...IJECEIAES
Due to the growth of demand for electric power, electric power loss reduction takes great attention for the power utility. In this paper, a low-level generation or distributed generation (DG) has been used for transmission power losses reduction. Karbala city transmission network (which is the case study) has been represented by using MATLAB m-file to study the load flow and the power loss for it. The paper proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique in order to find the optimal number and allocation of DG with the objective to decrease power losses as possible. The results show the effect of the optimal allocation of DG on power loss reduction.
Optimal Allocation of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution System using Anal...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel analytical technique is proposed for optimal allocation of shunt capacitor bank in radial distribution system. An objective function is formulated to determine the optimal size, number and location of capacitor bank for real & reactive power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement and annual cost saving. A new constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed here. The value of PVSC constant decides the candidate bus location and size. The achievability of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-69 bus and real distribution system of Jamawaramgarh, Jaipur city. The obtained results are compared with latest optimization techniques to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison of cascade P-PI controller tuning methods for PMDC motor based on ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, there are two contributions: The first contribution is to design a robust cascade P-PI controller to control the speed and position of the permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC). The second contribution is to use three methods to tuning the parameter values for this cascade controller by making a comparison between them to obtain the best results to ensure accurate tracking trajectory on the axis to reach the desired position. These methods are the classical method (CM) and it requires some assumptions, the genetic algorithm (GA), and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The simulation results show the system becomes unstable after applying the load when using the classical method because it assumes cancellation of the load effect. Also, an overshoot of about 3.763% is observed, and a deviation from the desired position of about 12.03 degrees is observed when using the GA algorithm, while no deviation or overshoot is observed when using the PSO algorithm. Therefore, the PSO algorithm has superiority as compared to the other two methods in improving the performance of the PMDC motor by extracting the best parameters for the cascade P-PI controller to reach the desired position at a regular speed.
Enhanced Performance of Matrix Converter using Adaptive Computing TechniquesIJERA Editor
This paper deals mainly with the improvement of linear load current profile considering different grid conditions. A popular power conversion circuit known to be a Matrix Converter was considered to study the effects on the quality of electrical power supply. This advanced converter configured with power semiconductor devices effectively optimizes the harmonic components of linear type loads with the aid of various controllers like PI, Fuzzy, Adaptive Fuzzy and ANFIS models. The simulation studies and subsequent comparisons are derived for the proposed system on MATLAB/SIMULINK package under balanced and distorted grid conditions
A new T-circuit model of wind turbine generator for power system steady state...journalBEEI
Modeling of wind power plant (WPP) is a crucial issue in power system studies. In this paper, a new model of WPP for steady state (i.e. load flow) studies is proposed. Similar to the previous T-circuit based models, it is also developed based on equivalent T-circuit of the WPP induction generator. However, unlike in the previous models, the mathematical formulation of the new model is shorter and less complicated. Moreover, the derivation of the model in the present work is also much simpler. Only minimal mathematical operations are required in the process. Furthermore, the rotor voltage value of the WPP induction generator is readily available as an output of the proposed new model. This rotor voltage value can be used as a basis to calculate the induction generator slip. Validity of the new method is tested on a representative 9-bus electrical power system installed with WPP. Comparative studies between the proposed method (new model) and other method (previous model) are also presented.
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
Effects of Different Parameters on Power System Transient Stability StudiesPower System Operation
The transient stability studies plays a vital role in
providing secured operating configurations in power systems.
This paper shows an analysis of the effects of various parameters
on the transient stability studies of power system. The various
parameters for which the analysis is presented include the Fault
Clearing Time (FCT), Fault location, load increasing, machine
damping coefficient D, and Generator Armature Resistance
GAR. Under the condition that the power system is subjected to a
three-phase short-circuit fault, the Critical Clearing Time (CCT)
is calculated using numerical integration method. The analysis
has been carried out on the IEEE 30-bus test system. From this
analysis, we can conclude the importance of these different
parameters on power system transient stability studies.
Renewable energy sources are increasingly being used today and solar energy is the most readily and abundantly available energy source. Boost converters are an integral part of any solar energy system. In order to obtain maximum possible energy from the solar system multi-phase interleaved boost converters are used. This paper presents the small-signal ac modelling and closed loop control of three-phase interleaved boost converter. State–space modelling methodology has been adopted to have linearized equivalent model of the boost converter. The interleaved three-phase boost converter is averaged over its one switching period and perturbed with small ac variations and finally linearized around its quiescent point to have a small signal ac model. Type III compensator is employed to improve the frequency response and closed loop control of three-phase boost converter. The controller design procedure is discussed in detail. The effect of right-half plane zero in non-minimum phase system and the appropriate pole-zero placements to overcome the maximum phase lag in such system is discussed. The compensated closed loop system is tested for load variations to observe the transient response.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tuning of pid controller of inverted pendulum using genetic algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of multi hop relay algorithm for efficient broadcasting in manetseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Coupling the bionic surface friction contact performance and wear resistance ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison of Soft Computing Techniques applied in High Frequency Aircraft Sy...ijeei-iaes
Sinusoidal Current Control strategy for extracting reference currents for shunt active power filters have been optimized using Fuzzy Logic control and Adaptive Tabu search Algorithm and their performances have been compared. The acute analysis of Comparison of the compensation capability based on THD and speedwell be done, and recommendations will be given for the choice of technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are shown, and they will undoubtedly prove the importance of the proposed control technique of aircraft shunt APF.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
This paper presents the control for Shunt Active Power (SAPF) filter in photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. The proposed configuration of the system consists of a photovoltaic array that connected to the grid through the three-phase inverter topology that also serves as an active filter. Photovoltaic is coupled in parallel with the direct curret (DC) side of the active filter. With this configuration, can be obtained three advantages, namely the elimination of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear load, reactive power injection, and injection of active power generated photovoltaic. The p-q Theory is used to calculate the harmonic reference current to be used to control the active filter coupled fotovoltaic in generating anti-harmonic currents. The results show that system can reduce harmonic distortion from THD 27.22% to be THD 1.05%, whereas when the active power from photovoltaic injected, the THD become 2.01%. Power sharing can also be seen from this study.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
Performance Evaluation of GA optimized Shunt Active Power Filter for Constant...ijeei-iaes
Sinusoidal Current Control strategy for extracting reference currents for shunt active power filters have been modified using Genetic Algorithm and its performances have been compared. The acute analysis of Comparison of the compensation capability based on THD and speedwell be done, and recommendations will be given for the choice of technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are shown, and they will undoubtedly prove the importance of the proposed control technique of aircraft shunt APF.
This paper presents a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PV) used as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) to provide the power factor correction, harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation and to simultaneously supply power from a PV system to the utility. A direct power control (DPC) method is used for controlling the system to feed the photovoltaic energy in synchronization with grid and provide power quality improvement. The PI parameters of DC-link voltage controller are tuned using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm without the need for an exact mathematical model of system. This PI-PSO controller gives better results for robustness, harmonic minimization and reduces the overshoot and undershoots of PI controller. The overall control of system is tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, the simulations results demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of proposed method.
Steady state stability analysis and enhancement of three machine nine bus pow...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Power System stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure system planning and operation. Studies
are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant
periodically. This paper presents the power system steady state stability analysis for IEEE- 9 bus test system and examines
influence of TCPS FACTS device based controller on test system. It is assumed that system under study has been perturbed from a
steady state equilibrium that prevailed prior to the application of the disturbance. If system is stable, we would expect that for
temporary or permanent disturbance, system will acquire initial or new operating state after a transient period. The stability
study is accessed using Lyapunov’s first method. The effectiveness of damping controller in enhancing the steady state stability is
investigated by incorporating available constraints. For analysis MATLAB software is employed. The conclusions have been
drawn here, based on theoretical and mathematical analysis so as to provide an insight and better understanding of steady state
stability of considered multi machine power system.
Key Words: Lyapunov’s first method, Steady-state stability, Phase portrait, FACTS device, supplementary modulation
controller, eigen value, synchronizing power coefficient, IEEE-9 Bus Test System, Load Flow Study, Differential
algebraic equation.
Design Of Hybrid Series Active Filters for Harmonic Reduction in Single Phase...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Interleaved Boost Converter (ILBC) is a better converter between Photo Voltaic(PV) source and shunt active power filter. This paper deals with comparison of time domain outputs of PI and Fractional Order PID(FOPID) controlled ILBC fed shunt active filter in a grid connected PV system. The aim of this work is to minimize current ripple using ILBC between PV system and filter to improve the dynamic performance of shunt active filter. Closed loop monitored PI and FOPID systems are modeled, and the corresponding results are presented. MATLAB results of load voltage, current, converter voltage and currents with FOPID exhibits enhanced dynamic response. The proposed FOPID controlled ILBC Fed Shunt Active Filter system (ILBCFSAF) has advantages like low settling time, less peak over shoot and reduced steady state error in load voltage. The simulation results of ILBCSAF are compared with the corresponding hardware results.
Hysteresis Current Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter for Six Pulse Ac/D...IJERA Editor
In this paper the simulation of Shunt Active power Filter using P-Q theory and PI controller has been presented. This SAPF compensates the harmonic currents drawn by three phase six pulse AC/DC converter. The process of compensation is done by calculating the instantaneous reactive power losses using p-q theory and the PI controller to reduce the ripple voltage of the dc capacitor of the PWM-VSI. This approach is different from conventional approach and provides very effective solution. In this simulation we use hysteresis band current controller (HCC) for switching the VSI inverter. The simulation has been done for both steady state and transient conditions.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
A novel p q control algorithm for combined active
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 778
A NOVEL P-Q CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR COMBINED ACTIVE
FRONT END CONVERTER AND SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
SH Suresh Kumar Budi1
, Biswa Bhusan Dash2
1
PG Student, 2
Associate professor, GITS, Bobbili, Vizinagaram Dist
bsrihari99@gmail.com, viswandash@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper presents a combined active front-end converter and shunt active filter (AFE+SAF) controlled by p-q theory control
algorithm. The Combined AFE+SAF is able to compensate reactive power, harmonic power and unbalanced power produced by
unbalanced linear, non linear and at the same time three phase AC to DC power conversion AFE+SAF will not pollute the source
currents. The p-q theory control algorithm is able to meat the target of load compensation and three phase AC to DC (for drives)
conversion. the AFE+SAF verified by simulation for different cases as unbalanced linear load, non linear load, unbalanced linear
and non linear load, unbalanced linear non linear and drive load. The whole simulation has been carried out on the mat lab/ simulink
software.
Keywords:- active front-end converter, shunt active power filter, p-q theory, power quality, harmonics, reactive power.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.INTRODUCTION
In the last half a century years an increased number of power
electronic equipments connected to the grid cause the decrease
of power quality of the grid. In Last two decade years active
front end converters (AFE) are substitute for the diode rectifiers
or thyristor rectifiers in variable speed drives. Even though the
thyristor based rectifiers and diode rectifiers are at low cost and
high reliable, AFEs [1][3-10]are used for drives because
bidirectional power flow capability, selectable power factor
capability, sinusoidal source currents and line supply voltage
capability etc., shunt active filters and series active filters are
used for the compensate harmonics and reactive power at the
grid. The drawback of the active filters is the regenerative
capability for drives. Load compensation can efficiently
achieved by the active filters and AFE [12-16]are able to
maintain the source currents as sinusoidal, regenerative
capability hence the combination of these advantages can make
one converter as combined active front end converter and shunt
active filter (AFE+SAF).
The proposed control algorithm is suitable acts as AFE+SAF
and it solves the problem of regenerative capability, load
compensation and power factor control etc. IGBT three leg
bridge with midpoint capacitor converter is used as the [16]
AFE+SAF power electronic converter. The very famous pq [2]
control algorithm is to calculate the reference currents for the
converter. The objective of the pq theory is to convert the three
phase system into the single phase system so that computation
of the real power and imaginary powers easy and then
compensate as requirement of the system. In this paper pq
theory compensate reference currents are given separately for
active front converter, shunt active filter and AFE+SAF.
To evaluate the performance of the AFE+SAF, considered
different cases such as (i) DC Side Equivalent Drive load, (ii)
Unbalanced Linear Load, (iii) Non Linear Load, (iv)
Unbalanced Linear and Non Linear Load, (v) Unbalanced
Linear , Non Linear and DC Side Equivalent Drive load. For all
considered cases the proposed converter is able to meet target
of compensation. A performance index is used to measure the
distortion in source line currents is known as %THD and its
values are observed that in the premises of IEEE Std. 519 [17]
standard.
The organization of the paper is as follows, in section I, it gives
introduction about the AFE and shunt active filter. The section
II, pq theory control algorithm derived for the active front
converter, SAF and AFE+SAF. in section III, the schematic
diagram of the AFE+SAF converter is explained. In the section
IV, simulation results and discussion of the considered system
for different cases have been included. the final conclusion of
the carried work about the AFE+SAF control by pq theory has
been concluded in the section V.
2.CONTROL ALGORITHM
Instantaneous p-q Theory to deal with instantaneous voltages
and currents in three phase circuits mathematically, it is
adequate to express their quantities as the instantaneous space
vectors.[2][16]
Transform the voltages and currents from
cba −− to οβα −− frame,
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 779
−
−−
=
c
b
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
0
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
0
β
α
(1)
Since the system is to be consisting only positive sequence
components such that system can balanced and harmonic free.
The above equation derived from the instantaneous positive
sequence symmetrical components i.e.,
( )cba vaavvv 2
3
2
++=αβ
(2)
Where
)
3
2
sin()
3
2
cos(3
2
ππ
π
jea
j
+==
(3)
The above equation separated into real and imaginary
components,
Real term
)
2
1
2
1
(
3
2
cba vvvv −−=α
(4)
Imaginary term
)
2
3
2
3
(
3
2
cb vvv −=β
(5)
The same is true for the current expressions. Instantaneous
space phasor is rotating with angular speed of
)(1
α
βθ
v
v
Tan
dt
d −
=
(6)
From the source system has to supply only active power, which
is equally supplied through the individual phases.
The power from the supply derived by the p-q theory
)()(*)(* *
αββαββααβαβααβαβ ivivjivivjiijvvivs −−+=−+==
(7)
The load is requires only active power, hence
αβββαα pPiviv dc ==+
(8)
And there is no need of reactive power in load side hence
αβαββα qiviv ==− 0
(9)
When the unbalance system involves zero sequence
components come into picture, The Load doesn’t need any
unbalanced power
0* == οοο ivP
(10)
The above equations can written as
−
=
β
α
αβ
βα
αβ
αβ
i
i
i
vv
vv
v
q
p
po 00
0
0
00
(11)
The current equations can written as
−=
αβ
αβ
αβ
βα
αβ
αβ
β
α
q
p
p
vvvv
vvvv
v
vv
i
i
i o
00
00
2
2
0
0
0
0
00
1
(12)
The AFE Converter capacitor is connected to the Dc side load
i.e. Pdc. For the Capacitor DC Voltage regulation, PI control is
used i.e., The error of the voltage is pass through the PI
controller, gives Pc which is proportional to the amount of real
power which needs to maintain the DC capacitor Voltage.
Hence
cdc PPp +=αβ
(13)
Active Front End converter with shunt active filter
compensated current equations can written as
( )
−−−
−
+
+
=
l
cdcavgll
o
f
f
f
q
PPPP
p
vvvv
vvvv
vv
vvv
i
i
i
αβαβ
αβ
βα
βα
βα
β
α
00
00
22
22
0
0
0
0
00
1
(14)
When there is no external load to PCC except Active Front End
converter
0=== lclbla iii the compensated currents are
( )
−−
−
+
+
=
l
cdc
o
f
f
f
q
PP
p
vvvv
vvvv
vv
vvv
i
i
i
αβ
βα
βα
βα
β
α
00
00
22
22
0
0
0
0
00
1
(15)
When Active Front End converter acts as shunt active filter
0=dcI the compensated currents are
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 780
( )
−−
−
+
+
=
l
cavgll
o
f
f
f
q
PPP
p
vvvv
vvvv
vv
vvv
i
i
i
αβαβ
αβ
βα
βα
βα
β
α
00
00
22
22
0
0
0
0
00
1
(16)
3. SYSTEM CONSIDERED
The electrical system is considered in this paper for evaluating
the performance AFE+SAF simulation model in
matlab/Simulink is as shown in fig.1. three phase four line
electrical distribution network is used to serve the loads such as
domestic, industrial and signal towers etc. these loads and the
compensating devices are generally connected at point of
common coupling (PCC) in the system which as shown in fig.1.
sav
sbv
scv
sai
sbi
sci
sni
av
bv
cv
dcV
dcI
saR
sbR
scR
saL
sbL
scL
lai
lbi
lci
lni
fai
fbi
fci
Fig.1. Electrical system model schematic diagram
The AFE+SAF schematic circuit shown in fig.2. consists of the
power electronic switches (IGBT with anti-parallel diode),
filter inductance Lf , resistance Rf and mid point connected
capacitors which maintains the DC reference voltage. The
power electronic switches can controlled by the pq theory based
algorithm generated gate signals for the AFE+SAF which is
shown in fig.3.
fni
faR
fbR
fcR
faL saR
saL
sbR
sbL
scL scR
sai
sbi
sci
sni
scv
sbv
sav
fcL
fbL
fai
fbi
fci
dcV
dcI
1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
5Q
6Q
Fig.2. AFE+SAF schematic circuit
dcV
*
dcV
dcP
cP
avglPαβαβlP
0αβv
0αβi
−
−−
=
c
b
a
i
i
i
i
i
i
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
0
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
0
β
α
αβq
lABCi
ABCPCCV
αβPCCV
αβq
*
0fi
*
αfi
*
βfi
αβlP
*
ai
*
bi
*
ci
*
fabci
fabci
dcV
dcI
1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
5Q
6Q
Fig.3. PQ theory based algorithm generated gate signals for the AFE+SAF
4. SIMULATION RESUTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of the control algorithm for AFE+SAF is done by
considering four different situations in the system given by
Case I: DC Side Equivalent Drive load
Case II: Unbalanced Linear Load
Case III: Non Linear Load
Case IV: Unbalanced Linear and Non Linear Load
Case V: Unbalanced Linear, Non Linear and DC Side
Equivalent Drive load
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An active power filter with front end converter has been
simulated in MATLAB to verify the proposed control scheme
with the parameters as shown in Table I
Table 1
Parameters Numerical Values
Three phase supply 325 Vph(peak) ,50 Hz
Feeder impedance
skL
, skR
, where
cbak ,,=
0.06 mH, 0.1Ω
Shunt impedance
Lshk, Rshk
2 mH, 0.05Ω
DC link capacitance 220 µf
Udc reference 700V
Hysteresis band h .2 A
The deigned converter with above parameters in table I is tested
under different load conditions as follows.
Case I: DC Side Equivalent Drive Load
In this case AFE+SAF is provided to the only DC side
equivalent drive such as motoring and regenerative modes, i.e.
converter works as active front end converter. The performance
of AFE+SAF is to maintaining the DC link voltage at 700V.
The loading values for various time periods as shown in Table-
2. The simulated waveforms for this operating condition are as
shown in Fig 4. The fig.4. is give information about the
relation between the source currents and the PCC voltages are
in phase for the motoring mode and opposite phase for
regenerative mode and the source currents are fundamental
positive sequence components only.
Table-2
Time in Seconds Types of load connected to DC
side
t=0.0 to 0.01 No Load
t=0.01 to 0.08
DC side equivalent drive load
of current -10 A (regenerative
mode)
t>0.08 DC side equivalent drive load
18 A (Motoring mode)
Fig 4. Simulated results for the operation of active front-end
converter with DC Side Equivalent Drive load (a)Source
currents (b) PCC voltages
In general in three phase to DC conversion process harmonics
have introduced in the three phase circuit, but Active Front End
converter can handle the DC Side Equivalent Drive load
without polluting three phase source currents. The voltage
across each capacitor is forced to be equal to 350V to maintain
a DC voltage of 700V. At the beginning of operation, at t=0
there is no load hence the source current is zero, at t=0.01s the
load is applied to the DC side as -10 A of equivalent drive load
which can treated as regenerative mode and from t=0.08 s
onwards load considered for motoring mode as 18 A load
connected to the DC voltage. Even though the load changes
abruptly the source currents are in sinusoidal with change of
magnitude. During first interval no load is applied, second
interval regenerative load -10A is applied and draws the source
currents of peak value maxaI
=14.19A and THD in an around
5.28%, third interval load is an motoring mode of 18A, draws
power from the source current magnitude of maxaI
=26.83A
and at thd of 3.46% nearly. Source current magnitude and
%THD have been shown in TABLE 3.
Fig 5. Simulated results of voltage across capacitor (or) load
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In fig.5 Shows that dcV
constantly maintained at 700V even
though load is suddenly changes from -7KW to 12.6 KW. The
equivalent drive load variation is shown in fig.6.
Fig 6. simulated results of power delivered by capacitor (or)
load
Table-3
Time
(sec)
Ia Ib Ic
PEAK %THD PEAK %THD PEAK %THD
0.04 14.19 5.32 14.2 5.15 14.18 5.34
0.06 14.19 5.28 14.16 5.32 14.17 5.42
0.08 26.83 3.46 26.49 10.25 27.02 10.6
0.1 26.88 2.93 26.92 2.86 26.99 3.03
0.12 26.83 2.88 26.88 3.07 26.83 2.93
0.14 26.63 2.9 26.66 2.84 26.65 2.9
0.16 26.71 3.03 26.67 3.02 26.61 2.97
0.18 26.44 2.86 26.48 3.06 26.42 3.05
Case II: Unbalanced Linear Load
Three phase unbalanced RL load as shown in Table-IV
Table-4
Parameters Numerical
Values
Numerical
Values
Numeric
al
Values
THREE PHASE
SUPPLY
325
Vph(peak)
, 50 Hz
325
Vph(peak)
, 50 Hz
325
Vph(pea
k) 250
Hz
ACTIVE
POWER
1000W 500W 400W
INDUCTIVE
REACTIVE
POWER
40VAR 500VAR 500VAR
Fig 7. Simulated results of load currents, source currents and
PCC voltages by placing a 3phase unbalanced linear load
Fig 8.Simulated results of voltage across capacitor (or) load.
In Fig.7 shows simulated results of load currents, source
currents and PCC voltages by placing a 3phase unbalanced
linear load and in Fig.8. dcV is constantly maintained as in case
I.
Case III: Non Linear Load
RL load of R=70ohm, L= 2mh with 3 bridge diode rectifier
Fig 9. Simulated results of load currents, source currents and
PCC voltages by placing a nonlinear load
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At t=0.04s the source currents magnitude of maxaI
=8.33 A and
THD = 9.3% and at t=0.18s the source currents magnitude of
maxaI
=8.53 A and THD = 8.51% nearly. Source current
magnitude and %THD have been shown in TABLE 5
Fig 10.Simulated results of voltage across capacitor (or) load
In Fig 10. dcV is constantly maintained as in case I and II.
Table-5
Time
(sec)
Ia Ib Ic
PEAK %THD PEAK %THD PEAK %THD
0.04 8.33 9.3 8.288 9.21 8.324 8.95
0.06 8.382 8.88 8.36 8.8 8.445 8.68
0.08 8.492 8.37 8.442 8.49 8.524 8.36
0.1 8.538 8.19 8.529 8.17 8.586 8.33
0.12 8.517 8.38 8.523 8.31 8.535 8.51
0.14 8.517 8.3 8.544 8.55 8.516 8.41
0.16 8.558 8.54 8.513 8.29 8.54 8.41
0.18 8.532 8.41 8.495 8.36 8.581 8.39
Case IV: Unbalanced Linear Load and Non Linear
Load
In this case we are combining the case II and case III.
Fig 11.Simulated results of load currents, source currents and
PCC voltages by placing a unbalanced linear and nonlinear load
At t=0.04s the source currents magnitude of maxaI
=10.81 A
and THD = 7.33% and at t=0.18s the source currents magnitude
of maxaI
=11.15 A and THD = 6.46% nearly. Source current
magnitude and %THD have been shown in TABLE VI. There
is no variation in the results due to no DC Side Equivalent
Drive load.
Fig 12.Simulated results of voltage across capacitor (or) load
In Fig 9 dcV
is constantly maintained as in case I ,II and III .
Table-6
Time
(sec)
Ia Ib Ic
PEAK %THD PEAK %THD PEAK %THD
0.04 10.81 7.33 10.69 7.32 10.79 6.84
0.06 10.93 6.89 10.73 6.79 10.95 6.71
0.08 11.11 6.79 10.83 6.48 11.09 6.56
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0.1 11.13 6.47 10.87 6.56 11.13 6.47
0.12 11.13 6.61 10.94 6.34 11.09 6.51
0.14 11.13 6.79 10.88 6.67 11.14 6.55
0.16 11.13 6.55 10.88 6.45 11.12 6.48
0.18 11.15 6.46 10.88 6.64 11.14 6.69
Case V: Unbalanced Linear Load, Non Linear Load
and DC Side Equivalent Drive load
Fig 13. Simulated results of load currents, source currents and
PCC voltages by placing a unbalanced linear, nonlinear load
and DC Side Equivalent Drive load
In this case we are combining case I and case IV At the
beginning of operation, at t=0 there is no load hence the source
current is zero, at t=0.01s the load is applied to the DC side as -
10 A of equivalent drive load which can treated as regenerative
mode along with unbalanced linear and non linear load is
applied and from t=0.08s onwards load considered for motoring
mode as 18 A load connected to the DC voltage. Even though
the load changes abruptly the source currents are in sinusoidal
with change of magnitude. During first interval no load is
applied, second interval regenerative load -10A is applied and
draws the source currents of peak value maxaI
=6.472A and
THD in an around 11.22%, third interval load is an motoring
mode of 18A, draws power from the source current magnitude
of maxaI
=35.81A and at thd of 2.54% nearly. Source current
magnitude and %THD have been shown in TABLE VII. There
is variation in the current wave form due to DC Side Equivalent
Drive load as the DC Side Equivalent.
Fig 14.Simulated results of voltage across capacitor (or) load
In Fig 14. dcV
is constantly maintained as in all cases. In this
case also dcV is constantly maintained even though load
changes suddenly due to the usage of PI controller at the Active
Front End converter.
Fig 15.simulated results of power delivered by capacitor (or)
load
Table-7
Tim
e
(sec)
Ia Ib Ic
PEA
K
%TH
D
PEA
K
%TH
D
PEA
K
%TH
D
0.04 6.472 11.22 6.454 11.36 6.507 11.18
0.06 5.95 12.02 5.889 12.19 5.959 12.1
0.08 35.81 2.54 35.38 8 35.59 7.95
0.1 35.39 2.53 35.38 2.61 35.43 2.51
0.12 35.18 2.64 35.2 2.63 35.39 2.63
0.14 35.21 2.56 35.27 2.49 35.37 2.56
0.16 35.12 2.57 35.24 2.47 35.26 2.62
0.18 35.04 2.5 34.98 2.42 35.14 2.55
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CONCLUSIONS
The proposed combined active front end converter (AFE) and
shunt active filter (SAF) is able to compensate reactive power,
harmonic power and unbalanced power which are introduced
by non linear and unbalanced linear load, at the same time
combined AFE and SAF is able to convert the three phase AC
to DC power without polluting the source currents, in this paper
P-Q theory used as the control algorithm for the combined AFE
and SAF, hence this theory gives appreciable %THD [17] for
source currents for all load as consider in 5 cases. The whole
simulation has been carried out on the mat lab/ simulink
environmental plot form which gives recommendable results.
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