This research paper describes the simulation and analysis of the modified DTC for Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) using PI controller. Among all of the various drive systems,PMSM is widely used for accurate speed and torque control, with greater efficiency, superior torque to inertia and high power density.The Conventional DTC secheme widely used for this purpose but it is failed to achieve desirable performance of the system for which the modified DTC secheme is propsed.The modified DTC algorithm controls the voltage vectors, directly from a simple look up table depending on outcome of the torque and indirectly flux controllers.The overall drive system can be implemented in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment.The modified DTC is validated with loading conditions.The simulated results are focused on the speed, settling time at loaded conditions, torque and flux linkages ripple and THD in the phase current for modified DTC applied to SPMSM.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
Updated field oriented control of induction motor.pptxMohit Sharma
It is a simulation work project done on a 5hp,440V/5A and 1440rpm Induction motor.It explains the control of induction motor using matlab-simulink algorithm by PI control as well as Fuzzy logic control.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
Updated field oriented control of induction motor.pptxMohit Sharma
It is a simulation work project done on a 5hp,440V/5A and 1440rpm Induction motor.It explains the control of induction motor using matlab-simulink algorithm by PI control as well as Fuzzy logic control.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) or Permanent Magnet AC motor:
Introduction to PMSM motor.
Types of PMSM Motor.
Mathematical modelling of PMSM motor.
Advantages and dis Advantages of PMSM motor
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Study of Permanent Magnent Synchronous MacnineRajeev Kumar
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load. Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 120 derg apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system, which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability or efficient.
This project is designed to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor by using operating knob, which is commonly used in home automation applications. The main advantage of these motors is their ability to operate from a single-phase power supply
This predefined speed control of BLDC motor runs a motor at user desired speed by using EEPROM for storing speed. It is an effective speed control method.
MODELLING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED DSVM SCHEME FOR PMSM DTCpaperpublications3
Abstract: A very widely used drive strategy for PMSM is the field oriented control (FOC), which was proposed in 1971 for induction motors (IMs). However, the FOC scheme is quite complex due to the reference frame transformation and its high dependence upon the motor parameters and speed. To mitigate these problems, a new control strategy for the torque control of induction motor was developed by Takahashi known as the direct torque control (DTC) and by Depenbrock as the direct self control (DSC). The basic direct torque control (DTC) scheme may cause undesired torque, flux and current ripples because of the small number of applicable voltage vectors. The control system should be able to generate any voltage vector, implying the use of space vector modulation (SVM) which complicates the control scheme. The discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) method was proposed for DTC to overcome this problem which replaces the simple switching table by several switching tables, to apply a combination of three voltage vectors in the same sampling period. In this paper, after a brief review of the primary concept of DSVM DTC technique, a new scheme of DSVM DTC for PMSM is proposed with a new set of switching tables taking into account the motor speed and the absolute values of torque and flux feedback errors. In one fixed sampling time interval, three vectors are applied to the motor including the two null vectors. Comparisons of the basic DTC and the improved DSVM DTC schemes are made based on the system performance and switching loss. For this purpose the DSVM technique uses prefixed time intervals within a sampling cycle to synthesize a higher number of voltage vectors than the basic DTC scheme. A set of switching table is carried out to minimize the torque error. An optimal vector selector is developed to reduce the switching loss and make the system more stable. The sampling period does not need to be doubled in order to achieve a mean switching frequency practically equal to that of the basic DTC scheme. For a comparable performance, the switching loss of the proposed scheme is less than that of the basic DTC method. The vector application sequence is investigated and an optimal algorithm is developed to reduce the switching loss and torque ripple. Simulation and experiments on the improved DSVM DTC are carried out and compared with those on the basic DTC scheme.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) or Permanent Magnet AC motor:
Introduction to PMSM motor.
Types of PMSM Motor.
Mathematical modelling of PMSM motor.
Advantages and dis Advantages of PMSM motor
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Study of Permanent Magnent Synchronous MacnineRajeev Kumar
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load. Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 120 derg apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system, which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability or efficient.
This project is designed to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor by using operating knob, which is commonly used in home automation applications. The main advantage of these motors is their ability to operate from a single-phase power supply
This predefined speed control of BLDC motor runs a motor at user desired speed by using EEPROM for storing speed. It is an effective speed control method.
MODELLING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED DSVM SCHEME FOR PMSM DTCpaperpublications3
Abstract: A very widely used drive strategy for PMSM is the field oriented control (FOC), which was proposed in 1971 for induction motors (IMs). However, the FOC scheme is quite complex due to the reference frame transformation and its high dependence upon the motor parameters and speed. To mitigate these problems, a new control strategy for the torque control of induction motor was developed by Takahashi known as the direct torque control (DTC) and by Depenbrock as the direct self control (DSC). The basic direct torque control (DTC) scheme may cause undesired torque, flux and current ripples because of the small number of applicable voltage vectors. The control system should be able to generate any voltage vector, implying the use of space vector modulation (SVM) which complicates the control scheme. The discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) method was proposed for DTC to overcome this problem which replaces the simple switching table by several switching tables, to apply a combination of three voltage vectors in the same sampling period. In this paper, after a brief review of the primary concept of DSVM DTC technique, a new scheme of DSVM DTC for PMSM is proposed with a new set of switching tables taking into account the motor speed and the absolute values of torque and flux feedback errors. In one fixed sampling time interval, three vectors are applied to the motor including the two null vectors. Comparisons of the basic DTC and the improved DSVM DTC schemes are made based on the system performance and switching loss. For this purpose the DSVM technique uses prefixed time intervals within a sampling cycle to synthesize a higher number of voltage vectors than the basic DTC scheme. A set of switching table is carried out to minimize the torque error. An optimal vector selector is developed to reduce the switching loss and make the system more stable. The sampling period does not need to be doubled in order to achieve a mean switching frequency practically equal to that of the basic DTC scheme. For a comparable performance, the switching loss of the proposed scheme is less than that of the basic DTC method. The vector application sequence is investigated and an optimal algorithm is developed to reduce the switching loss and torque ripple. Simulation and experiments on the improved DSVM DTC are carried out and compared with those on the basic DTC scheme.
The main objective of the present work is to describe the sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for embeded systems in traction applications using the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) method for speed estimation. The algorithm of this method has been adapted with the mathematical model of the motorized wheels electric vehicle. The command used is the DTC. Sensorless DTC of IPMS in-wheel motor based on MRAS for electric vehicle is simulated by Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show the effectiveness of this proposed sensorless DTC control used for embedded system applications.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a robust control strategy for optimizing the maximum power captured in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which is integrated into the grid. In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPPT) the machine side converter regulates the rotational speed of the PMSG to track the optimal speed. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study between the IBC control and the vector control based on PI controller was carried out through computer simulation. This analysis consists of two case studies including stochastic variation in wind speed and step change in wind speed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
onlinear Compensation Empyoing Matrix Converter with DTC Controller Yayah Zakaria
This paper describes a nonlinear harmful speed and torque controller for fourth order induction motor model. The investigation of optimality and cost function for that base on estimation of Hammerstein-Wiener model with the compensated mathematical model. The matrix converter with direct torque
control combination is efficient way to get better performance specifications in the industry.The MC and the DTC advantages are combined together. The reduction of complexity and cost of DC link in the DTC since it has no capacitors in the circuit. However, the controlling torque is a big problem it in DTC because of high ripple torque production which results in vibrations response in the operation of the IM as it has no PID to control the torque directly. The combination of MC with DTC is applied to reduce the fluctuation in the output torque and minimize the steady state error. This paper presents the simulation analysis of induction machine drives using
Maltlab/Simulink toolbox R2012a. Design of constant switching frequency MCDTC drive,stability investigation and fault protection as well as controllability and observability with minimum steady state error has been carried out which proved the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Nonlinear Compensation Empyoing Matrix Converter with DTC Controller IJECEIAES
This paper describes a nonlinear harmful speed and torque controller for fourth order induction motor model. The investigation of optimality and cost function for that base on estimation of Hammerstein-Wiener model with the compensated mathematical model. The matrix converter with direct torque control combination is efficient way to get better performance specifications in the industry.The MC and the DTC advantages are combined together.The reduction of complexity and cost of DC link in the DTC since it has no capacitors in the circuit. However, the controlling torque is a big problem it in DTC because of high ripple torque production which results in vibrations response in the operation of the IM as it has no PID to control the torque directly. The combination of MC with DTC is applied to reduce the fluctuation in the output torque and minimize the steady state error. This paper presents the simulation analysis of induction machine drives using Maltlab/Simulink toolbox R2012a. Design of constant switching frequency MCDTC drive,stability investigation and fault protection as well as controllability and observability with minimum steady state error has been carried out which proved the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Review of the DTC Controller and Estimation of Stator Resistance in IM DrivesIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years an advanced control method called direct torque control
(DTC) has gained importance due to its capability to produce fast torque
control of induction motor. Although in these systems such variables as
torque, flux modulus and flux sector are required, resulting DTC structure is
particularly simplistic. Conventional DTC does not require any mechanical
sensor or current regulator and coordinate transformation is not present, thus
reducing the complexity. Fast and good dynamic performances and
robustness has made DTC popular and is now used widely in all industrial
applications. Despite these advantages it has some disadvantages such as
high torque ripple and slow transient response to step changes during start
up. Torque ripple in DTC is because of hysteresis controller for stator flux
linkage and torque. The ripples can be reduced if the errors of the torque and
the flux linkage and the angular region of the flux linkage are subdivided into
several smaller subsections. Since the errors are divided into smaller sections
different voltage vector is selected for small difference in error, thus a more
accurate voltage vector is selected and hence the torque and flux linkage
errors are reduced. The stator resistance changes due to change in
temperature during the operation of machine. At high speeds, the stator
resistance drop is small and can be neglected. At low speeds, this drop
becomes dominant. Any change in stator resistance gives wrong estimation
of stator flux and consequently of the torque and flux. Therefore, it is
necessary to estimate the stator resistance correctly. This paper aims to
review some of the control techniques of DTC drives and stator resistance
estimation methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A study on PMSM drive systems fed by multi-level inverter using linear quadra...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents research on a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) by a 5-level T-type inverter using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control for speed control. The space vector modulation (SVM) structure for the 5-level T-type inverter to improve the control quality of the PMSM drive system is presented. This paper aims to successfully design a state feedback controller to control motor speed in a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system. Simulink results are performed with different speed ranges and the same torque load. These results will focus on evaluating quality when the PMSM drive operates at all speeds. MATLAB/Simulink proves the results.
Investigation of Artificial Neural Network Based Direct Torque Control for PM...cscpconf
This paper investigates solution for the chronically and the biggest problem of direct torque control scheme: high torque ripple. Otherwise, another main problem faced in direct torque control method is difficulties due to complex algorithm to get high performance control for industrial motors. The purpose of this paper is to simplify the control structure by using artificial neural networks learning abilities and to investigate the affects of this structure on torque performance of motor. For this purpose, two different artificial neural networks have been suggested replacing the optimal switching vector selection and flux sector determination process of conventional direct torque control method. Matlab/Simulink based numerical simulations have been carried out to compare motor performances with conventional control structure and proposed artificial neural network based structure. It has been observed that the dynamic response of motor is faster and torque ripple and the controller complexity of the conventional control system has been reduced with the proposed technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The application of the direct torque control strategy for induction machine drives is mainly characterized by torque and flux distortions caused by voltage vector limitation. The goal of this paper is to perform the conventional DTC induction machine drives and reduce ripples of both flux and torque response. The proposed contribution is based on the control of the DC output side of the rectifier feeding the voltage source inverter by means of PI controller in order to adapt the voltage vector used in typical DTC switching table. Mathematic models are built using MATLAB Simulink and programming environment; the simulation results show the difference between the proposed method and classical DTC.
Advanced deep flux weakening operation control strategies for IPMSM IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an advanced flux-weakening control method to enlarge the speed range of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). In the deep flux weakening (FW) region, the flux linkage decreases as the motor speed increases, increasing instability. Classic control methods will be unstable when operating in this area when changing load torque or reference speed is required. The paper proposes a hybrid control method to eliminate instability caused by voltage limit violation and improve the reference velocity-tracking efficiency when combining two classic control methods. Besides, the effective zone of IPMSM in the FW is analyzed and applied to enhance stability and efficiency following reference velocity. Simulation results demonstrate the strength and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Improved Rotor Speed Brushless DC Motor Using Fuzzy Controllerijeei-iaes
A brushless DC (BLDC) Motors have advantages over brushed, Direct current (DC) Motors and , Induction motor (IM). They have better speed verses torque characteristics, high dynamic response, high efficiency, long operating life, noiseless operation, higher speed ranges, and rugged construction. Also, torque delivered to motor size is higher, making it useful in application where space and weight are critical factors. With these advantages BLDC motors find wide spread application in automotive appliance, aerospace medical, and instrumentation and automation industries This paper can be seen as fuzzy controllers compared to PI control BLDC motor rotor speed has improved significantly and beter result can be achieve.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
Similar to Simulation and Analysis of Modified DTC of PMSM (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
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favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
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Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
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insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
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deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
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research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
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weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
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challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
The permanent magnets of PMSM are of a modern rare earth variety and it has high resistivity, so
the induced currents of rotor are neglected. However the PMSM produces the rotor magnetic flux with
permanent magnets attached to the rotor. It has superior advantages to obtain high efficiency. The stator of
the PMSM and the Wound Rotor Synchronous Motor are same. The d-q reference frame theory offers
significant control system design by transferring the stationary variables to rotating reference frame.
Figure 1. Cross sectional veiw of surface mounted perment magnet machine
Depending on d-q reference frame theory from Figure 2. the mathematical equations of PMSM [7]
can be expressed as following as in.
Figure 2. Stator and rotor flux linkages in different reference frames
Vd = RdId +
dλd
dt
− ωrλq (1)
𝑉𝑞 = 𝑅 𝑞 𝐼𝑞 +
𝑑𝜆 𝑞
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝜔𝑟λ 𝑑 (2)
where Rd and Rq are the Direct and Quadrature axis winding resistances which are equal and refered as Rs in
the stator resistance.The excitation of PMSM can be modeled as a constant current sources and the quadrature
current in the rotor is zero due to no flux along quadrature axis in the rotor. By this assumption, the flux
linkages are derived as following as in
λ 𝑑 = LdId+λfIf (3)
λq = LqIq (4)
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where 𝜆f is rotor flux along d axis and Ld and Lq are the Direct and Quadrature axis synchronous
inductance. For a surface mounted machine (SPMSM) with uniform air gap Ld = Lq= Ls. and Substituting
equation (3) and (4) in equations (1) and (2) then obtained [8] as
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 𝑑 + 𝐿 𝑑 (
𝑑𝐼 𝑑
𝑑𝑡
) − 𝜔𝑟 𝐿 𝑞 𝐼q ` (5)
𝑉𝑞 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑞 + 𝐿 𝑞 (
𝑑𝐼 𝑞
𝑑𝑡
) + 𝜔𝑟 𝐿 𝑑 𝐼 𝑑 + 𝜔𝑟 𝜆f 𝐼𝑓 (6)
The Electromagnetic torque developed by the motor is given by equation (7)
𝑇𝑒 =
3
2
𝑃(𝐿 𝑑 𝐼𝑞 𝐼 𝑑 + 𝜆𝑓 𝐼𝑞 − 𝐿 𝑞 𝐼𝑞 𝐼 𝑑) (7)
And the mechanical torque Te is expressed as equation (8)
.
𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝐿 = 𝐵𝜔 𝑚 +
𝐽𝜔 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
(8)
Where P = no. of poles
λf = magnetic flux, wb
ωr = rotor speed in electrical rad/s
Te = Electromagnetic torque, Nm
TL = Load torque
J = Moment of Inertia
B = Friction coefficient
The stator fluxes of α-β axis for motor [9],[10] are given as equations (9) and (10)
λα = ∫ (Vα − RSIα)dt (9)
𝜆 𝛽 = ∫ (𝑉𝛽 − 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝛽 )𝑑𝑡 (10)
The stator fluxes of α-β axis are used for determine the sector of the flux vector and the circular trajectory
of stator flux is divided into six sectors are referred to inverter voltage vectors.Then based on equations (9)
and (10) the magnitude of the estimated stator flux and sector [5] are calculated as equation (11)
|𝜆 𝑠| = √𝜆 𝛼
2
+ 𝜆 𝛽
2
(11)
𝜃𝑠 = tan−1
(
𝜆 𝛼
𝜆 𝛽
) (12)
3. THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF MODIFIED DTC
The basic working principle of operation of conventional DTC is based on the errors between
estimated and reference values of torque and stator flux linkages. This method is very popular due to its
simplicity, high efficiency and robustness. However, in traditional DTC the current controller is a not
required. In this method, it generates large fluctuations of flux linkage and torque by motor which causes
problem of current and switching noise due to higher switching frequency change.
The modified DTC method is implemented without using switching tables, hysteresis bands as
Figure 3 shown below and the absensce of switching table and hysteresis bands significantly reduce the
torque and flux linkage ripples. Moverever, the percentage of Total Harmonics Distortion of Stator winding
current spectrum is low and it require less settling time for rotor speed when the load is applied.The fast
torque response can be achieved with indirect flux controllers.
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Figure 3. Schematic diagram of modified DTC of PMSM with PI controller using two levels Inverter
3.1. Vector Modulation
Vector modulation can be implemented with the torque comparator and sector which is
determined from the stator flux vectors.Three blocks of Look Up Tables (2-D) are used for
implementation of code with the switching states of two level voltage source inverter as shown in
Figure 4. These are applied to the corresponding look up tables for all six sectors are in Figure 5.
Figure 4. Implementation of vector modulation for modified DTC
Where in the sector selection of Space vector modulation for two level inverter [11] as in Figure 5
Figure 5. Sector selection of Space Vector Modulation
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3.2. Two Level Voltage Source Inverter
The circuit of a three phase two level VSI is shown in Figure 6. The input of circuit is DC
voltage Vdc and the output voltages are applied to the SPMSM as load. The stator flux of a motor is
controlled by voltage vectors. The rotation of stator flux is high then achieved the fast torque response.
Figure 6. Three phase two level VSI in SIMULINK (MATLAB)
3.3. PI Controller
A PI controller is used to estimate the torque from the difference between the reference and actual
speed of the motor [12] as shown in Figure 7. The parameters of PI controller Kp and Ki should be matched
and to achieve the high performance of the drive system.The most of the cases, a large value of Kp will
accelerate the dynamic response of the system and Ki value influence the static error.
Figure 7. Block daigram of PI conroller
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4. SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The overall system consisting of the modeling of SPMSM, estimation of stator flux and torque
block, determination of sector, comparator, Vector modulation and three phase two level inverter which are
modeled based on mathematical equations from equations (1) – (12). In this paper, the motor parameters
are consider [9],[13],[14] as shown Table 1. The simulation block diagram for modified DTC for SPMSM
with PI controller represented in below Figure 8.
Table 1. The Specification of SPMSM
Motor Parameters Symbols Values
Stator Resistance Rs 2.875Ω
D Axis Inductance Ld 0.0085H
Q Axis Inductance Lq 0.0085H
Flux induced in SPMSM λf 0.175 wb
Momentum of Inertia J 0.0008 Kg-m2
Friction Factor B 0.0001
Poles P 4
Figure 8. Simulation block diagram of modified DTC of SPMSM
By using MATLAB/ SIMULINK, The output waveforms of modified DTC for SPMSM are
compared with the conventional DTC in view of speed performance with no load and load condition
,fluxlinkage, torque response and finally to estimate the perenetage of THD for stator current spectrum and
as obvious in the Figure 9-16. From these figures, the generations of fluctuations in are greatly reduced and
attaining reference speed immediately with load disturbance.
4.1. Analysis the Speed Response of Modified DTC for SPMSM
Figure 9 and 10 describes the speed response of modified DTC for SPMSM as well as conventional
DTC.The both drives are operated with reference speed of 175 rads/sec.for no load condition and load 6 Nm
is applied at 0.5 sec.In case of conventional DTC, The speed of the motor consisting oscillations whenever
load is applied at 0.5 sec. and the system requires time to reach the reference speed.Wherein the modified
DTC, the fluctuations of speed response is very less, in addition the same load applied at 0.5 sec. the drive
attains to rated speed immediately as shown in Figure 10.
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Figure 9. Speed response of conventional DTC for SPMSM with PI controller
Figure 10. Speed response of modified DTC for SPMSM with PI controller
4.2. The Estimated Stator Flux Vector
The circular trajectory of stator flux vector of modified DTC and conventional DTC of SPMSM
with PI Controller are shown as Figure 11 and 12. From these circles of stator fluxes, the content of ripples
in the flux trajectory of the modified DTC method is very low and which is very smooth circle.
Figure 11. Conventional DTC of stator flux trajectory Figure 12. Modified DTC stator flux trajectory
4.3. The Estimated Torque Response
The torque responses of SPMSM with PI controller using three phase two level VSI at no load and
load is applied 6 Nm at 0.5 sec.as shown in Figure 13 and 14. Whereas the torque response of modified
DTC for PMSM is achieved fast and the parcentage of ripples are low than the traditional DTC
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Figure 13. Estimated torque of conventional DTC for PMSM
Figure 14. Estimated torque of modified DTC for PMSM
4.4. The Estimated Percentage of THD for Stator Current Spectrum
Finaly from the Figure 15 and 16, it observed that the FFT analysis of the current spectrum, in the
modified DTC is observed that the percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (%THD) can be calculated for the
phase current vector of PMSM with PI Controller for 20 cycles with fundamental frequency and THD is
recorded to be 31.84% which is less than conventional DTC (52.78%).
Figure 15. % THD for Phase current Vector of
MDTC
Figure 16. % THD for Phase current vector of CDTC
The performance characterstics of SPMSM drive with different DTC using PI controller is
summarized in Table 2. In which the modified DTC shcemes with fast and smooth responses with torque
ripple 12.76% and %THD of stator winding phase current 31.84% as against to torque ripple 16.66% and
%THD of stator current spectrum 52.78% of Conventional DTC.
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Table 2. Performane characterstics values of SPMSM with different DTC
5. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the modified DTC algorithm of Sourface Mounted Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Motor with PI controller which is considered with replacing of switching table selector block
and hysteresis controllers of flux and torque.The simulation results have shown that the modified DTC gives
better performance of transient and steady state operation than the conventional DTC. In fact, it has a
significant reduction of the torque and flux ripples and the flux was indirectly controlled. In addition it can be
obsevered that the percentage of THD for current spectrum is 31.84 %.It can be observed from the modified
DTC which gives the smooth speed operation during transient and steady state conditions.
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Type of DTC Current %THD Torque Ripple (%)
Conventional DTC 52.78% 16.66%
Modified DTC 31.84% 12.76%
10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Simulation and Analysis of Modified DTC of PMSM (D. Kiran Kumar)
2903
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mr. D. Kiran Kumar was born on 3rd
june,1984 in Guntur, A.P, India. He was graduate in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering from SCREC in 2007. He was obtained post graduate in
VLSI Design from Bharath University, Chennai in 2009.Presently he was working as Assistant
Professor in the deparment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUH College of
Engineering hyderabad,since 2010 and persuing Ph.D at JNT University, Hyderabad . His
research interests are Electrical Drives,FACTTS, Power Quality, Multilevel Inverters and VLSI
Design.
Dr. G. Tulasi Ram Das has received his B.Tech degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
from J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India in 1983, M.E. degree with Industrial
Drives & Control from O.U College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India in 1986 and received his
Ph.D. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India in 1996. He is having 30
years of teaching and research experience. He held positions of J.N.T. University Hyderabad,
Registrar of JNT University Hyderabad, Vice-Chancellor, JNTU Kakinada and currently
Professor in EEE Department, JNTUHCEH. He has supervised 21 Ph.D. theses and 10 Ph.D.
theses are under progress. He has published/presented 152 technical research papers in national
and international conferences and journals. He has visited countries namely, Singapore,
Malaysia, USA, KSA, UAE and UK. He is a Fellow of Institute of Engineers (India), (FIE),
Fellow of Institute of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering (FIETE), Member of IEEE
(MIEEE), Member of Solar Energy Society of India (MSESI) and Member of Indian Society for
Technical Education (MISTE). He is a recipient of “BEST TEACHER STATE AWARD FOR
THE YEAR 2009” announced by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. He has received the award from
the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Research Interests include: Simulation studies on drives
for Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machines, Electrical Machines & Special Machines,
Resonant Converters, FACTS, Power quality, AI applications to Power Systems and Drives.
E-mail: das_tulasiram@yahoo.co.in