This document describes a sensorless sliding mode control system for controlling the speed of a DC motor. It proposes using a Luenberger-sliding mode observer to estimate the motor's state variables, including rotor velocity and load torque, without requiring sensors. Simulation results show that the observer-based sliding mode controller provides fast response and accurate speed tracking over a wide range of torques. The observer design combines features of a Luenberger observer and sliding mode control to achieve robust state estimation capabilities with reduced computational complexity compared to previous observer designs.
Modeling and control of double star induction machine by active disturbance r...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper aims to contribute to the modeling and control of the double star induction machine (DSIM) by a robust method called active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). The ADRC has become in the last decade one of the most important techniques of regulation. This method is based on the use of an ESO (Extended State Observer) which estimates in real-time and at the same time the external disturbances and the errors due to the variations of the parameters of the machine and to the uncertainties of modeling. The two stators of DSIM are powered by three-phase inverters based on transistors and MLI control and the entire system is modeled in Park's reference. We analyze in the Matlab/Simulink environment the dynamic behavior of the system and the different ADRC controllers under different operating conditions. The result has demonstrated the performance and effectiveness of the ADRC.
In this paper, the tracking control scheme is presented using the framework of finite-time sliding mode control (SMC) law and high-gain observer for disturbed/uncertain multi-motor driving systems under the consideration multi-output systems. The convergence time of sliding mode control is estimated in connection with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The input state stability (ISS) of proposed controller was analyzed by Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the extensive simulation results are given to validate the advantages of proposed control design.
Simulation and Analysis of Modified DTC of PMSMIJECEIAES
This research paper describes the simulation and analysis of the modified DTC for Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) using PI controller. Among all of the various drive systems,PMSM is widely used for accurate speed and torque control, with greater efficiency, superior torque to inertia and high power density.The Conventional DTC secheme widely used for this purpose but it is failed to achieve desirable performance of the system for which the modified DTC secheme is propsed.The modified DTC algorithm controls the voltage vectors, directly from a simple look up table depending on outcome of the torque and indirectly flux controllers.The overall drive system can be implemented in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment.The modified DTC is validated with loading conditions.The simulated results are focused on the speed, settling time at loaded conditions, torque and flux linkages ripple and THD in the phase current for modified DTC applied to SPMSM.
This paper aims to implement a new contribution for sliding mode control (SMC) of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for wind systems conversion with track the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) power. The SMC is a very popular approach due to its robustness in dealing with the non-linear electrical power systems. In this work, the application of the SMC control is by using the non lineare model of the PMSG. The objective of this work is to control stator active and stator reactive power, and the voltage-frequency for a better injection into the network. The results obtained show better robustness.
Implementation of pi, fuzzy & ann controllers to improve dynamic response...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, vector controlled induction motor drives with variable speed applications are widely used in order to achieve good dynamic performance and wide speed control. In this paper a new method of controlling technique based on Artificial Neural Network is proposed to improve the speed control of indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. Indirect vector controlled induction motor with conventional PI controller is developed and is replaced with Fuzzy logic controller to overcome the problem of overshoot occurred in conventional PI controller. To obtain quick steady state response and better speed control, ANN technique is proposed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. In this paper the speed, torque and stator voltage responses with conventional PI controller, Fuzzy logic controller and proposed artificial neural network based controller are compared and found that the proposed ANN based controller showed increased dynamic performance. Keywords: ANN, FLC, PI controller, IVCIM
Modeling and control of double star induction machine by active disturbance r...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper aims to contribute to the modeling and control of the double star induction machine (DSIM) by a robust method called active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). The ADRC has become in the last decade one of the most important techniques of regulation. This method is based on the use of an ESO (Extended State Observer) which estimates in real-time and at the same time the external disturbances and the errors due to the variations of the parameters of the machine and to the uncertainties of modeling. The two stators of DSIM are powered by three-phase inverters based on transistors and MLI control and the entire system is modeled in Park's reference. We analyze in the Matlab/Simulink environment the dynamic behavior of the system and the different ADRC controllers under different operating conditions. The result has demonstrated the performance and effectiveness of the ADRC.
In this paper, the tracking control scheme is presented using the framework of finite-time sliding mode control (SMC) law and high-gain observer for disturbed/uncertain multi-motor driving systems under the consideration multi-output systems. The convergence time of sliding mode control is estimated in connection with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The input state stability (ISS) of proposed controller was analyzed by Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the extensive simulation results are given to validate the advantages of proposed control design.
Simulation and Analysis of Modified DTC of PMSMIJECEIAES
This research paper describes the simulation and analysis of the modified DTC for Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) using PI controller. Among all of the various drive systems,PMSM is widely used for accurate speed and torque control, with greater efficiency, superior torque to inertia and high power density.The Conventional DTC secheme widely used for this purpose but it is failed to achieve desirable performance of the system for which the modified DTC secheme is propsed.The modified DTC algorithm controls the voltage vectors, directly from a simple look up table depending on outcome of the torque and indirectly flux controllers.The overall drive system can be implemented in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment.The modified DTC is validated with loading conditions.The simulated results are focused on the speed, settling time at loaded conditions, torque and flux linkages ripple and THD in the phase current for modified DTC applied to SPMSM.
This paper aims to implement a new contribution for sliding mode control (SMC) of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for wind systems conversion with track the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) power. The SMC is a very popular approach due to its robustness in dealing with the non-linear electrical power systems. In this work, the application of the SMC control is by using the non lineare model of the PMSG. The objective of this work is to control stator active and stator reactive power, and the voltage-frequency for a better injection into the network. The results obtained show better robustness.
Implementation of pi, fuzzy & ann controllers to improve dynamic response...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, vector controlled induction motor drives with variable speed applications are widely used in order to achieve good dynamic performance and wide speed control. In this paper a new method of controlling technique based on Artificial Neural Network is proposed to improve the speed control of indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. Indirect vector controlled induction motor with conventional PI controller is developed and is replaced with Fuzzy logic controller to overcome the problem of overshoot occurred in conventional PI controller. To obtain quick steady state response and better speed control, ANN technique is proposed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. In this paper the speed, torque and stator voltage responses with conventional PI controller, Fuzzy logic controller and proposed artificial neural network based controller are compared and found that the proposed ANN based controller showed increased dynamic performance. Keywords: ANN, FLC, PI controller, IVCIM
Transient stability analysis and enhancement of ieee 9 bus system ecij
System stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure power system planning and operation. Power system studies are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant periodically. This paper presents the power system stability analysis for IEEE- 9 bus test system. The fault is created on different busses and transient stability is analyzedfor different load and generation conditions. The critical clearing time (CCT) is calculated by
using time domain classical extended equal area criterion method. The system frequency and voltage variation is observed for different fault locations and CCT. The IEEE-9 bus test system is simulated and stability is analyzed on ETAP software
Basically, the direct torque control (DTC) drive system is operated at light load. At light load, supplying the drive system with rated flux will decrease the efficiency of the system. To maximize the efficiency of drive system, an optimal flux has been applied during steady-state but when a torque is suddenly needed, for example during acceleration, the dynamic of the torque response would be degraded. Therefore, a modification to the voltage vector as well as look-up table has been proposed for the torque response improvement. The proposed voltage vector is generated by adding two adjacent conventional voltage vectors and implemented by using duty ratio. The duty ratio is used to estimate the activation time of each conventional voltage vector in order to produce the proposed voltage vector.
The aim of this paper is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in using a DC
motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form. To achieve the
speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used which generates High and
Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the generation of these pulses a
microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used to set the speed ranges which is done by
changing the duty cycles time period in the program. This is practical and highly feasible in economic
point of view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This paper gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
The paper proposes Direct Torque Control (DTC) of a five-phase induction motor drive with reduced torque ripple. The method presented here is the DTC Backstepping based on the classic DTC working with a constant switching frequency of the inverter. Another remarkable aspect is the complexity of the method proposed, both in the control unit of the inverter and in the number of correctors necessary for the control of the torque. The selection table and hysteresis have been eliminated. This method significantly improves the torque and flux oscillations and improves the dynamics of the drive by making it less sensitive to load torque disturbances. The proposed method is developed and designed using Matlab/SIMULINK to show the eectiveness and performances of the DTC-Backstepping.
Performance Analysis of a DTC and SVM Based Field- Orientation Control Induct...IJPEDS-IAES
This study presents a performance analysis of two most popular control strategies for Induction Motor (IM) drives: direct torque control (DTC) and space vector modulation (SVM) strategies. The performance analysis is done by applying field-orientation control (FOC) technique because of its good dynamic response. The theoretical principle, simulation results are discussed to study the dynamic performances of the drive system for individual control strategies using actual parameters of induction motor. A closed loop PI controller scheme has been used. The main purpose of this study is to minimize ripple in torque response curve and to achieve quick speed response as well as to investigate the condition for optimum performance of induction motor drive. Depending on the simulation results this study also presents a detailed comparison between direct torque control and space vector modulation based field-orientation control method for the induction motor drive.
MODELLING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED DSVM SCHEME FOR PMSM DTCpaperpublications3
Abstract: A very widely used drive strategy for PMSM is the field oriented control (FOC), which was proposed in 1971 for induction motors (IMs). However, the FOC scheme is quite complex due to the reference frame transformation and its high dependence upon the motor parameters and speed. To mitigate these problems, a new control strategy for the torque control of induction motor was developed by Takahashi known as the direct torque control (DTC) and by Depenbrock as the direct self control (DSC). The basic direct torque control (DTC) scheme may cause undesired torque, flux and current ripples because of the small number of applicable voltage vectors. The control system should be able to generate any voltage vector, implying the use of space vector modulation (SVM) which complicates the control scheme. The discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) method was proposed for DTC to overcome this problem which replaces the simple switching table by several switching tables, to apply a combination of three voltage vectors in the same sampling period. In this paper, after a brief review of the primary concept of DSVM DTC technique, a new scheme of DSVM DTC for PMSM is proposed with a new set of switching tables taking into account the motor speed and the absolute values of torque and flux feedback errors. In one fixed sampling time interval, three vectors are applied to the motor including the two null vectors. Comparisons of the basic DTC and the improved DSVM DTC schemes are made based on the system performance and switching loss. For this purpose the DSVM technique uses prefixed time intervals within a sampling cycle to synthesize a higher number of voltage vectors than the basic DTC scheme. A set of switching table is carried out to minimize the torque error. An optimal vector selector is developed to reduce the switching loss and make the system more stable. The sampling period does not need to be doubled in order to achieve a mean switching frequency practically equal to that of the basic DTC scheme. For a comparable performance, the switching loss of the proposed scheme is less than that of the basic DTC method. The vector application sequence is investigated and an optimal algorithm is developed to reduce the switching loss and torque ripple. Simulation and experiments on the improved DSVM DTC are carried out and compared with those on the basic DTC scheme.
A High Gain Observer Based Sensorless Nonlinear Control of Induction MachineIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a sensorless Backstepping control scheme for rotor speed and flux control of induction motor drive is proposed. The most interesting feature of this technique is to deal with non-linearity of high-order system by using a virtual control variable to render the system simple. In this technique, the control outputs can be derived step by step through appropriate Lyapunov functions. A high gain observer is performed to estimate non available rotor speed and flux measurements to design the full control scheme of the considered induction motor drive. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless Backstepping control of the considered induction motor.
Hardware-in-the-loop based comparative analysis of speed controllers for a tw...journalBEEI
A comparative study of speed control performance of an induction motor drive system connecting to a load via a non-rigid shaft. The nonrigidity of the coupling is represented by stiffness and damping coefficients deteriorating speed regulating operations of the system and can be regarded as a two-mass system. In the paper, the ability of flatness based and backstepping controls in control the two-mass system is verified through comprehensive hardware-in-the-loop experiments and with the assumption of ideal stator current loop performance. Step-by-step control design procedures are given, in addition, system responses with classical PID control are also provided for parallel comparisons.
In this paper, the design of a speed control scheme based on a total sliding mode control for Indirect Field Oriented of a three phase induction motor (IM) is proposed. Firstly, the indirect field oriented control is derived. Then, sliding mode control design is investigated to achieve a speed tracking objective under different load torque disturbance. Finally a dSPACE DS1104 R&D board is used to implement the proposed scheme. The experimental results released on 0.25 kW slip-ring IM show a high dynamic performance, fast transient response without overshot as well as a good load disturbances rejection response.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Transient stability analysis and enhancement of ieee 9 bus system ecij
System stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure power system planning and operation. Power system studies are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant periodically. This paper presents the power system stability analysis for IEEE- 9 bus test system. The fault is created on different busses and transient stability is analyzedfor different load and generation conditions. The critical clearing time (CCT) is calculated by
using time domain classical extended equal area criterion method. The system frequency and voltage variation is observed for different fault locations and CCT. The IEEE-9 bus test system is simulated and stability is analyzed on ETAP software
Basically, the direct torque control (DTC) drive system is operated at light load. At light load, supplying the drive system with rated flux will decrease the efficiency of the system. To maximize the efficiency of drive system, an optimal flux has been applied during steady-state but when a torque is suddenly needed, for example during acceleration, the dynamic of the torque response would be degraded. Therefore, a modification to the voltage vector as well as look-up table has been proposed for the torque response improvement. The proposed voltage vector is generated by adding two adjacent conventional voltage vectors and implemented by using duty ratio. The duty ratio is used to estimate the activation time of each conventional voltage vector in order to produce the proposed voltage vector.
The aim of this paper is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in using a DC
motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form. To achieve the
speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used which generates High and
Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the generation of these pulses a
microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used to set the speed ranges which is done by
changing the duty cycles time period in the program. This is practical and highly feasible in economic
point of view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This paper gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
The paper proposes Direct Torque Control (DTC) of a five-phase induction motor drive with reduced torque ripple. The method presented here is the DTC Backstepping based on the classic DTC working with a constant switching frequency of the inverter. Another remarkable aspect is the complexity of the method proposed, both in the control unit of the inverter and in the number of correctors necessary for the control of the torque. The selection table and hysteresis have been eliminated. This method significantly improves the torque and flux oscillations and improves the dynamics of the drive by making it less sensitive to load torque disturbances. The proposed method is developed and designed using Matlab/SIMULINK to show the eectiveness and performances of the DTC-Backstepping.
Performance Analysis of a DTC and SVM Based Field- Orientation Control Induct...IJPEDS-IAES
This study presents a performance analysis of two most popular control strategies for Induction Motor (IM) drives: direct torque control (DTC) and space vector modulation (SVM) strategies. The performance analysis is done by applying field-orientation control (FOC) technique because of its good dynamic response. The theoretical principle, simulation results are discussed to study the dynamic performances of the drive system for individual control strategies using actual parameters of induction motor. A closed loop PI controller scheme has been used. The main purpose of this study is to minimize ripple in torque response curve and to achieve quick speed response as well as to investigate the condition for optimum performance of induction motor drive. Depending on the simulation results this study also presents a detailed comparison between direct torque control and space vector modulation based field-orientation control method for the induction motor drive.
MODELLING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED DSVM SCHEME FOR PMSM DTCpaperpublications3
Abstract: A very widely used drive strategy for PMSM is the field oriented control (FOC), which was proposed in 1971 for induction motors (IMs). However, the FOC scheme is quite complex due to the reference frame transformation and its high dependence upon the motor parameters and speed. To mitigate these problems, a new control strategy for the torque control of induction motor was developed by Takahashi known as the direct torque control (DTC) and by Depenbrock as the direct self control (DSC). The basic direct torque control (DTC) scheme may cause undesired torque, flux and current ripples because of the small number of applicable voltage vectors. The control system should be able to generate any voltage vector, implying the use of space vector modulation (SVM) which complicates the control scheme. The discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) method was proposed for DTC to overcome this problem which replaces the simple switching table by several switching tables, to apply a combination of three voltage vectors in the same sampling period. In this paper, after a brief review of the primary concept of DSVM DTC technique, a new scheme of DSVM DTC for PMSM is proposed with a new set of switching tables taking into account the motor speed and the absolute values of torque and flux feedback errors. In one fixed sampling time interval, three vectors are applied to the motor including the two null vectors. Comparisons of the basic DTC and the improved DSVM DTC schemes are made based on the system performance and switching loss. For this purpose the DSVM technique uses prefixed time intervals within a sampling cycle to synthesize a higher number of voltage vectors than the basic DTC scheme. A set of switching table is carried out to minimize the torque error. An optimal vector selector is developed to reduce the switching loss and make the system more stable. The sampling period does not need to be doubled in order to achieve a mean switching frequency practically equal to that of the basic DTC scheme. For a comparable performance, the switching loss of the proposed scheme is less than that of the basic DTC method. The vector application sequence is investigated and an optimal algorithm is developed to reduce the switching loss and torque ripple. Simulation and experiments on the improved DSVM DTC are carried out and compared with those on the basic DTC scheme.
A High Gain Observer Based Sensorless Nonlinear Control of Induction MachineIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a sensorless Backstepping control scheme for rotor speed and flux control of induction motor drive is proposed. The most interesting feature of this technique is to deal with non-linearity of high-order system by using a virtual control variable to render the system simple. In this technique, the control outputs can be derived step by step through appropriate Lyapunov functions. A high gain observer is performed to estimate non available rotor speed and flux measurements to design the full control scheme of the considered induction motor drive. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless Backstepping control of the considered induction motor.
Hardware-in-the-loop based comparative analysis of speed controllers for a tw...journalBEEI
A comparative study of speed control performance of an induction motor drive system connecting to a load via a non-rigid shaft. The nonrigidity of the coupling is represented by stiffness and damping coefficients deteriorating speed regulating operations of the system and can be regarded as a two-mass system. In the paper, the ability of flatness based and backstepping controls in control the two-mass system is verified through comprehensive hardware-in-the-loop experiments and with the assumption of ideal stator current loop performance. Step-by-step control design procedures are given, in addition, system responses with classical PID control are also provided for parallel comparisons.
In this paper, the design of a speed control scheme based on a total sliding mode control for Indirect Field Oriented of a three phase induction motor (IM) is proposed. Firstly, the indirect field oriented control is derived. Then, sliding mode control design is investigated to achieve a speed tracking objective under different load torque disturbance. Finally a dSPACE DS1104 R&D board is used to implement the proposed scheme. The experimental results released on 0.25 kW slip-ring IM show a high dynamic performance, fast transient response without overshot as well as a good load disturbances rejection response.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Speed Control Techniques for Induction Motor - A Reviewijsrd.com
In this paper, various types of speed control methods for the single phase induction motor are described. Speed can be controlled to control the frequency or slip can be controlled to control the torque. Then flux and torque are also function of frequency and voltage. Various methods are used to control the flux and voltage. This paper is focused on sliding mode control technique for induction motor.
Performance analysis of a single phase ac voltage controller under induction ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
The dynamic performance of an asynchronous machine when operated with cascaded Voltage Source Inverter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper. A classical model of Induction Motor Drive based on Direct Torque Control (DTC) method is considered which displays
appreciable run-time operation with very simple hysteresis control scheme. Direct control of the torque and flux variables is achieved by choosing suitable inverter voltage space vector from a lookup table. Under varying torque conditions the performance of the drive system is verified using MATLAB/Simulink software tool. The ripple content in the torque parameter is significant when traditional PI controller and Fuzzy approach are configured in the proposed system. Finally, by replacing the PI-Fuzzy controller with Hybrid Controller the torque ripple minimization can be achieved during no-load and loaded conditions.
We focus a modern methodology in this paper for adding the fuzzy logic control as well as sliding model control. This combination can enhance the MLS position control robustness and enhanced performance of it.In the start, for an application in an area to control the loops placement and position for the synchronous motor what has permanent magnetic linearity we tend to control the fuzzy sliding mode control. To resolve the chattering issues a designed controller is investigated and, in this way, steady state motion in sliding with higher accuracy is obtained. In this case, method of online tuning with the help of fuzzy logic is used in order to adjust the thickness of boundary layer and switching gains.For the suggested scheme technique, the outcomes of simulation suggest that with the classical SMC the accurate state and good dynamic performance is compared due to force chattering resistance, response by quick dynamic force and external disturbance elements and robustness against them.
QUICK DYNAMIC TORQUE CONTROL IN DTC-HYSTERESIS-BASED INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING...ijiert bestjournal
Induction machines are widely employed in industries due to their r ugged structure,high maintainability and economy than DC motors. There has been constant development in the i nduction motor drive system and their implementation in industrial applications. The improvement of switching speed of power electronic devices has enabled control techniques which possess high switching f requency and feasibility of high efficiency drive systems. In this pretext,Direct Torque Contr ol (DTC) was introduced to obtain quick and better dynamic torque response. The DTC scheme in its basic c onfiguration comprises torque and flux estimator DTC controller,stator voltage vector selector and voltage source inverter. Direct Torque Control of induction motor has increasingly become the best alternative to Field- Oriented Control methods. The performance of an induction motor under the classical Direct Torque Control method and improved scheme have been studied and confirmed by simulation using MATLAB.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.