The document discusses various topics related to aquatic ecosystems:
- Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and have an average depth of 3.7 km, with the deepest part being the Mariana Trench at 11,000 meters.
- The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established rules governing the ocean and created new institutions.
- Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but 87% have been lost, threatening dependent species. The Ramsar Convention promotes wetland conservation.
- Aquatic food webs include plankton, benthos, nekton, fish, and humans that consume from all levels. Climate change poses threats like rising sea levels, warming, and
Resources are exhausted when it is being utilized quicker than it can recharge itself.Environment Specialist Narendra Singh Plaha says normal resources are usually isolated between inexhaustible resources and non-sustainable resources. Utilization of both of these types of resources past their rate of substitution is thought to be resource depletion.
Large Marine Ecosystems Assessment and Management Approach 2005-2010Iwl Pcu
Objectives: Recovery of depleted fish biomass and fisheries to promote greater food security, sustainable productivity, and socioeconomic benefits.
Reduction in pollution and eutrophication levels of coastal waters.
Restoration of degraded habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, and wetlands.
Resources are exhausted when it is being utilized quicker than it can recharge itself.Environment Specialist Narendra Singh Plaha says normal resources are usually isolated between inexhaustible resources and non-sustainable resources. Utilization of both of these types of resources past their rate of substitution is thought to be resource depletion.
Large Marine Ecosystems Assessment and Management Approach 2005-2010Iwl Pcu
Objectives: Recovery of depleted fish biomass and fisheries to promote greater food security, sustainable productivity, and socioeconomic benefits.
Reduction in pollution and eutrophication levels of coastal waters.
Restoration of degraded habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, and wetlands.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey Ecotist
Elaborating about the control of marine pollution. Various types of wastes such as sewage, agricultural run-off, industrial wastes including radioactive waste, and oil spills being sent into the sea. Chemical pesticides find entry into the food chain. Harmful impact of oil spill. Discussing some of the positive features of CRZ Notification 2011, which included the inclusion of seawater as CRZ IV and the concept of hazard line. Ports and associated ship movement for business purposes cause marine pollution.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
Effects of Marine Renewables and other marine uses on Biodiversity – Atlantic Area
20th November, 2012
The importance of ecological economics, sustainable management of ecosystems services and biodiversity valuation and risk management
Environmental Impact of Deep Sea Mining A ChatGPT Analysisijtsrd
Deep Sea mining has emerged as a promising frontier in mineral extraction to meet the increasing global demand for metals and minerals. However, this industrial activity poses significant environmental challenges due to the unique and delicate ecosystems found in the deep sea. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the environmental impacts of deep sea mining, focusing on potential consequences for biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and the overall health of the ocean. By evaluating existing research and studies, we identify the key ecological concerns and discuss potential mitigation strategies to minimize the negative effects of deep sea mining. Manish Verma "Environmental Impact of Deep-Sea Mining: A ChatGPT Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59777.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/59777/environmental-impact-of-deepsea-mining-a-chatgpt-analysis/manish-verma
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey Ecotist
Elaborating about the control of marine pollution. Various types of wastes such as sewage, agricultural run-off, industrial wastes including radioactive waste, and oil spills being sent into the sea. Chemical pesticides find entry into the food chain. Harmful impact of oil spill. Discussing some of the positive features of CRZ Notification 2011, which included the inclusion of seawater as CRZ IV and the concept of hazard line. Ports and associated ship movement for business purposes cause marine pollution.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
Effects of Marine Renewables and other marine uses on Biodiversity – Atlantic Area
20th November, 2012
The importance of ecological economics, sustainable management of ecosystems services and biodiversity valuation and risk management
Environmental Impact of Deep Sea Mining A ChatGPT Analysisijtsrd
Deep Sea mining has emerged as a promising frontier in mineral extraction to meet the increasing global demand for metals and minerals. However, this industrial activity poses significant environmental challenges due to the unique and delicate ecosystems found in the deep sea. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the environmental impacts of deep sea mining, focusing on potential consequences for biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and the overall health of the ocean. By evaluating existing research and studies, we identify the key ecological concerns and discuss potential mitigation strategies to minimize the negative effects of deep sea mining. Manish Verma "Environmental Impact of Deep-Sea Mining: A ChatGPT Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59777.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/59777/environmental-impact-of-deepsea-mining-a-chatgpt-analysis/manish-verma
In this PPT you will learn about Marine Pollution. Kindly Go through the PPT.
Contents:-
Marine Pollution / Ocean Pollution
Causes of Marine / Ocean Pollution
Effects of ocean pollution
Global Initiatives
International conventions
Greenpeace
How to prevent Ocean pollution?
The oceans cover over 70% of the globe. Its health, wellbeing of humanity and the living environment that sustains us all are inextricably linked. Yet neglect of ocean acidification, climate change, polluting activities and over-exploitation of marine resources have made oceans, one of the earth’s most threatened ecosystems.
Marine pollution, also known as ocean pollution, is the spreading of harmful substances such as oil, plastic, industrial and agricultural waste and chemical particles into the ocean.
Autonomous Marine Systems, A Driver of Growth in the Blue EconomyGregory Yovanof
Currently, an industrial revolution is unfolding under the seas. Rapid progress in the development of autonomous systems, robotics, maritime surveillance, satellite systems, AI, and data science are opening up whole new sectors of ocean use and research.
New Orleans , Garret Graves, Chairman, Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority; National Institute for Coastal & Harbor Infrastructure, John F. Kennedy Center, Boston, Nov. 12, 2013: "The Triple Threat of Rising Sea Levels, Extreme Storms and Aging Infrastructure: Coastal Community Responses and The Federal Role" See http://www.nichiusa.org or http://www.nichi.us
Deep Sea Mining and the Circular Economy Opportunities and Challengesijtsrd
Deep Sea mining has the potential to play a significant role in the circular economy, which aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency by reusing and recycling materials. By extracting valuable minerals from the ocean, deep sea mining can reduce the reliance on non renewable resources and support the development of a more sustainable and circular economy. Also, there are significant challenges associated with integrating deep sea mining into the circular economy. For example, the recovery of minerals from the ocean floor can generate significant amounts of waste and create new environmental risks. Additionally, there may be concerns about the social and economic impacts of deep sea mining on coastal communities, particularly those that depend on traditional fishing or tourism activities. The bottom of the ocean bed is rich in cobalt rich crusts, polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides, and rare earth rich sediments. There are wide deep sea reserves of Ni, Co, Mn, etc. To maximize the opportunities and minimize the challenges associated with deep sea mining and the circular economy, it is important to develop robust regulatory frameworks that prioritize sustainability and social responsibility. This may include measures such as environmental impact assessments, community engagement and consultation, and the establishment of protected areas to preserve vulnerable ocean ecosystems. This paper discusses the various aspects of deep sea mining skillfully. Manish Verma "Deep Sea Mining and the Circular Economy: Opportunities and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56278.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/56278/deep-sea-mining-and-the-circular-economy-opportunities-and-challenges/manish-verma
World Water Day 2010 workshop: Policy and contextWorld Water Day
Presentation delivered by Chris Spray of the UNESCO Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science at the University of Dundee, at a World Water Day workshop on 22 March 2010
Presentation used by me in a Panel Discussion in Sports & Cultural Club, Sector 15A, Noida, India. It gives an overview of School and Higher education.
Innovation & entrepreneurship awareness for school teachersAjay Mohan Goel
Presentation which was used to create awareness about Innovation & Entrepreneurship in about 70 Government school teachers in Hardoi District of Uttar Pradesh, India in May 2018
This is a presentation made for students joining B.Tech program in PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh on 1st Aug 2016, as a part of their orientation program.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. Non-Quiz
1. Ocean covers ________ of the earth’s surface
2. The average depth of oceans is ____________ Km.
3. Deepest part of Ocean is ____________ in __________ Ocean with a depth of __________
Metres.
4. UNCLOS is an acronym for the ___________________________________.
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3. Non-Quiz
1. Ocean covers 71% of the earth’s surface
2. The average depth of oceans is 3.7 Km.
3. Deepest part of Ocean is MarinaTrench in
Pacific Ocean with a depth of 11,000
Meters.
4. UNCLOS is an acronym for the United
Nations Convention for the Law of the
Sea.
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4. United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea.
• The Convention has created three new institutions on the international scene :
• The InternationalTribunal for the Law of the Sea, headquartered in Hamburg (Germany),
• The International Seabed Authority, headquartered in Kingston (Jamaica),
• The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, based in the United Nations
Headquarters in NewYork.
• The Convention came into effect in November, 1994. It now has 162 Parties including the
European Union for its share of jurisdictions.
• USA is not a Member
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5. Wetlands
• A land area saturated with water, permanently
or seasonally
• Includes:
• swamps, marshes
• billabongs, lakes, lagoons
• saltmarshes, mudflats
• mangroves, coral reefs, estuaries
• bogs, fens, and peatlands
• May support both aquatic and terrestrial species.
• The prolonged presence of water creates
conditions:
• that favor the growth of specially adapted
plants (hydrophytes)
• promote the development of characteristic
wetland soils.
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7. Wetlands
• Provide us water,
• Protect us from floods, droughts and other disasters,
• Provide food and livelihoods to millions of people,
• Support rich biodiversity
• Store more carbon than any other ecosystem.
• Contribute directly or indirectly to 75 SDG indicators
• Complex biogeochemical processes maintain functional wetland ecosystems
Yet, the value of wetlands remains largely unrecognized by policy and decision makers.
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8. Wetlands
• Up to 87% of the global wetland resource has been lost since 1700.We lose wetlands three
times faster than natural forests.
• Wetland-dependent species are in serious decline. Since 1970, declines have affected 81% of
inland wetland species populations and 36% of coastal and marine species.
• The loss of wetlands continues with direct and measurable negative impacts on the quality
and availability of water, food security, biodiversity and carbon sequestration.
The Ramsar Convention promotes wetland conservation and wise use and is at the centre of
efforts to halt and reverse wetland loss.
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22. Aquatic Ecosystem
• Kinds of Organisms
• Plankton:
• Phytoplankton: photosynthetic producers of the
ocean
• Zooplankton: primary consumers, feeding on
phytoplankton
• Benthos
• Bottom dwellers – adapted to live on the ocean’s
floors E.g. sponges, oysters, barnacles
• Burrow into sand :Worms, clams
• Move on the floor: crawfish, brittle stars
• Nekton
• Large organisms: Fish, turtles, whales
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23. Aquatic Food Webs
• Describe who eats whom in an ecological community.
• Humans consume aquatic life from every section of this food web.
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Large sharks,
billfish, dolphins,
toothed whales,
and large seals
Fish, small sharks,
corals, and baleen
whales
Primary consumers
like zooplankton,
small fish, and
crustaceans.
Phytoplankton and
algae
Humans consume aquatic life from every section of this food web.
24. Oceans
• Only ~15% explored and mapped
• Contain > 250,000 species of plants & Animals
• Rate at which undiscovered species are being
found shows no signs of slowing.
Greatest threats to marine biodiversity around the
world
• Past & Existing
• Overfishing,
• Habitat loss,
• Invasive species and
• Pollution
• emerging threats,
• Rising water temperatures
• Ocean acidification.
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25. Largest extinction in Earth's history
End of the Permian Period (~252 million years ago)
• Geochemical evidence provides strong support for rapid global warming and
accompanying ocean oxygen (O2) loss
• The combined physiological stresses of ocean warming and O2 loss largely account for the
spatial pattern and magnitude of extinction observed in the fossil record of the “Great
Dying.”
• These results highlight the future extinction risk arising from a depletion of the ocean’s
aerobic capacity that is already under way.
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26. Why is sea level rising?
• The two major reasons
• Thermal expansion of ocean waters as they warm
• Increase in the ocean mass, principally from land-based sources of ice (glaciers and ice caps
and the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica).
• Global warming from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is a significant driver of both
contributions
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27. Projections of future sea level change
• Sea level will continue to rise due to:
• Warming from both past (twentieth century and earlier) and twenty-first century
greenhouse gas emissions.
• Ocean thermal expansion is likely to be the dominant contribution to twenty-first century
level rise
• melting of glaciers and ice caps.
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28. Eight priority actions to avert ecological disaster in the global ocean.
• Address climate change: implement policies to limit the temperature rise to 1.5oC, but prepare for a
2-3oC temperature rise.
• Secure a robust, comprehensive High SeasTreaty with a Conference of Parties and a Scientific
Committee.
• Enforce existing standards for effective marine protected areas (MPAs), and in particular fully-
protected marine reserves, and extend their scope to fully protect at least 30% of the ocean, including
representation of all habitats and the high seas, while ensuring effective management to prevent
significant adverse effects for 100% of the rest of the ocean.
• Impose a precautionary pause on deep-sea mining to allow time to gain sufficient knowledge and
understanding to support informed decisions and effective management.
• End overfishing and destructive practices including illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
• Radically reduce marine water pollution.
• Provide a financing mechanism for ocean management and protection.
• Scale-up scientific research on the ocean and increase transparency and accessibility of ocean data
from all sources (i.e. science, government, industry).
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29. Who owns the world's oceans?
• U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea.
• Completed: 1982 and came into force: 1994
• International waters remained international, "the common heritage of all mankind"
• Limitations set on how much coastal water and seafloor a nation could claim as its own.
• The territorial sea: aquatic boundary along a nation's coast that extends its terrestrial
boundaries, (12 nautical miles = 13.8 miles or 22.2 km).
• Banning nuclear weapons testing in international waters,
• Concept of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ).
• Territorial waters are extensions of a state's laws and right of defence
• EEZs are extensions of a state's rights to resources offshore.The boundaries of an EEZ go
beyond territorial waters, extending 200 miles (322 km) from shore.
• All organic and mineral resources found in these waters are the exclusive domain of the
coastal nation it belongs to.
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30. Who owns the world's oceans?
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