Sewage sludge
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This document proposes using sewage sludge as fertilizer to cultivate desert areas of Pakistan. Sewage sludge is a byproduct of sewage treatment that contains nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. While it can be used as fertilizer, it also contains toxic metals that require treatment. The document suggests transporting treated sewage sludge to Pakistan's main deserts of Thar, Cholistan and Kharan to grow plants and trees like palm trees. This could provide environmental benefits like reducing urban pollution, beautifying the deserts, and creating jobs and research opportunities in those areas.
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Nature is blessed with wide range of organisms where it perfectly balances the food chain and the ecosystem. Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and some fungi antagonists are important biocontrol agents used against plant pathogenic bacteria which are known to produce special structures known as siderophores. Siderophores are defined as relatively low molecular weight, ferric ion specific chelating agents elaborated by bacteria and fungi growing under low iron stress (Neilands, 1981). The role of these compounds is to scavenge iron from the environment and to make the mineral. There are three main kinds of Siderophores known as hydroxamate, catecholate and carboxylate. Most organisms require iron as an essential element in a variety of metabolic and informational cellular pathways. In the aerobic environment iron exists mainly as Fe (III) and tends to form insoluble hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, making it largely unavailable to microorganisms. Therefore, they need mechanisms to solubilize Fe (III) to make it available for uptake; these mechanisms usually involve the production of siderophores.
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Composting is a recyclable constructive way for converting organic waste materials to a more valuable product.
Fertilizers
This document provides information about plant nutrients and growth regulators. It discusses the history and development of fertilizer use in Pakistan from the introductory phase in 1949-1980 to the advanced phase from 2000 onwards. It introduces different types of fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulfate, and superphosphates. It describes the challenges in fertilizer pricing and availability. It also discusses the role of semi-dwarf wheat varieties and the green revolution in increasing fertilizer demand and agricultural production in Pakistan from the 1960s onwards.
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This document discusses soil degradation caused by industrial effluents. It begins with definitions of soil degradation and an overview of the types and sources. It then discusses in detail the various impacts of industrial effluents on physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Specific examples are given of effects on nutrient levels, microbial activity, and heavy metal accumulation. The document examines impacts on soil from different industries like textiles, mining, petroleum, and examines remediation challenges. It concludes with examples of how contaminated soils can act as sinks for heavy metals and accumulate pollution over time.
Soil organic matter pp
Organic matter is a constituent of soil. It improves soil health. Healthy soil is needed to fill the bowl of hungry millions.
Heavy Metal Pollution
Heavy metal pollution from sources like industrial effluents and vehicle emissions is a growing global problem. Some key heavy metals that are toxic to humans include cadmium, lead, and mercury. Cadmium toxicity can cause vomiting, diarrhea and bone deformities. Lead exposure is linked to anemia, kidney problems, and changes in bone marrow. Mercury poisoning results in issues like diarrhea, breathing difficulties, and abdominal pain. Heavy metals are a threat because unlike some other pollutants, they do not break down in the environment.
Industrial waste water pollution tmba 2013-04
Industrial wastewater from various sectors like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, and mills pollutes water sources. It contains high levels of organic pollutants, heavy metals, and suspended solids. This pollution depletes oxygen in water, harming aquatic life and spreading disease. Industries are increasingly treating wastewater on-site before discharge or modifying processes to reduce pollution at its source. Controlling industrial water pollution involves regulations, specialized treatment systems, and reducing use and discharge of toxins.
Chemical treatment methods
Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for a variety
of purposes, such as:
- For manufacturing goods.
- For heating.
- For cooling.
- As carrier of raw material.
- As carrier of waste matter.
- As a solvent.
● The resulting water is then classified as a wastewater.
If a waste stream is found to be hazardous due to corrosivity, neutralization is the primary treatment used. It is used as a pretreatment system before a variety of biological, chemical, and physical treatment processes.
It is the process of adjusting the pH of water through the addition of an acid or a base, depending on the target pH and process requirements. Some processes such as boiler operations and drinking water standards need neutral water at a pH of 7.
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Soil organic matter pp
Organic matter is a constituent of soil. It improves soil health. Healthy soil is needed to fill the bowl of hungry millions.
Heavy Metal Pollution
Heavy metal pollution from sources like industrial effluents and vehicle emissions is a growing global problem. Some key heavy metals that are toxic to humans include cadmium, lead, and mercury. Cadmium toxicity can cause vomiting, diarrhea and bone deformities. Lead exposure is linked to anemia, kidney problems, and changes in bone marrow. Mercury poisoning results in issues like diarrhea, breathing difficulties, and abdominal pain. Heavy metals are a threat because unlike some other pollutants, they do not break down in the environment.
Industrial waste water pollution tmba 2013-04
Industrial wastewater from various sectors like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, and mills pollutes water sources. It contains high levels of organic pollutants, heavy metals, and suspended solids. This pollution depletes oxygen in water, harming aquatic life and spreading disease. Industries are increasingly treating wastewater on-site before discharge or modifying processes to reduce pollution at its source. Controlling industrial water pollution involves regulations, specialized treatment systems, and reducing use and discharge of toxins.
Chemical treatment methods
Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for a variety
of purposes, such as:
- For manufacturing goods.
- For heating.
- For cooling.
- As carrier of raw material.
- As carrier of waste matter.
- As a solvent.
● The resulting water is then classified as a wastewater.
If a waste stream is found to be hazardous due to corrosivity, neutralization is the primary treatment used. It is used as a pretreatment system before a variety of biological, chemical, and physical treatment processes.
It is the process of adjusting the pH of water through the addition of an acid or a base, depending on the target pH and process requirements. Some processes such as boiler operations and drinking water standards need neutral water at a pH of 7.
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Crop Residue Management for Soil Health Enhancement
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This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.Composting methods and techniques (praveen.b.patil)21;05;14
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1. Sewage consists of solid sludge and liquid effluent portions. Both can be used for crop production but untreated sewage is not recommended for vegetables due to bacterial contamination.
2. India generates over 38,000 million liters of sewage per day but only around 12,000 million liters is treated, with most untreated sewage discharged into water bodies. Sewage sludge and effluent contain nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that could potentially fertilize over 350,000 tonnes of crops annually.
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Classification of pesticides & fungicides
This document discusses different types of pesticides. It defines pesticides as chemicals or biological substances intended to prevent, repel, or destroy pests that may harm plants or animals. It classifies pesticides as either chemical or biopesticides. Chemical pesticides are further divided into organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids. Biopesticides include microbial, biochemical, and plant-incorporated protectants derived from living organisms. The document also lists specific types of pesticides like algaecides, desiccants, defoliants, miticides, ovicides, pheromones, and plant growth regulators based on their uses and targets.
Soil pollution
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Ssp manufacturing
The document summarizes the production process of single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer. SSP is produced using phosphate rock, which is ground and blended. It is then reacted with sulfuric acid in a horizontal mixer. The resulting slurry drops into a den to partially cure before granulation. The granulation process forms granules which are screened and stored to fully cure before use. Environmental controls monitor dust and gaseous emissions during production. SSP provides phosphorus and sulfur to crops while protecting soils.
Composting
There are several methods for composting organic waste materials. The Indore method involves filling pits layered with dry waste, cattle dung, soil, and ash. The materials are turned three times over 2-3 months for aeration and decomposition. The Bangalore method fills pits without turning for 8-9 months of decomposition. The NADEP method facilitates composting with minimum cattle dung use through aerobic decomposition. The Coimbatore method uses pits layered with waste, cattle dung suspension, and bone meal, left undisturbed for 8-10 weeks before shaping into a heap.
Wasteland classification
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Acid soil and their management
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
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This document discusses pesticides, their formulation, and history. It defines pesticides as substances that control unwanted organisms like insects, fungi, and weeds. It then discusses the history of pesticides from natural products like nicotine to modern synthetic pesticides developed in the 1930s-1940s. The rest of the document focuses on describing different types of pesticide formulations including wettable powders, water dispersible granules, suspension concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, ultra low volume formulations, dusts, granules, dry baits, and dry fumigants. Each formulation is designed for a specific purpose and method of application.
Agrochemicals
Agrochemicals are chemicals used in agriculture to protect crops and enhance yields. They include pesticides, fertilizers, and other soil supplements. However, excess use of agrochemicals can pollute the environment and affect human health. Agrochemical pollution occurs when an overuse of various fertilizers pollutes food crops, groundwater, and soil. It can kill beneficial bacteria in soil, increase nitrate levels, and alter the soil pH. Agrochemical pollution of water makes it unfit for consumption and promotes algae growth. Air pollution results from pesticide drift carrying chemical particles long distances. Prolonged agrochemical use over time pollutes soil and reduces its quality.
Nutrient recycling through agricultural and industrial wastes:potential and l...
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Due to intensive agriculture, the soil resource is under increasing stress as there is a big gap between annual output of nutrients from soil due to crop removals and the nutrient inputs from external resources. So, filling this gap we go for nutrient recycling of non conventional resources i.e. agricultural and industrial wastes. On basis crop production, India generate about 312.5 Mt of crop residues, such as straw of cereals, oilseeds etc can supply about 1.13, 1.41 and 3.54 Mt of NPK. It has been estimated that all animal excreta can potentially supply 17.77 Mt of plant nutrients and 150 Mt of municipal wastes generated annually in India that have nutrient potential of about 1.72 Mt of NPK. At present India produces about 8.0 Mt of poultry manure which is sufficient to fertilizer about 3.56 Mha of land annually. These wastes are composted along with addition low grade rock phosphate and waste mica improve the quality of compost. A huge amount of effluents generated from tanning, textile, distillery and paper mill industries which contain several major primary and secondary plant nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, etc.) as well as micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of pressmud cake, FYM and poultry litter increase soil available nutrients and long term irrigation with paper mill effluent causes soil salinity and heavy metal accumulation. Industrial byproducts like phosphogypsum, basic slag etc used as soil ameliorant.Degradation of herbicide in soil
This document discusses the degradation of herbicides in soil. It begins with definitions of degradation and decomposition, explaining that degradation is a broader term that includes decomposition. The document then discusses how herbicides reach the soil and the various fates they may undergo, including herbicidal activity, physical removal processes like adsorption, vaporization, leaching, run-off, and codistillation, and decomposition processes like biotic and abiotic decomposition. It focuses on explaining adsorption and microbial decomposition in more depth. Key factors that affect these degradation processes like soil properties, climate conditions, and the chemical properties of the herbicide are also summarized.
IMPACT OF PESTICIDE IN SOIL
Pesticides can have negative impacts on soil microorganisms and enzyme activity. Non-polar pesticides like organochlorines are strongly bound to soil while polar pesticides like herbicides can be moved by runoff or leaching. Pesticides can reduce populations of beneficial microorganisms, affecting nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels in soil. Specific enzymes like dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease that are important for organic matter breakdown and nutrient cycling can be negatively impacted. Long term high pesticide use reduces biodiversity and the ability of soil to function properly.
Industrial waste
This document discusses sources and impacts of industrial water pollution. It notes that industrial waste from sources like steel, food, and chemical industries introduces pollutants like heavy metals, acids, alkalies, oils, and petrochemicals into water bodies. These pollutants can harm aquatic life and contaminate fish. The document also examines offshore oil drilling as a source of water pollution through drilling fluids, oil spills, and other discharges. Oil pollution damages marine organisms and can disrupt food chains. Proper environmental assessment and use of biodegradable drilling fluids can help control pollution from offshore drilling.
Agricultural Pollution
This document discusses agricultural pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It identifies the main causes of agricultural pollution as pesticides, fertilizers, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, and pests/weeds. It explains that fertilizers provide necessary nutrients to soil while pesticides are used to kill pests and weeds, but overuse can degrade soil quality. Specifically, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can contaminate groundwater, reduce soil fertility over time, and damage habitats. The document provides examples of fertilizer types and outlines some methods for reducing pollution, such as nutrient management and cover crops.
sludge as brick material
This document discusses the Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL) Lifecare company and its effluent treatment plant. HLL Lifecare operates two factories in Trivandrum, India - one in Peroorkada that produces condoms and one in Akkulam that produces other medical products. The effluent treatment plant at Peroorkada uses various tanks and processes like lime mixing, FeCl3 mixing, aeration, settling, and filtration to treat wastewater before recycling or disposal. Sludge from the treatment plant is dried on beds and could potentially be used to make bricks.
Sewage Sludge – Challenge Or Opportunity
Sewage sludge production is increasing and will continue to do so due to legislation, but sludge can be viewed as both a waste product and a valuable resource. There are opportunities to reduce sludge production, maximize energy recovery from sludge through various technologies like digestion, and transform sludge into marketable products. The future aims are to reduce sludge amounts and production, maximize energy production from sludge, and transform sludge into marketable products.
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Heavy metal pollution in soil is a serious problem. Some key points:
- Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury are toxic even in small amounts and can accumulate in the food chain.
- Sources of heavy metal pollution include industrial, agricultural, and mining activities which release these metals into the environment.
- Heavy metals can be taken up by plants and crops irrigated with contaminated water, accumulating in plant tissues and eventually entering the food chain. This poses risks to human and animal health.
- Remediating contaminated soils requires understanding the chemical processes by which heavy metals move and change form in the soil-water-air system over time. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce
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Crop Residue Management for Soil Health Enhancement
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This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.Composting methods and techniques (praveen.b.patil)21;05;14
This document discusses different types and methods of compost preparation. It describes rural and urban compost, noting their differing nutrient contents. Several common composting methods are outlined, including the Indore, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and NADEP methods. Vermicomposting is also summarized, along with the nutrient composition and benefits of vermicompost. Key earthworm species used in vermicomposting and their ideal growing conditions are highlighted.
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The document discusses the effects of fertilizers and pesticides on soil and water, noting that nitrogen fertilizers can acidify soils while nitrate-based products are less acidifying, and that overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides is a major cause of water pollution through nutrient runoff leading to eutrophication. It also outlines how different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers impact soil pH and chemistry.
Sewage and sludge as waste material
1. Sewage consists of solid sludge and liquid effluent portions. Both can be used for crop production but untreated sewage is not recommended for vegetables due to bacterial contamination.
2. India generates over 38,000 million liters of sewage per day but only around 12,000 million liters is treated, with most untreated sewage discharged into water bodies. Sewage sludge and effluent contain nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that could potentially fertilize over 350,000 tonnes of crops annually.
3. Sewage use in agriculture requires proper treatment to reduce pathogens and heavy metals that could otherwise pollute soils and food chains.
Recycling of organic waste
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Classification of pesticides & fungicides
This document discusses different types of pesticides. It defines pesticides as chemicals or biological substances intended to prevent, repel, or destroy pests that may harm plants or animals. It classifies pesticides as either chemical or biopesticides. Chemical pesticides are further divided into organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids. Biopesticides include microbial, biochemical, and plant-incorporated protectants derived from living organisms. The document also lists specific types of pesticides like algaecides, desiccants, defoliants, miticides, ovicides, pheromones, and plant growth regulators based on their uses and targets.
Soil pollution
This document discusses soil pollution and methods to control it. It begins by defining soil pollution and its various causes such as industrial waste discharge, pesticide overuse, and solid waste disposal. It then describes the different types of soil pollution including agricultural, industrial, and urban pollution and their adverse effects. The document outlines bioremediation as a treatment process using microorganisms to degrade pollutants. Finally, it recommends several methods to control soil pollution such as reducing chemical usage, recycling, reforestation, proper waste management, and using organic and biodegradable products.
Ssp manufacturing
The document summarizes the production process of single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer. SSP is produced using phosphate rock, which is ground and blended. It is then reacted with sulfuric acid in a horizontal mixer. The resulting slurry drops into a den to partially cure before granulation. The granulation process forms granules which are screened and stored to fully cure before use. Environmental controls monitor dust and gaseous emissions during production. SSP provides phosphorus and sulfur to crops while protecting soils.
Composting
There are several methods for composting organic waste materials. The Indore method involves filling pits layered with dry waste, cattle dung, soil, and ash. The materials are turned three times over 2-3 months for aeration and decomposition. The Bangalore method fills pits without turning for 8-9 months of decomposition. The NADEP method facilitates composting with minimum cattle dung use through aerobic decomposition. The Coimbatore method uses pits layered with waste, cattle dung suspension, and bone meal, left undisturbed for 8-10 weeks before shaping into a heap.
Wasteland classification
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Acid soil and their management
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
What are Pesticides and their Formulation
This document discusses pesticides, their formulation, and history. It defines pesticides as substances that control unwanted organisms like insects, fungi, and weeds. It then discusses the history of pesticides from natural products like nicotine to modern synthetic pesticides developed in the 1930s-1940s. The rest of the document focuses on describing different types of pesticide formulations including wettable powders, water dispersible granules, suspension concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, ultra low volume formulations, dusts, granules, dry baits, and dry fumigants. Each formulation is designed for a specific purpose and method of application.
Agrochemicals
Agrochemicals are chemicals used in agriculture to protect crops and enhance yields. They include pesticides, fertilizers, and other soil supplements. However, excess use of agrochemicals can pollute the environment and affect human health. Agrochemical pollution occurs when an overuse of various fertilizers pollutes food crops, groundwater, and soil. It can kill beneficial bacteria in soil, increase nitrate levels, and alter the soil pH. Agrochemical pollution of water makes it unfit for consumption and promotes algae growth. Air pollution results from pesticide drift carrying chemical particles long distances. Prolonged agrochemical use over time pollutes soil and reduces its quality.
Nutrient recycling through agricultural and industrial wastes:potential and l...
Nutrient recycling through agricultural and industrial wastes:potential and l...Pravash Chandra Moharana
Due to intensive agriculture, the soil resource is under increasing stress as there is a big gap between annual output of nutrients from soil due to crop removals and the nutrient inputs from external resources. So, filling this gap we go for nutrient recycling of non conventional resources i.e. agricultural and industrial wastes. On basis crop production, India generate about 312.5 Mt of crop residues, such as straw of cereals, oilseeds etc can supply about 1.13, 1.41 and 3.54 Mt of NPK. It has been estimated that all animal excreta can potentially supply 17.77 Mt of plant nutrients and 150 Mt of municipal wastes generated annually in India that have nutrient potential of about 1.72 Mt of NPK. At present India produces about 8.0 Mt of poultry manure which is sufficient to fertilizer about 3.56 Mha of land annually. These wastes are composted along with addition low grade rock phosphate and waste mica improve the quality of compost. A huge amount of effluents generated from tanning, textile, distillery and paper mill industries which contain several major primary and secondary plant nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, etc.) as well as micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of pressmud cake, FYM and poultry litter increase soil available nutrients and long term irrigation with paper mill effluent causes soil salinity and heavy metal accumulation. Industrial byproducts like phosphogypsum, basic slag etc used as soil ameliorant.Degradation of herbicide in soil
This document discusses the degradation of herbicides in soil. It begins with definitions of degradation and decomposition, explaining that degradation is a broader term that includes decomposition. The document then discusses how herbicides reach the soil and the various fates they may undergo, including herbicidal activity, physical removal processes like adsorption, vaporization, leaching, run-off, and codistillation, and decomposition processes like biotic and abiotic decomposition. It focuses on explaining adsorption and microbial decomposition in more depth. Key factors that affect these degradation processes like soil properties, climate conditions, and the chemical properties of the herbicide are also summarized.
IMPACT OF PESTICIDE IN SOIL
Pesticides can have negative impacts on soil microorganisms and enzyme activity. Non-polar pesticides like organochlorines are strongly bound to soil while polar pesticides like herbicides can be moved by runoff or leaching. Pesticides can reduce populations of beneficial microorganisms, affecting nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels in soil. Specific enzymes like dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease that are important for organic matter breakdown and nutrient cycling can be negatively impacted. Long term high pesticide use reduces biodiversity and the ability of soil to function properly.
Industrial waste
This document discusses sources and impacts of industrial water pollution. It notes that industrial waste from sources like steel, food, and chemical industries introduces pollutants like heavy metals, acids, alkalies, oils, and petrochemicals into water bodies. These pollutants can harm aquatic life and contaminate fish. The document also examines offshore oil drilling as a source of water pollution through drilling fluids, oil spills, and other discharges. Oil pollution damages marine organisms and can disrupt food chains. Proper environmental assessment and use of biodegradable drilling fluids can help control pollution from offshore drilling.
Agricultural Pollution
This document discusses agricultural pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It identifies the main causes of agricultural pollution as pesticides, fertilizers, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, and pests/weeds. It explains that fertilizers provide necessary nutrients to soil while pesticides are used to kill pests and weeds, but overuse can degrade soil quality. Specifically, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can contaminate groundwater, reduce soil fertility over time, and damage habitats. The document provides examples of fertilizer types and outlines some methods for reducing pollution, such as nutrient management and cover crops.
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This document discusses the Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL) Lifecare company and its effluent treatment plant. HLL Lifecare operates two factories in Trivandrum, India - one in Peroorkada that produces condoms and one in Akkulam that produces other medical products. The effluent treatment plant at Peroorkada uses various tanks and processes like lime mixing, FeCl3 mixing, aeration, settling, and filtration to treat wastewater before recycling or disposal. Sludge from the treatment plant is dried on beds and could potentially be used to make bricks.
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Sewage sludge production is increasing and will continue to do so due to legislation, but sludge can be viewed as both a waste product and a valuable resource. There are opportunities to reduce sludge production, maximize energy recovery from sludge through various technologies like digestion, and transform sludge into marketable products. The future aims are to reduce sludge amounts and production, maximize energy production from sludge, and transform sludge into marketable products.
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The document contains information about paper production in India. It provides statistics on the number of paper and pulp mills operating in India, their installed capacity and production levels. It also lists the main constituents found in hyposludge, results from a particle size analysis test, and chemical composition testing of cement. Compressive strength testing results are presented for cement cubes at 7 and 14 days.
2 review
The document describes a project investigating the use of textile mill sludge as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The project members aim to study the strength of concrete with varying replacements of fine aggregate by textile mill sludge. Concrete cubes were cast with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacements and tested at 7 and 14 days to determine compressive strength. Preliminary results found that 5% replacement achieved a higher 7-day strength than normal concrete, while 10% and 15% replacements resulted in lower strengths. Further testing was planned to analyze the results.
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Sludge Treatment
This document discusses sludge treatment processes. It describes the goals of sludge treatment as volume reduction, elimination of pathogens, stabilization of organic substances, and recycling of substances. The types of sludge are described as primary, secondary, and tertiary sludge. Key treatment processes discussed include thickening, stabilization through aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and drying. Thickening can be done through gravity or flotation. Stabilization reduces mass through aerobic or anaerobic digestion which produces biogas. Dewatering further reduces water content and drying beds are described.
Utilization of Waste Paper Sludge in Construction Industry
This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.
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The brick kiln industry is an important small-scale industry in Pakistan that provides employment in rural areas. It involves mixing clay and water, molding bricks, drying them in the sun, and firing them at high temperatures to harden them. However, it also causes significant environmental problems through air, water, and soil pollution from coal combustion and waste dumping. Deforestation also occurs to provide fuelwood. Solutions proposed include converting kilns to natural gas, installing effective emissions controls, using protective masks, and adopting cleaner coal technologies.
Sludge handling and disposal
presentation about sludge handling and disposal of sludge in waste water treatment course of civil engineering
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The document provides an overview of wastewater and sewage sludge treatment processes. It discusses the history of sewage treatment in the UK from the 14th century to present day. It then describes the basic treatment processes including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary settlement to separate liquids and solids, secondary biological treatment using trickling filters or activated sludge plants, and sludge handling which includes thickening, digestion, and dewatering processes.
Treatment and disposal of sludge
Wastewater treatment sludge must be treated and disposed of safely. Common sludge treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting. Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial process that occurs without oxygen at high temperatures, generating biogas but requiring a long processing time. Aerobic digestion uses oxygen and is faster but more expensive due to aeration costs. Composting mixes sludge with carbon sources for aerobic bacterial digestion, producing heat.
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Fly Ash as a construction material
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The document summarizes the process of brick making which includes:
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Bricks
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3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
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manures & fertilizers
Manure and fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in soil and promote healthy plant growth. Manure is an organic substance obtained from decomposed plant and animal waste that is added to fields to improve soil texture, increase friendly microbes, and replenish nutrients. Fertilizers are chemical substances made in factories that are also rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but can pollute water sources and make soil less fertile over time. Both manure and fertilizers are beneficial for farmers but have advantages and disadvantages.
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This document provides information on strategies for protecting against natural hazards like earthquakes and floods. It discusses earthquake prediction techniques, preparedness strategies, evacuation plans, and community disaster preparedness programs. Key points covered include identifying safe places during an earthquake, developing a communication plan for after a disaster, and defining disaster risk reduction strategies like prevention, mitigation, and preparedness.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Sewage sludge
- 1. Using Sewage Sludge as a Fertilizer to Cultivate Desert Areas of Pakistan
- 2. Group Members • Haider Ali • M. Waqas Muneer • Hamza Khan Shinwari • Mahmood Ahmad Quddusi • Malik Awais • Sharjeel Ahmad Tariq
- 3. What is Sewage sludge? • Sewage - waste matter (solid + liquid) from domestic and industrial life that are flushed into the sewer. • Sludge - a residual (semi-solid material) left from sewage treatment processes.
- 4. Sewage • Sewage is mixture of water and wastes. • Human waste • Industrial wastes. • Also mixed with other wastes like effluent • Sewage treatment processes.
- 5. Sewage Treatment • Transported to sewage treatment plant via pipelines. • Harmful components are removed. • Sewage waste is treated to meet standards for its dumping. • Sewage sludge produced as a byproduct
- 7. Sewage Sludge • Byproduct of sewage treatment process. • Rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous • Contains organic material important for plant growth. • Fertilizer or organic soil improver. • But Contains toxic and harmful metals.
- 8. Biosolids • Sewage sludge is treated to remove contaminants. • Biosolids – treated sludge • Contaminants are removed to some extent. • As a fertilizer for growing food crops. • Not suitable as a fertilizer (contains heavy metals) • Fertilizer Made From Sewage Sludge maybe causing illness.
- 9. • As a fertilizer to improve and maintain productive soils • stimulate plant growth • reduce soil erosion. • Can be used to fertilize Gardens and parks • Mine reclamation - Restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable purpose.
- 11. Desert Areas • Sewage sludge to be used to grow plants in desert areas. • Beautification • Balanced atmosphere • No atmospheric hazard of smell because of small population
- 12. Desert Areas of Pakistan • 3 main deserts in Pakistan i.e. Thar, Cholistan and Kharan • Sewage sludge to be transported to these areas. • Growth of plants and trees • Palm trees
- 13. Plants That Grown in Sandy Soil • Trees and flowers like conifers, california poppy, aloe vera, lavender etc grow in sandy soil. • Beautification if not for growing food. • If treated sewage sludge is used, coconut trees can be grown.
- 14. Effects • Less pollution in urban areas due to sewage dumping • Less pollution in rivers • Research opportunities • Beautification • Mine reclamation • Tourist attraction • Job opportunities for people in deserts • Balance in atmosphere (due to tree shades)
- 15. Any Question ? • Thank You!