This document provides an outline for a course on Hazard and Disaster Management taught by Engr. Muhammad Waqas Muneer at the Institute of Southern Punjab in Multan, Pakistan. The course covers introduction to natural and human-induced hazards and disasters, disaster management phases from pre-disaster to post-disaster, infrastructure monitoring and protection strategies, awareness programs, and recommended textbooks. The first lecture introduces key concepts of hazards, vulnerability, risk, and disasters and provides examples of natural hazards that occur in Pakistan.

1. HU-414
Hazard and Disaster Management
Engr. Muhammad Waqas Muneer
MS Transportation Engineering (NUST, Islamabad)
Department of Civil Engineering and Technology,
Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP), Multan.

2. Course Outline
• Introduction
o Introduction to Hazards and Disasters (earthquakes, floods, droughts, landslides,
cyclones, etc.)
o Social & Economic Aspects of Natural and human induced hazards
o Hazard and Disaster Investigation
• Disaster Management
o Pre-Disaster Phase (Prevention, Mitigation & Preparedness)
o Disaster Phase (Response, relief and recovery)
o Post-Disaster Phase (Rehabilitation, Development) and damage assessment
o Disaster management policies and institutional infrastructure from national to local level
• Monitoring of Infra-structure facilities
o Strategies for protection against possible damages
o Maintenance for different infrastructure facilities
o Rehabilitation and repair strategies
o Predictions and preparedness strategies for natural disasters such as Earthquakes etc.
o Emergency management
• Awareness Programs
o Follow-on Disasters
o Recovery plans
o Strategies for protection
o Risk and Vulnerability Analysis
o Disaster Mitigation

3. Recommended Books:
• 1.Thomas D. Schneid, Disaster Management and preparedness, CRC Press;
1stEdition (November 22, 2000)
• 2.David Alexander, Principles of Emergency planning and Management,
Published in the United State of America by Oxford University Press Inc.
1998Madison Avenue, New York 10016
• 3.Timothy Beatley, Philip Berke, David J. Brower 1999 Natural Hazard
Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning Island Press
ISBN:1559636025
• 4.Charlotte Benson, Edward J. Clay (2004) Understanding the Economic and
Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters World Bank Publications
ISBN:0821356852
• 5.The primer on Disaster Risk management in Asia
• 6.Mr. Aloysius J. Rego Director of Knowledge Sharing and partnerships and
Co-Team Leader of Disaster management System team Asian Disaster
preparedness Centre (ADPC) 2003.

4. Lecture # 1
Introduction to Hazards and Disasters

5. Introduction
Disasters and emergencies are fundamental reflections of normal
human life
Consequences of the way society structure themselves,
economically and socially
Disasters - massive human and economic costs
Impacts - deaths, severe injuries, and food shortages
Magnitude of disaster - in terms of deaths, property damage or
costs
Anticipating the potential consequences of disasters – Plan of
Action
Disaster Management - minimize the effects
Hazard Vulnerability Risk Disaster

6. Introduction (cont…)
Hazard Vulnerability Risk Disaster
• Hazard is a rare or extreme event in the natural or human
made environment that adversely affects human life, property
or activity to the extent of causing a disaster
• Distinction between hazards and disasters
• Important to recognize effects of hazard on disasters
• Hazard - essentially a measure of the society’s vulnerability
Risk is the probability of being affected by the unwanted consequences
of a hazard.
Disaster mainly occurs when vulnerability and hazard meet.
Vulnerability is the potential to suffer harm or loss, expressed in terms of
sensitivity and resilience or of the magnitude of the consequences of the
potential event.

7. Introduction (cont…)
Hazard Vulnerability Risk Disaster
Vulnerability is a key concept in predicting and understanding
the existence of differentiated impacts on the various groups in
a society .
(Blaikie et al., 1994)
• The concept of vulnerability takes into account people and the
differences among them;
• Social situation - people’s circumstances change and can be changed
• Consequently, the concept does not look at the resources available to
social groups but…
• The concept of vulnerability focuses on limitations or lack of access to
resources
• Vulnerability is directly related to impact.

8. Introduction (cont…)
“A combination of the probability, or frequency,
of occurrence of a defined hazard and the
magnitude of the consequences of the
occurrence”
(Royal Society 1992: 4)
Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability
Hazard Vulnerability Risk Disaster

9. Introduction (cont…)
• Risk is the expected losses (lives lost, persons injured, damages
to property and disruption of economic activity) due to a particular
hazard
• Risk is the probability of being affected by the unwanted
consequences of a hazard
• Risk as a function of hazard and vulnerability
• Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability
• Risk = hazard x vulnerability
• It combines the level of hazard and degree of vulnerability
Hazard Vulnerability Risk Disaster

10. Hazard Risk Vulnerability Disaster
 Presence of hazard by its self can neither cause risk nor disasters
 There are different predisposing factors that make vulnerable the
survivors
Poverty: Virtually all disaster studies show that the wealthiest of the
population survive the disaster, remains unaffected or are able to recover
quickly.
Rapid urbanization: competition for scarce resources, leading to human-
made disasters
Environmental degradation: Deforestation leads to rapid rain run off,
which contributes to flooding.
Lack of awareness and information: Disasters can also happen because
people vulnerable to them simply do not know how to get out of harm’s
way or to take protective measures.
Wars and civil strife are among the principal man made factors
precipitating disaster.

11. Relationship of vulnerability, hazard and disaster
Source: WHO/EHA, 2002

12. Natural Hazards of Pakistan
 Floods
 Earthquakes
 Tsunami
 Landslides
 Desertification
 Drought
 Cyclone
 Snow Avalanches
 Glacial Hazards
 Salinization
 Heat and Cold Waves
 Sea Water Intrusion
 Deforestation
 Environmental pollution
 Smog
 Pest infestation
 Epidemics
Physiography of Pakistan
 Landforms
 Climate
 Ecological region of Pakistan
 Seismic zones of Pakistan

13. Hazard Risk Vulnerability Disaster

22. Types of Disasters
Natural Disasters
Technological
Disasters
Complex Disasters
(man-made)
Geological
Climatic
Environmental
Industrial
Accidents
Transport
Accidents
Miscellaneous
Accidents
 Earthquakes
 Tsunamis
 Volcanic eruptions
 Landslides
 Cyclones
 Floods
 Storms
 Avalanche
 Environment pollution
 Deforestation
 Desertification
 Radiations
 Gas Leaks
 Chemical Spoils
 Explosions
 Road, Rails, Air or space etc.
 Domestic
 Fire
 Collapse of Buildings
 Terrorism
 Civil War
 Refugee Problems
 Border Disputes
 Landslides
 Mud slides
 Wild Fire
 Pest infestation
 Epidemics

29. • It is any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of
seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are
produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is
suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining
against one another suddenly fracture and “slip.”
• Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow
zones where rock masses move in relation to one another.
• The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the
huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust.

30. Out in the depths of the ocean, tsunami
waves do not dramatically increase in
height. But as the waves travel inland,
heights as the depth of the
they build up to higher and higher
ocean
decreases.
• The speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather than the
distance from the source of the wave.
• Tsunami waves may travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only
slowing down when reaching shallow waters.

48. Another way of Categorizing
Disasters (with examples)

49. Major Categories
• Natural Hazards
• Anthropogenic Non-Intentional
• Anthropogenic Intentional
*Anthropogenic: resulting from the
influence of human beings

50. Categories of Natural Hazards
• Atmospheric (Meteorological)
• Geological (Earth)
• Hydrological (Water)
• Extraterrestrial
• Biological

51. Atmospheric-Sourced Processes
• Tropical
cyclones
• Thunderstorms
• Tornadoes
• Lightning
• Hailstorms
• Windstorms
• Ice storms
• Snowstorms
• Blizzards
• Cold waves
• Heat waves
• Avalanches
• Fog
• Frost
Atmospheric Geological Hydrological Extraterrestrial Biological
Natural Hazards

52. Geological-Sourced Processes
• Earthquakes
• Volcanoes
• Tsunami
• Landslides
• Subsidence
• Mudflows
• Sinkholes
Atmospheric Geological Hydrological Extraterrestrial Biological

53. Hydrological-Sourced Processes
Extraterrestrial Processes
• Meteorites
• Asteroids
• Floods
• Droughts
• Wildfires

54. Biological Processes
• Diseases
• Epidemics
• Pandemics
• Overpopulation
• Famine
Atmospheric Geological Hydrological Extraterrestrial Biological

55. Anthropogenic Non-Intentional
• Technological
• Hazardous Materials
• Environmental
• Industrial
• Mining
• Nuclear
• Transportation
• Structural

56. Technological
• Acts of People
• Technological systems that fail
because of complexities and human
fallibility (accidents)

57. Hazardous Materials
• Can classify in different categories
Environmental
• Can classify in different categories
• Air pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Overpopulation
• Chernobyl Accident 1986

59. Industrial
• Factories
• Refineries
Mining
• Coal
• Safety Standards

60. Nuclear
• Power plants
• Industrial use
• Medical use

61. Transportation
• Aviation
• Highways
• Railroads
• Maritime
Structural
• Fires
• Collapse

62. Anthropogenic Intentional Hazards
• Mass Shootings
• Civil Disobedience
• Terrorism
• Weapons of Mass Destruction

63. Mass Shootings
• School shootings
• Workplace violence
• Hate crimes

64. Civil Disobedience
• Labor riots
• Race riots
• Political riots

65. Terrorism
• State/State Sponsored
• International Non-state
• Domestic

66. Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Explosives
• Chemical
• Biological
• Nuclear/Radiological
“When a nuclear-armed country fights to the
end, it will have consequences far beyond the
borders. It will have consequences for the
world,”
Prime Minister ImranKhan said in his UN General Assembly
speech.

67. Thank you!