Part of Slide deck for Environmental Studies for Under graduate studies.

1. Water Resources - 2
Sesion-5:
Environmental Studies & Disaster
Management
Prof. Ajay Mohan Goel
ajay.goel@bmu.edu.in

2. Why early civilizations arose on the banks of rivers
• Rivers were attractive locations for the first civilizations
• Provided a steady supply of drinking water and game,
• Made the land fertile for growing crops,
• Allowed for easy transportation.
• Early river civilizations were all hydraulic empires that maintained power and control through
exclusive control over access to water.
• This system of government arose through the need for flood control and irrigation, which
requires central coordination and a specialized bureaucracy.
• A hydraulic empire - a social or governmental structure which maintains power through
exclusive control over water access.
• The poet/ seers regarded the rivers as life bestowing, life nurturing and life protecting Divine
Mothers.
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3. The Global Goals for Sustainable Development
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4. Foundations
We need to:
• UnderstandWater
• ValueWater
• ManageWater
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6. Global Water Usage
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1.(Adapted from FAO, 2012)
1. Domestic
2. Agriculture
3. Industrial Use

7. Water Footprint
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• India’s water footprint — 980 cubic meters per capita
• global average - 1,243 cubic meters,
• India - 12% of the world’s total water footprint.

8. Water Footprint
Sugar (1Kg) 1782 Liters
one pizza margherita (725 gram) 1259 Liters
Pork (1 Kg) 5990 Liters
Orange (1 Kg) 560 Liters
Leather (Bovine) (1 Kg) 17,000 Liters
Butter (1 kg) 5553 Liters
Wheat Bread (1 kg) 1608
Wheat (1 kg) 1827
Rice (1 Kg)) 2500
Jeans (1 pair) 10,000 Liters
CottonT-Shirt (500 Gm) 4100
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9. Top 10 risks for doing business in South Asia, by country
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Source: Regional Risks for Doing Business 2019, WEF

10. India – A Water stressed Country
• 3,000–4,000 cubic meters per person.India 1950
• ~1,000 cubic metersIndia 2019
• ~2,000 cubic meters.China 2019
• ~1250 cubic metersGlobal Average
• ~12% of world's total water footprintIndia
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India’s water resources are not evenly distributed.
50% of rainfall in 15 days in a year
Leading to floods & droughts
India faces a water management crisis,
Needs fundamental reassessment of the way the country manages water.

11. India – A Water stressed Country
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Needs fundamental reassessment of the way the country manages water.
• Growing competition over finite water resources
• Compounded by climate change
• Leading to serious implications for:
• India’s food security
• the livelihoods of its farmers
• the country’s economic development.

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How is it connected to Environment?

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Clean water and
sanitation
Challenges Solutions
STOP DUMPING
CHEMICALS AND
WASTE into the
environment, INVEST
IN SANITATION and
RAISE AWARENESS
on best hygiene
practices
PROTECT NATURAL
RESOURCES and
avoid water pollution
WATER SCARCITY
affects more than 40%
of the global population
UNSAFE WATER,
INADEQUATE
SANITATION and
INSUFFICIENT HYGIENE
kill 3.5 million people
every year
80% of WASTEWATER is
released the environment
UNTREATED. Degrade the
environment and you destroy
NATURE’S ABILITY TO
PROVIDE SAFE
DRINKING WATER
RESTORE
ECOSYSTEMS to
secure access to
safe water

16. Fill in the Blanks
1. “When the rain comes down, it starts looking like a river. Otherwise, it is just like this… a
drain full of dirt and filth. If you have to see it clean and flowing, come in the rainy
season,” rued 40-year-old Prem Kumar, who is a gardener at the plant nursery
situated besides the banks of the river ___________________.
2. We can store water underground for ___________ years.
3. Full forms:
a) CPCB is __________________________
b) NGT is ___________________________
c) EPCA is ________________________________________
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17. Fill in the Blanks
1. “When the rain comes down, it starts looking like a river. Otherwise, it is just like this… a
drain full of dirt and filth. If you have to see it clean and flowing, come in the rainy
season,” rued 40-year-old Prem Kumar, who is a gardener at the plant nursery
situated besides the banks of the riverYamuna.
2. We can store water underground for hundreds of years.
3. Full forms:
a) CPCB is Central Pollution Control Board.
b) NGT is National GreenTribunal
c) EPCA is Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority
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23. Add a footerhttps://www.google.com/maps/place/Delhi/@28.5415425,77.3176614,2015m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d047309fff32f:0xfc5606ed1b5d46c3!8m2!3d28.6862738!4d77.2217831

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25. Sources of River Water Pollution / River Water Depletion
• Untreated Sewage
• Industrial effluent
• Solid waste
• ConstructionWaste
• Habitation & Dhobhi Ghats
• Idol Immersion during festivals
• Chemicals & Pesticides
• Diversion ofWater: power generation,
irrigation and drinking
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32. AndThe Hope – Steps towards Revival
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33. Yamuna is a Dead River
• Almost 97% ofYamuna’s original waters are diverted from the river just a few kilometers
from Her source atYamunotri.
• In Haryana, > 80,000 million litres of water held back by an irrigation dam
• Delhi relies onYamuna for 70% of its water needs,
• WhenYamuna reaches Delhi, not a single drop of natural, fresh water of the river is left in
Yamuna.
• Yamuna used as a sewage drain.
• Delhi contributes up to 80% of the pollution load of the entire length of the river
• Leaving 70% of Delhi’s drinking water polluted.
• In 2010 the Indian Supreme Court even referred to theYamuna as a “ganda nullah” (“dirty
drain”) rather than a dirty river.
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2% of River Length Accounts for 70 % of total pollution inYamuna.

34. Yamuna is a Dead River - Solutions
• Treatment of Industrial & Domestic Effluents
• Stopping of Sand Mining
• Stoppage of all encroachments and construction onYamuna River-bed
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36. Reasons for Ground WaterTable Depletion
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• Frequent pumping of water from the ground
• Aquifers do not have enough time to replenish itself
• Agricultural needs
• Deforestation
• Urban concretisation
• Vanishing water bodies like ponds

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Bagalkot, Karnataka,
is the most polluted,
with five of six
groundwater quality
indicators at unsafe
levels.

38. Effects of Ground WaterTable Depletion
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• Force us to pump water from deeper within the Earth.
• Large bodies of water will become shallower from groundwater depletion
• Saltwater contamination can occur
• As large aquifers are depleted, food supply and people will suffer
• limits biodiversity and dangerous sinkholes result from depleted aquifers

39. Solutions to Ground Water Depletion
• Use less water for luxury purposes
• Reduce chemicals usage & dispose them
properly
• Regulate Groundwater pumping
• Adopt efficient irrigation techniques and
boost recharge
• Drip irrigation
• Micro-sprinklers.
• Limit subsidised electricity
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40. Ways to Reduce Water Stress
Increase agricultural efficiency
• Use seeds requiring less water
• Improve irrigation techniques
• Remove electrical subsidy
• Develop technologies for improving agriculture efficiency
• Reduce food loss & waste
Invest in grey and green infrastructure
• Build Grey Infrastructure like Pipes &Treatment plants
• Invest in Green infrastructure (like wetlands & watersheds)
Treat, reuse and recycle
• Treating & reusing creates a new water source
• Reuse or sell energy- and nutrient-rich byproducts of waste-water treatment
Stop Polluting Rivers
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41. What is happening to Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs…?
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43. Thank you
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