marine ecosystem based management and conservation

1. Marine Ecosystem–Based Management (EBM): Contribution of Marine Biology for a Sustainable Future – Session 4 Mark Zacharias Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography University of Victoria Assistant Deputy Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Province of British Columbia  Diane Rome Peebles

3. What is marine EBM and where did it come from?

4. Steps to undertake successful marine EBM

5. International applications of marine EBM

7. Marine EBM : A personal perspective

9. Regional transportation;

10. Innovation, research and development;

11. Enhancing a sustainable regional economy, especially with respect to environmental good and services;

12. Emergency managementPacific Coast Collaborative

14. Is it really different from status quo management?

15. How should it be properly applied?

16. How do I ensure EBM plans are implemented?

17. Is marine EBM good value for money?Adaptive environmental assessment and management Ecosystem-based management Coastal zone management Adaptive management Integrated coastal zone management Ecosystem approaches Integrated ecosystem-based management Ecologically sustainable development Integrated management Sustainable development Environmental management systems Integrated oceans management Ecosystem approaches to fisheries Ecosystem-based fisheries management 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

19. 1. Significant interest in the topic 2. Some jurisdictions have EBM legislation 3. Long application of EBM concepts in international law 4. EBM in many instances simply improved fisheries management 5. No single guide to marine EBM 6. EBM being applied in dozens of countries

22. Setting the context for marine EBM 200 Years Ocean resources are inexhaustible 1760 Key fisheries are inexhaustible. 1860 1960 Major fish populations decline; Traditional fishing communities breakdown; Ecosystems deteriorate. Christensen et al. (2007)

23. Setting the context for marine EBM Industrialized Fishing Fleets Global Catch Since 1950 Catch (million tonnes) Adapted : Christensen et al.,2008

25. Petroleum hydrocarbons

26. Chlorinated hydrocarbons

27. Metals

28. Organotin

29. Carcinogens

30. Mutagens

31. Pesticides

32. Endocrine disrupters

33. Acidification

34. Eutrophication

35. Disease

36. Visual

37. Plastic

38. Sewage

40. Noise

41. Thermal

42. Invasive speciesPollution and contaminants

43. Setting the context for marine EBM Habitat Loss Other biotic communities Mud flats and estuaries Beaches Dredging, dumping. Kelp Mangroves Sea grasses Corals

44. How we use marine environments Biological resource harvesting Mineral and energy extraction Waste disposal Biological resource cultivation Transportation and communication National defence and marine safety Urban development Tourism and recreation

45. What is Ecosystem-Based Management? Puako Bay and Reef Land & Sea Tenure 1886 Hawaii Ahupua’a Vertical land-to-sea management units Juvik et al. 2008, Mueller-Dombois and Wirawan (2005)

46. Pre 1886 Hawaiian management Puako Bay & Reef Ahupua’a Juvik et al. 2008, Mueller-Dombois and Wirawan (2005)

48. Closed seasons or bans while spawning

49. Letting some fish escape (MSY)

50. Holding excess catch in enclosures until needed

51. Ban on taking small individuals

52. Use of lagoons when reefs too rough

53. Restrictions on taking seabirds or their eggs

54. Restrictions on the number of fish traps in an area

55. Bans on taking turtle eggs

56. Bans on taking turtles on the beach1. Lagoon/reef tenure 2. Superstition/myth Juvik et al. 2008, Mueller-Dombois and Wirawan (2005)

57. Modern marine management Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum (1609) John Selden Mare clausum (1635) Cornelius van Bynkershoek De dominiomaris (1702) The “cannon shot rule”

58. The ‘Common Property’ Rubric Tragedies Comedies Local ‘private fish property’ wars Commoners lose access to the commons Policy speaks for the fishers & Science speaks for the fish e.g., Chesapeake Bay oysters, 1900, Maryland, USA Unregulated exploitation Over-capitalization Resource misappropriation e.g., American lobster , 1895, New England, USA Kennedy and Breisch (1983)

59. Single-Species Management Northern Shrimp All too common… Declining populations Idoine (2006)

60. Multi-Species Management The Northeast Multi-Species Groundfish Fishery 1. Minimum fish sizes by species 2. Closed areas 3. Protect spawning areas Mayo and O’Brien (2006)

61. Limitations to current approaches Fragmented ocean governance Maintaining ecosystem elements Managing diverse impacts Lack of recognition of connections between: Ecosystem structure, functioning and services Land and the sea Marine habitats Species Diverse stressor Knowledge and uncertainty Guerry 2005

62. What is marine EBM? An integrated approach to management that considers the entire ecosystem, including humans with the goal to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy, productive, and resilient condition so that it can provide the services we want and need. Compass 2005

64. Sustainability

65. Goals

66. Sound ecological models and understanding

67. Complexity and connectedness

68. Dynamic character of ecosystems

69. Context and scale

70. Adaptability and accountabilityChristensen et al. 1996

72. Ecological relationships between harvested, dependent and associated species should be maintained

73. Management should involve cross jurisdictional arrangements if required

74. A precautionary approach should be adopted

75. Governance arrangements should ensure ecosystem well-being and equityFAO 2001

77. Recognize that human uses and values are central to ecosystem management

78. Base management on a shared vision of stakeholders

79. Appreciate that all ecosystems are dynamic

80. Require a commitment of performance monitoring and managementWWF 2002

83. Where has EBM come from? (2) CLOS—UN Law of the Sea; STRAD—UN Agreement on Straddling Stocks ;SCK’72—Stockholm Declaration; RIO—Rio Declaration;A21—Agenda 21 COP—Decisions of Conference of the Parties; WSSD—World Summit on Sustainable Development; CODE—FAO Code of Conduct REY—FAO Reykjavik Declaration Turrell et al. , 2004

84. Where has EBM come from? (3) CLOS—UN Law of the Sea; STRAD—UN Agreement on Straddling Stocks ;SCK’72—Stockholm Declaration; RIO—Rio Declaration;A21—Agenda 21 COP—Decisions of Conference of the Parties; WSSD—World Summit on Sustainable Development; CODE—FAO Code of Conduct REY—FAO Reykjavik Declaration Turrell et al. , 2004

85. Where has EBM come from? (4) CLOS—UN Law of the Sea; STRAD—UN Agreement on Straddling Stocks ;SCK’72—Stockholm Declaration; RIO—Rio Declaration;A21—Agenda 21 COP—Decisions of Conference of the Parties; WSSD—World Summit on Sustainable Development; CODE—FAO Code of Conduct REY—FAO Reykjavik Declaration Turrell et al. , 2004

86. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 1: Develop a common information base Harmonize mapping of seacapes at a useful scale Improve inventories of biodiversity Monitor ecosystem services Information categories Oceanographic data Physiographic data Biological data Human use data

87. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 2: Describe and understand the system Ecosystem classifications Food web models Oceanographic and dispersal models Habitat suitability models Socioeconomic models Sample Ecosystem Classification I. Marine regime II. Broad-scale ecosystems III. Structural geoforms/hydroforms IV. Vertical zone (benthic, pelagic) V. Macrohabitat (spatial/temporal) VI. Fine-scale habitats VII. Biotope (biosystems)

88. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 3: Risk assessment Determine what ecosystems are at the greatest risk and the ecosystem services they provide Ecosystem services Provisioning services that produce goods, such as food and fresh water Regulating services that modulate ecosystem processes, such as disease control and climate regulation Cultural services that provide nonmaterial benefits, such as education and recreation Supporting services, such as nutrient cycling and primary production that are necessary for the generation of all other ecosystem services Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)

89. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 4: Priority setting / identifying objectives Statement of the overarching aims and intended products from the effort SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely) Commercial fish species Marine mammals Seabirds Fish communities Benthic communities Plankton communities Threatened or declining species Eutrophication

90. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 5: Select targets (goals) for objectives Determine the amount (abundance, area) of targets required to meet objectives Can be tied to socio-economic goals in terms of area (tourism, fishing, development) and abundance (ecosystem services, fisheries) Example targets 100% of Hawksbill turtle nesting sites 30% of coral reef area < 100 ng /l TBT < 5mg Chl -a / m3 < 10,000 kg landings per day

91. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 6: Identify strategies to meet objectives Zone-based (place-based) management Fishery ecosystem plans for each zone Alternative marine governance systems Eco-certification Rights based fishery management Burden of proof Precautionary principle Education and outreach Legislation and policy Technological solutions

92. Which way lies successful EBM? Step 7: Monitoring and adaptive management Implementation monitoring whether strategies are implemented Compliance monitoring whether strategies are being followed Effectiveness monitoring as to whether strategies are meeting targets Revision of strategies and targets if necessary

93. South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force Western Everglades: The Big Cypress located on Shoshone Tribal Land abuts striking Everglades conversion for agriculture & livestock. Eastern Everglades: The Loxahatchee Canal passes through the impounded north-eastern Everglades, carrying water from Lake Okeechobee to row-crop agriculture and development in West Palm Beach.

95. Agencies cooperate

96. Science introduced into the policy arena

97. Identified the problem (QQTD)

98. Managers and scientists speak the same language

100. Thank you Dr. Mark Zacharias Nancy Wright Research & Design  Diane Rome Peebles