This document discusses situation analysis and priority setting in healthcare planning. It describes situation analysis as the first stage of planning, which involves analyzing the current healthcare situation to understand problems and their causes. Key aspects of a situation analysis include population characteristics, infrastructure, health needs, available services, and resource efficiency. Priorities are then set based on criteria like health impact, equity, and public demand. Objectives are established in a hierarchy from goals to targets. The document provides examples of techniques used for situation analysis and priority setting.
Planning is making current decisions in the light of their future effects.
Health planning is a process culminating in decisions regarding the future provisions of health facilities and services to meet health needs of the community.
Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
what is a needs assessment , How to write a needs assessmentNeveenJamal
A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants“
A needs assessment is a process used by organizations to determine priorities, make organizational improvements, or allocate resources. It involves determining the needs, or gaps, between where the organization envisions itself in the future and the organization's current state
A needs assessment is a part of planning processes
Participatory Learning and Action is a family of approaches, methods, attitudes, behaviors and relationships, which enable and empower people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge of their life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor, evaluate and reflect.
Introduction to the Logical Framework ApproachDamien Sweeney
An introduction into the Logical Framework Approach, and its use and usefulness for project design, project planning, in the international development sector and beyond.
Planning is making current decisions in the light of their future effects.
Health planning is a process culminating in decisions regarding the future provisions of health facilities and services to meet health needs of the community.
Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
what is a needs assessment , How to write a needs assessmentNeveenJamal
A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants“
A needs assessment is a process used by organizations to determine priorities, make organizational improvements, or allocate resources. It involves determining the needs, or gaps, between where the organization envisions itself in the future and the organization's current state
A needs assessment is a part of planning processes
Participatory Learning and Action is a family of approaches, methods, attitudes, behaviors and relationships, which enable and empower people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge of their life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor, evaluate and reflect.
Introduction to the Logical Framework ApproachDamien Sweeney
An introduction into the Logical Framework Approach, and its use and usefulness for project design, project planning, in the international development sector and beyond.
Community diagnosis is vital in health planning, evaluation and needs assessment, several types of indicators are valid to be used for community diagnosis including Socio-economic, demographics, health system, and living arrangements.
The purpose of community diagnosis is to define existing problems, determine available resources and set priorities for planning, implementing and evaluating health action, by and for the community.
Use of Electronic Technologies to Promote Community and Person.docxdickonsondorris
Use of Electronic Technologies to Promote Community and Personal
Health for Individuals Unconnected to Health Care Systems
Ensuring health care ser-
vices for populations outside
the mainstream health care
system is challenging for all
providers. But developing
the health care infrastructure
to better serve such uncon-
nected individuals is critical
to their health care status, to
third-party payers, to overall
cost savings in public health,
and to reducing health dis-
parities.
Our increasingly sophisti-
cated electronic technolo-
gies offer promising ways to
more effectively engage this
difficult to reach group and
increase its access to health
care resources. This process
requires developing not only
newer technologies but also
collaboration between com-
munity leaders and health
care providers to bring un-
connected individuals into
formal health care systems.
We present three strate-
gies to reach vulnerable
groups, outline benefits and
challenges, and provide
examples of successful
programs. (Am J Public
Health. 2011;101:1163–1167.
d o i : 1 0. 21 0 5/ A J P H . 2 0 10 .
30 0 00 3 )
John F. Crilly, PhD, MPH, MSW, Robert H. Keefe, ACSW, PhD, and Fred Volpe, MPA
DURING THE PAST DECADE,
the United States has experien-
ced a rapid growth of electronic
health information technology in
hospital and health care provider
systems to enhance access and
quality for service recipients. State
health departments have devel-
oped health information ex-
changes across large health care
networks, insurance providers,
and independent physician prac-
tices, and the use of electronic
health records has greatly accel-
erated.1 These initiatives evince
progress toward achieving a fully
connected national health care
system by 2014.2
Nevertheless, cities and
counties struggle to understand
the health care needs of individ-
uals who do not or cannot easily
access formal health care net-
works but use expensive services
for emergency and routine care.
Health information technology is
currently designed to benefit pri-
marily populations already con-
nected to such systems. As systems
increase their use of health data to
influence treatment and policy,
developing strategies to include
individuals who are largely out-
side health care networks is criti-
cal.
The US health care system has
been criticized for low-quality care
that produces multiple medical
errors3,4 and high-cost services
that limit access to care,5 perpetu-
ating health disparities. Primary
care focused on preventing illness
and death is associated with more
equitable distribution of health
and better outcomes than is spe-
cialty care6---8; countries directing
resources to primary care and
enhancing population health have
lower costs and superior out-
comes.9 Although the United
States has the world’s most ex-
pensive health care system, other
countries regularly surpass the
United States on most health in-
dicators, including quality, access,
efficiency, ...
Reproductive Health Lecture Note !
The Nairobi Summit on ICPD25 provides an opportunity to complete the unfinished business
of the ICPD programme of action and also a chance to commit to a forward-looking sexual
and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) agenda to meet the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) and its targets. It is an opportunity for the global community to build on the
ICPD framework and fully commit to realizing a visionary agenda for SRHR and to reaching
those who have been left behind. This agenda must pay attention to population dynamics and
migration patterns, recognize the diverse challenges faced by different countries at various
stages of development, and ground policies and programmes in respect for, and fulfilment of,
human rights and the dignity of the individual (United Nations Population Fund, 2019).
Since 1994, the world has developed through responding to the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), which focused on the achievement of a few, specific health targets, to commit
to the comprehensive 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aspirational targets
of the health SDG (SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-being) are not merely ambitious in
themselves, but cover nearly every important aspect of human well-being, both physical and
relational. Unlike the MDGs, the SDGs explicitly recognize sexual and reproductive health as
essential to health, development and women’s empowerment. Sexual and reproductive health
is referenced under both SDG 3, including met family planning needs, maternal health-care
access and fertility rates in adolescence, and SDG 5 (gender equality), which additionally refers
to sexual health and reproductive rights.
With the SDGs, the world has also committed to achieving UHC, including financial risk
protection, access to high-quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective,
high-quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. In connection with the
74th session of the United Nations General Assembly (2019), world leaders made a political
declaration1
recommitting to achieving UHC by 2030. The declaration further re-emphasizes
the right to health for all and a commitment to achieving universal access to sexual and
reproductive health services and reproductive rights as stated in the SDGs. As such, UHC
and SRHR are intimately linked. Without taking into account a population’s SRHR needs,
UHC is impossible to achieve, as many of the basic health needs are linked to people’s sexual
and reproductive health. Similarly, universal access to SRHR cannot be achieved without
countries defining a pathway towards UHC, which includes prioritizing resources according to health needs.
The purpose of this paper is to define and describe the key components of a comprehensive,
life course approach to SRHR. Furthermore, the ambition is to describe how countries can move towards universal access to SRHR as an essential part of UHC.
RH 4 GMPH Students
Community Health Systems Catalog: The One-Stop Shop for Community Healthy Inf...JSI
Over the past few decades, many countries have lacked cohesive community health policies, strategies, and guidelines, resulting in systems that are fragmented, poorly integrated with national health systems, and unable to reach scale. For years, countries have had limited access to global data and evidence to inform community health program design and implementation.
In 2014, APC launched the Community Health Systems Catalog as a resource for 25 countries deemed priority by USAID’s Office of Population and Reproductive Health. Updated in 2016–2017, the CHS Catalog contains information from community health policies, with a focus on community health workers (CHWs) and over 130 community-based interventions.
The CHS Catalog provides an evidence base to inform, strengthen, and harmonize future policy efforts to advance global and national efforts to strengthen community health systems. Specifically, findings help answer key questions about community health policies. For example, which services can CHWs provide? How is community data supposed to be used? What is the community’s role in managing health programs? The CHS Catalog illustrates the breadth and diversity of CHWs – including their various tasks, skills, and characteristics across countries and regions. At the same time, the definition of a CHW still lacks consistency, and greater alignment and clarity of terminology is needed to inform the global conversation on CHWs. Guidance on applying more consistent definitions, such as the forthcoming WHO CHW Guidelines, should provide policymakers, program planners, implementers, and donors with the language to better convey information on best practices, experiences, and lessons in community health.
Presented by Kristen Devlin at the Fifth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Liverpool this October.
Understanding Linkages between Governance and Health: Concepts and EvidenceHFG Project
There is a lack of evidence and understanding of the dynamics of interventions and contexts in which improved health system governance can contribute to improved health outcomes. As donors and governments increase their emphasis on improving the accountability and transparency of health systems, there is an ever increasing need for this evidence. Governance interventions could then more effectively contribute to measurable improvements in health
outcomes such as reduction in maternal or child mortality, or increased coverage of HIV/AIDS treatment.
On September 14, 2016 the USAID Health Finance and Governance Project (HFG) supported the USAID Office of Health Systems (OHS) and WHO to co-sponsor a workshop to launch a major initiative to marshal the evidence of how health governance contributes to health system performance and ultimately health outcomes. The marshaling of evidence activity will culminate in a high level international event in June 2017 to share knowledge and foster dialogue between donors, researchers, health governance practitioners, and policy makers.
The event brings together important USAID and WHO initiatives to elevate the importance of health governance. The HFG workshop included 35 health and governance professionals from across USAID (OHS, the Center of Excellence for Democracy, Rights and Governance, and the Bureau for Economic Growth, Education and Environment), the WHO, World Bank, academic partners, and implementing partners to launch the marshaling the evidence effort.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
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Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
3. PLANNING
A systematic method of trying to attain
explicit objectives for the future through the
efficient and appropriate use of resources,
available now and in the future.
(Green, 2007)
3
4. Planning Cycle / Spiral
4
Situation Analysis
Implementation and
Monitoring
Evaluation
Option appraisal
Priority, goal, and
objective setting
Programming
5. SITUATION ANALYSIS
First stage – to improve the understanding
of the current situation
Purpose
provide a common reference point for rest of planning
process
provide the background for the selection of priority areas of
concern for planning
5
7. SITUATION ANALYSIS is conducted to
Describe the current status (What is?)
Describe trends (past, present, future)
Project (base future)
Identify problem and reasons for their existence
Prioritize problems
7
10. Key content of a situation
analysis
Population characteristics
Area characteristics & Infrastructure
Policy and political environment
Health needs
Health services
Services provided by non-health sector
Resources
Efficiency, Effectiveness, Equity and Quality of current services
10
11. Population characteristics
Demographic information
Size & distribution of population
age & sex structure
vital rates - birth, death and fertility rates
immigration & emigration rates
over all population rates
ethnicity, class & geographical distribution
11
12. Current situation on
baseline information
morbidity, mortality, service utilization
for service provision
for young or elderly health
12
13. Population characteristics
(cont.)
Religious, educational and cultural characteristics
Important impact on health
Education level and literacy rate
eg. High literacy rate vs Low IMR
Cultural or religious characteristics
13
14. Area characteristics and
infrastructure
Geographical situation
Infrastructure
Transport modes & routes
Communications
Water supply & sanitation facilities
Utilities - distribution of main electricity
14
15. Area characteristics and
infrastructure (cont.)
Socio-economic situation
Linkage between economy & other sectors
pattern of economy & activities
Public and private sector structure
Information & relationship
15
16. Policy and political environment
Overall national policies
Existing health policies
National Health Policy
Political environment
In order to recognize potential opponents or
supporters
16
17. Health needs
Medically perceived health needs
Come from community health survey
Records of health services
Morbidity rates - Incidence and Prevalence
Mortality rates - IMR, MMR, CFR
Disability rates
17
18. Health needs (cont.)
Non-illness related needs
Antenatal care & Family Planning
Burden of disease – DALY
Community perceived health needs
express in terms of service deficiencies from
community surveys of attitudes & views
existing community structure
18
19. Health services
Service facilities
Type & number of services, facility capacity, location,
ownership of facilities
Service utilization
Hospital occupancy rate, attendance rates, immunization, family
planning, DOTS, water supply, Latrine
Service gap
Health service organizational arrangement
degree of centralization of decision making
community participation on decision making
Linkage between sectors
19
20. Services provided by and plans of
non-health sector health services
Brief description of the main services and future plan
of sectors related to health
Education
Water & sanitation
Agriculture & forestry
Community development
Public works
Industrial and mining sectors
20
22. Efficiency, Effectiveness, Equity,
Quality of current services
Evaluate the current services as situation analysis
look closely to option appraisal & economic techniques
Planning future allocation
Assess effectiveness and quality of service
Compare among different facilities/ services
Examine distribution of resources between different
population groups in compare with their needs (Equity)
22
23. Techniques
Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)
to obtain information from community
Health needs assessment
to collect information about health needs using a variety of
epidemiological methods
SWOT analysis
to get common understanding of issues facing a particular
organization
Stakeholder analysis
to assess attitudes of particular issues
23
26. Example of SWOT analysis of NGO hospital
Strengths (Internal) Weakness (Internal)
Committed staff
Access to external donations
Poor management
Lack of lab. Staff
Old building
Opportunities (External) Threats (External)
Decentralization
Contracting of services by
government
Rise of private sector likely to
poach “private bed” patients
essential for funding
26
27. Typical issues in Situation Analysis
High population growth rates
High infant and child mortality
Changing burden of disease
Poor prospects for future growth in resources for
the health sector
Inappropriate organizational structures
27
28. Lack of coordination between Public sector and other
health services
Inefficient allocation of resources between
levels of facilities
Shortage of health professionals and low morale
among health workers
Inequitable distribution of resources
28
29. Who should carried out?
Health professionals & service manager
Representatives of other sectors related to
health sector
Community representatives
29
31. Setting Priorities
Fundamental rationale for planning - inevitable between
available resources and competing uses
Limited resources best allocation approach
Demand based market mechanism
Need based planning approach
Priorities are expressed in a hierarchy of objectives –
goals, aims, objective, targets
31
32. Goals, aims, objective, targets
Goal - broad statement, one goal for service
eg. Health for All, MDG
Aim - a number of aims relating to the goal
- specific to particular health problem
eg.To raise the nutritional status of women and children
Objective - a number of objectives relating to the aim
- specified in measurable terms
eg.To ensure that 95% of children under 5 are adequately nourished
by the year 2010.
Target - a number of targets which specify various points on the
way to the attainment of the objective
eg.To ensure that 75% of children under five are adequately nourish
as pre-defined by the year 2008.32
33. Health needs
General lack of something, relate directly to the
measurement of health
Gradation of need - depending on observer
Viewed predominantly from epidemiological perspective -
emphasis on mortality and morbidity
Perceived need – needs that is neither a scientific judgment
nor the province of medical profession alone
33
34. Underlying perceptions of health
Groups in different positions within health system -
different perceptions
Different health problems have varying combinations of
effects of ill health
Injury - pain and discomfort
polio - disability
cholera - death
alcoholism - social effects
Setting priority – depend on attitudes towards the particular
effects of different health problems
34
35. Who should set priorities
Provision of information – health & other professionals
Decision on needs
National level - d/p on political structure
Local level - community involvement
Central - to ensure equity of resource availability, maintenance
of standards, provision of framework for determination of
local needs
Relationship between political structures at the national level
and those at community level
35
36. Criteria for priorities
maximum feasible health gain within available
resources ( efficiency )
effects on equity
level of public demand
36
37. Priority setting
Determination of ‘what it wants to achieve’
(hierarchy of objectives)
To ensure feasible within the social and political
climate, available resources
Clear criteria for selection are needed
Allow broad view of health
Balance decision making at national and local
Transparent process
Needs to end up with objectives that are feasible
37
38. Prioritize the problem
effect on the majority of population
effect mothers and children
has high mortality
has a solution & can be solved with available resources
the community accept as a problem
the community participate in solving it
38
39. Priority assessment of
Health problems and needs
Prevalence / Incidence
Severity of problem
Effective Intervention
Acceptability / Feasibility
Community involvement
Cost and Resources
39
40. Prioritization of health problems was based on
Objective criteria : morbidity, mortality, trend
Subjective criteria: Political concern, community concern,
availability of preventive technology, availability of
curative technology, socio economic impact
40
41. Prioritization technique
Prioritization = MIV/C
M = magnitude of the health status effected by the
problem i.e., morbidity, mortality and disability
I = importance/ extent of problems, area, risk group,
impact of disease
V = Vulnerability
C = Cost
41
42. Techniques for priority setting
Economic appraisal
Combine consideration of health gain &
resources
Use cost per DALY
Applicability ?? Lack appropriate data in
developing countries
Multivariable decision matrices
Delphi technique42
43. Hypothetical example of a multi-variable
decision matrix
Weighting of
criteria
Criteria
Cost per DALY Public demand Mortality rates Disability rates
Allocated score
4 Measles AIDS AIDS Polio
3 TB Alcoholism TB Alcoholism
2 Malaria Malaria
1 Gastro-enteritis
Scoring
AIDS 8
TB 6 Measles 4
Alcoholism 6 Malaria 4
43