This document provides a quick introduction to using PowerWorld Simulator for transient stability analysis. It begins with an overview and goals, then demonstrates how to convert a power flow case to a transient stability case by adding a classical machine model to a generator. It shows how to specify a fault event, choose results to view, run the simulation, and view time-series and minimum/maximum results. Finally, it provides an example of changing the model and fault to replicate an example from a textbook, and compares the resulting rotor angle plot.
The document discusses using a Static Compensator (STATCOM) connected to a point of common coupling along with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate power quality issues when injecting wind power into the electric grid. STATCOM regulates voltage by rapidly injecting or absorbing reactive power to stabilize the grid during fluctuations from wind power. BESS helps sustain real power by charging and discharging. Simulation results show the STATCOM maintains unity power factor at the source and compensates for nonlinear loads and reactive power demand, fulfilling power quality norms. Potential applications of STATCOM include voltage control and compensating large load variations.
Tutorial: Introduction to Transient Analysis with PowerFactory. This tutorial is a simple introduction to transient simulation using DIgSILENT PowerFactory
This document summarizes the key components of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. It describes how solar cells are connected together to form solar panels and solar arrays to generate electricity from sunlight. The three main parts of a PV system are identified as the PV modules/solar arrays, the balance of system components like batteries for energy storage, charge regulators, inverters, and mounting structures, and the electrical load being powered. Three main types of PV systems - stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid - are also briefly introduced.
This document discusses techniques for estimating solar energy. It begins by explaining the importance of accurate solar energy estimation for energy planners and utilities. It then describes three types of estimation horizons: very short term, short term, and long term prediction. Next, it outlines linear and nonlinear estimation techniques, including the Angstrom and Angstrom-Prescott models for linear regression. It focuses on the use of neural networks for short term estimation, noting their ability to model complex nonlinear relationships without extensive data or prior model specification. Finally, it provides examples of neural networks being used to estimate solar irradiance up to 24 hours ahead and assess solar potential in the Himalayan region.
Performance, Modelling & Simulation of Frequency Relays for Distributed Gener...Niraj Solanki
The document discusses modeling and simulation of an adaptive frequency relay for distributed generation protection. It presents:
1) Performance curves showing the islanding detection capability of frequency relays depends on active power imbalance.
2) A model for an adaptive frequency relay that can automatically change settings based on whether the microgrid is connected to or isolated from the main grid.
3) Simulation results demonstrating the relay detecting over and under frequency conditions within allowed limits for both grid-connected and island modes of operation.
DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS (Small Signal Stability) – 1
Small-Signal Stability of Multi-machine Systems
Special techniques for analysis of very large systems
Characteristics of Small-Signal Stability Problems
Local problems
Global problems
DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS – 2
Introduction
Overview of the Proposed Method
Generating Unit
Synchronous Machine
Calculation of Equilibrium State Conditions
Excitation and Governor Control Systems
Excitation System
Turbine-Governor System
Combined Model of Generating Unit
The document discusses using a Static Compensator (STATCOM) connected to a point of common coupling along with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate power quality issues when injecting wind power into the electric grid. STATCOM regulates voltage by rapidly injecting or absorbing reactive power to stabilize the grid during fluctuations from wind power. BESS helps sustain real power by charging and discharging. Simulation results show the STATCOM maintains unity power factor at the source and compensates for nonlinear loads and reactive power demand, fulfilling power quality norms. Potential applications of STATCOM include voltage control and compensating large load variations.
Tutorial: Introduction to Transient Analysis with PowerFactory. This tutorial is a simple introduction to transient simulation using DIgSILENT PowerFactory
This document summarizes the key components of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems. It describes how solar cells are connected together to form solar panels and solar arrays to generate electricity from sunlight. The three main parts of a PV system are identified as the PV modules/solar arrays, the balance of system components like batteries for energy storage, charge regulators, inverters, and mounting structures, and the electrical load being powered. Three main types of PV systems - stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid - are also briefly introduced.
This document discusses techniques for estimating solar energy. It begins by explaining the importance of accurate solar energy estimation for energy planners and utilities. It then describes three types of estimation horizons: very short term, short term, and long term prediction. Next, it outlines linear and nonlinear estimation techniques, including the Angstrom and Angstrom-Prescott models for linear regression. It focuses on the use of neural networks for short term estimation, noting their ability to model complex nonlinear relationships without extensive data or prior model specification. Finally, it provides examples of neural networks being used to estimate solar irradiance up to 24 hours ahead and assess solar potential in the Himalayan region.
Performance, Modelling & Simulation of Frequency Relays for Distributed Gener...Niraj Solanki
The document discusses modeling and simulation of an adaptive frequency relay for distributed generation protection. It presents:
1) Performance curves showing the islanding detection capability of frequency relays depends on active power imbalance.
2) A model for an adaptive frequency relay that can automatically change settings based on whether the microgrid is connected to or isolated from the main grid.
3) Simulation results demonstrating the relay detecting over and under frequency conditions within allowed limits for both grid-connected and island modes of operation.
DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS (Small Signal Stability) – 1
Small-Signal Stability of Multi-machine Systems
Special techniques for analysis of very large systems
Characteristics of Small-Signal Stability Problems
Local problems
Global problems
DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS – 2
Introduction
Overview of the Proposed Method
Generating Unit
Synchronous Machine
Calculation of Equilibrium State Conditions
Excitation and Governor Control Systems
Excitation System
Turbine-Governor System
Combined Model of Generating Unit
This document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment aims to schedule generating units to meet forecasted load at minimum cost while maintaining reliability. It considers startup costs, operating costs, and shutdown costs over a daily load cycle. Dynamic programming is used to solve the unit commitment problem by evaluating combinations of generating units at each time interval and carrying minimum costs backward from the final interval to find the overall lowest-cost solution. The objective is to determine the optimal set of units to operate at each time period to supply predicted load economically.
The document discusses reliability criteria for bulk power supply systems. It defines key terms like reliability, security, adequacy, and discusses how reliability criteria are used in system planning and operation. Specifically, it establishes the most economic operating conditions under normal conditions and ensures the system can withstand disturbances without violating criteria. The document uses examples of system operating limits and disturbance-performance tables to illustrate how limits are determined and assessed using reliability criteria.
This document discusses variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) drives. It begins with an introduction that explains how induction motors were previously only used for constant speed applications but advances in power transistors now allow for variable speed control. It then describes the operating principle of VVVF drives in controlling AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage. The document outlines the key components of a VVVF drive system and explains the pulse width modulation technique used for voltage-frequency control. It concludes by listing some common applications and advantages of VVVF drives along with some drawbacks.
Lecture 1_Introduction to power system planning.pdfssuser5feb82
The document provides an introduction to power system planning. It discusses the key elements of power systems including generation, transmission, and loads. It describes different types of power system studies conducted over various time horizons from long-term planning studies conducted years in advance to short-term operational studies conducted within hours or minutes. The document also discusses different types of power system planning issues including load forecasting, generation expansion planning, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning, and reactive power planning. It notes the challenges of planning in the presence of uncertainties in an deregulated electric power market.
impact of renewable energy sources on power system opeartionVipin Pandey
this presentation is brief description of power system operation with renewable energy sources and their effects on various power system operation and how can they be accessible in system.
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
This document discusses various causes of over voltages in electrical power systems, including both external and internal causes. External causes include lightning strikes, which can induce over voltages through direct strikes or electromagnetic induction. Lightning forms when charge accumulates between clouds or between clouds and the ground, with potentials reaching millions of volts. Internally, over voltages occur during switching operations due to phenomena like the Ferranti effect or transient voltages caused by energizing transformers or transmission lines. Protection methods aim to mitigate over voltage risks from both lightning and switching events.
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM STABILITY BY Kundur Power Systems SolutionsPower System Operation
This document provides an introduction to power system stability concepts. It defines power system stability as the ability to maintain equilibrium after a disturbance. Stability is classified into categories like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability based on the nature and time span of the instability. Transient stability refers to the ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances. Small signal stability considers stability during small disturbances. The document outlines challenges to stable operation in modern power systems and emphasizes the need for comprehensive stability analysis tools.
The document discusses STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), which is a shunt connected reactive power compensation device capable of generating and absorbing reactive power using a voltage source converter. It can improve power system performance by providing dynamic voltage control, damping power oscillations, improving transient stability, and controlling voltage flickering and reactive/active power. The principle of operation involves using a voltage source converter to generate a balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages to exchange reactive power with the system by varying the amplitude and phase angle of the output voltage.
This 4-day workshop on power system stability and control will be held from June 8-11, 2015 at the Grand Hyatt in Bali, Indonesia. It will be facilitated by Dr. Prabha Kundur, a world-renowned expert in this area. Attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of issues relating to power system stability, including an overview of equipment, modeling techniques, and control of active power, frequency, reactive power and voltage. The workshop will also cover topics such as transient stability, small-signal stability, voltage stability and frequency stability.
This document provides an overview of optimization techniques applied to solve the unit commitment problem for a 10 unit power system. It describes the objective function and constraints of the unit commitment problem formulation. It then briefly introduces several common optimization techniques used to solve unit commitment, including simulated annealing, harmony search, and multi-agent evolutionary programming incorporating a priority list. The document presents cost comparisons of applying different optimization techniques to the standard 10 unit test system, including tabular and graphical summaries of results from research papers. It concludes with references.
This chapter examines the economic impact of transmission networks on their users. It discusses how transmission networks can affect system operation costs through losses and constraints. Losses occur as some power is lost as heat during transmission, requiring more generation. Constraints may require more costly generation if cheaper options violate transmission limits. The chapter also notes the importance of location - both in determining the impact of individual users on losses and constraints, and in allocating network costs to users based on their contributing locations.
Economics of Power Generation
A power station is required to deliver
power to a large number of consumers
to meet their requirements. While de-
signing and building a power station, efforts
should be made to achieve overall economy so
that the per unit cost of production is as low as
possible. This will enable the electric supply
company to sell electrical energy at a profit and
ensure reliable service. The problem of deter-
mining the cost of production of electrical en-
ergy is highly complex and poses a challenge to
power engineers. There are several factors which
influence the production cost such as cost of land
and equipment, depreciation of equipment, inter-
est on capital investment etc. Therefore, a care-
ful study has to be made to calculate the cost of
production. In this chapter, we shall focus our
attention on the various aspects of economics of
power generation.
There are three main types of frequency regulation in power grids: flat frequency regulation where individual generators respond to local load changes, parallel frequency regulation where load changes are distributed among multiple generators, and flat-tie line loading where local generators supply local loads while maintaining constant power flow between regions. Frequency in power systems is controlled through generator governors and automatic generation control (AGC) loops. Governor response acts as primary control to instantly adjust generator output to frequency deviations. AGC acts as secondary control to coordinate multiple generators and maintain scheduled interchange power between control areas.
bidding strategies in indian restructured power marketKomal Nigam
This document provides an outline for a thesis on bidding strategies in the Indian power market. It includes an introduction to the Indian power market and deregulation. It discusses topics that will be covered like transmission pricing, bidding classifications and mechanisms, literature review outcomes and objectives. It provides timelines and references that will be used. In summaries the key aspects of the deregulated market and the research problem around determining market clearing prices with multiple generators and constraints.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONMln Phaneendra
In this ppt particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to allot the active power among the generating stations satisfying the system constraints and minimizing the cost of power generated.The viability of the method is analyzed for its accuracy and rate of convergence. The economic load dispatch problem is solved for three and six unit system using PSO and conventional method for both cases of neglecting and including transmission losses. The results of PSO method were compared with conventional method and were found to be superior.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
Power system planning involves studies ranging from 1-10 years to determine generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs. Key aspects of transmission planning include load forecasting, generation expansion planning to meet load, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning to transmit power from generators to loads, and reactive power planning. Both static planning looking at single time periods and dynamic planning considering multiple time periods simultaneously are used. Transmission planning is interconnected with generation planning, as transmission systems deliver power from generators to loads.
This document discusses symmetrical components and their application to analyzing unbalanced three-phase systems. It introduces symmetrical components as a method to represent an unbalanced system using balanced components. Specifically, it describes:
1. Representing an unbalanced three-phase system using positive, negative, and zero sequence components, which transforms the system into balanced phasors that rotate in different directions.
2. Calculating symmetrical components of voltage and current by applying transformation matrices to the phase quantities.
3. Relating line and phase quantities of voltage and current using symmetrical components. Line quantities are determined from the phase quantities.
4. Expressing complex power in an unbalanced system using symmetrical components, allowing power calculations to be
Modelado y simulación del transformador eléctrico.Orlando Ramirez
El documento analiza el modelado del trasformador con carga y en vacío en su parte lineal, también se analiza su comportamiento debido a la saturación.
Transient voltages, also called surges or spikes, are momentary changes in voltage or current that occur over a short period of time, usually less than 1/60th of a second. They are generated by both external sources like lightning and utility switching and internal sources like motor starts and static discharge. Transients can travel through a facility's electrical system and affect electronic equipment, causing erratic operation, lock ups, premature failure or decreased efficiency. Effective transient voltage suppression equipment can significantly increase the life of electrical and electronic systems and provide a strong return on investment.
This document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment aims to schedule generating units to meet forecasted load at minimum cost while maintaining reliability. It considers startup costs, operating costs, and shutdown costs over a daily load cycle. Dynamic programming is used to solve the unit commitment problem by evaluating combinations of generating units at each time interval and carrying minimum costs backward from the final interval to find the overall lowest-cost solution. The objective is to determine the optimal set of units to operate at each time period to supply predicted load economically.
The document discusses reliability criteria for bulk power supply systems. It defines key terms like reliability, security, adequacy, and discusses how reliability criteria are used in system planning and operation. Specifically, it establishes the most economic operating conditions under normal conditions and ensures the system can withstand disturbances without violating criteria. The document uses examples of system operating limits and disturbance-performance tables to illustrate how limits are determined and assessed using reliability criteria.
This document discusses variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) drives. It begins with an introduction that explains how induction motors were previously only used for constant speed applications but advances in power transistors now allow for variable speed control. It then describes the operating principle of VVVF drives in controlling AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage. The document outlines the key components of a VVVF drive system and explains the pulse width modulation technique used for voltage-frequency control. It concludes by listing some common applications and advantages of VVVF drives along with some drawbacks.
Lecture 1_Introduction to power system planning.pdfssuser5feb82
The document provides an introduction to power system planning. It discusses the key elements of power systems including generation, transmission, and loads. It describes different types of power system studies conducted over various time horizons from long-term planning studies conducted years in advance to short-term operational studies conducted within hours or minutes. The document also discusses different types of power system planning issues including load forecasting, generation expansion planning, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning, and reactive power planning. It notes the challenges of planning in the presence of uncertainties in an deregulated electric power market.
impact of renewable energy sources on power system opeartionVipin Pandey
this presentation is brief description of power system operation with renewable energy sources and their effects on various power system operation and how can they be accessible in system.
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
This document discusses various causes of over voltages in electrical power systems, including both external and internal causes. External causes include lightning strikes, which can induce over voltages through direct strikes or electromagnetic induction. Lightning forms when charge accumulates between clouds or between clouds and the ground, with potentials reaching millions of volts. Internally, over voltages occur during switching operations due to phenomena like the Ferranti effect or transient voltages caused by energizing transformers or transmission lines. Protection methods aim to mitigate over voltage risks from both lightning and switching events.
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM STABILITY BY Kundur Power Systems SolutionsPower System Operation
This document provides an introduction to power system stability concepts. It defines power system stability as the ability to maintain equilibrium after a disturbance. Stability is classified into categories like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability based on the nature and time span of the instability. Transient stability refers to the ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances. Small signal stability considers stability during small disturbances. The document outlines challenges to stable operation in modern power systems and emphasizes the need for comprehensive stability analysis tools.
The document discusses STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), which is a shunt connected reactive power compensation device capable of generating and absorbing reactive power using a voltage source converter. It can improve power system performance by providing dynamic voltage control, damping power oscillations, improving transient stability, and controlling voltage flickering and reactive/active power. The principle of operation involves using a voltage source converter to generate a balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages to exchange reactive power with the system by varying the amplitude and phase angle of the output voltage.
This 4-day workshop on power system stability and control will be held from June 8-11, 2015 at the Grand Hyatt in Bali, Indonesia. It will be facilitated by Dr. Prabha Kundur, a world-renowned expert in this area. Attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of issues relating to power system stability, including an overview of equipment, modeling techniques, and control of active power, frequency, reactive power and voltage. The workshop will also cover topics such as transient stability, small-signal stability, voltage stability and frequency stability.
This document provides an overview of optimization techniques applied to solve the unit commitment problem for a 10 unit power system. It describes the objective function and constraints of the unit commitment problem formulation. It then briefly introduces several common optimization techniques used to solve unit commitment, including simulated annealing, harmony search, and multi-agent evolutionary programming incorporating a priority list. The document presents cost comparisons of applying different optimization techniques to the standard 10 unit test system, including tabular and graphical summaries of results from research papers. It concludes with references.
This chapter examines the economic impact of transmission networks on their users. It discusses how transmission networks can affect system operation costs through losses and constraints. Losses occur as some power is lost as heat during transmission, requiring more generation. Constraints may require more costly generation if cheaper options violate transmission limits. The chapter also notes the importance of location - both in determining the impact of individual users on losses and constraints, and in allocating network costs to users based on their contributing locations.
Economics of Power Generation
A power station is required to deliver
power to a large number of consumers
to meet their requirements. While de-
signing and building a power station, efforts
should be made to achieve overall economy so
that the per unit cost of production is as low as
possible. This will enable the electric supply
company to sell electrical energy at a profit and
ensure reliable service. The problem of deter-
mining the cost of production of electrical en-
ergy is highly complex and poses a challenge to
power engineers. There are several factors which
influence the production cost such as cost of land
and equipment, depreciation of equipment, inter-
est on capital investment etc. Therefore, a care-
ful study has to be made to calculate the cost of
production. In this chapter, we shall focus our
attention on the various aspects of economics of
power generation.
There are three main types of frequency regulation in power grids: flat frequency regulation where individual generators respond to local load changes, parallel frequency regulation where load changes are distributed among multiple generators, and flat-tie line loading where local generators supply local loads while maintaining constant power flow between regions. Frequency in power systems is controlled through generator governors and automatic generation control (AGC) loops. Governor response acts as primary control to instantly adjust generator output to frequency deviations. AGC acts as secondary control to coordinate multiple generators and maintain scheduled interchange power between control areas.
bidding strategies in indian restructured power marketKomal Nigam
This document provides an outline for a thesis on bidding strategies in the Indian power market. It includes an introduction to the Indian power market and deregulation. It discusses topics that will be covered like transmission pricing, bidding classifications and mechanisms, literature review outcomes and objectives. It provides timelines and references that will be used. In summaries the key aspects of the deregulated market and the research problem around determining market clearing prices with multiple generators and constraints.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATIONMln Phaneendra
In this ppt particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to allot the active power among the generating stations satisfying the system constraints and minimizing the cost of power generated.The viability of the method is analyzed for its accuracy and rate of convergence. The economic load dispatch problem is solved for three and six unit system using PSO and conventional method for both cases of neglecting and including transmission losses. The results of PSO method were compared with conventional method and were found to be superior.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
Power system planning involves studies ranging from 1-10 years to determine generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs. Key aspects of transmission planning include load forecasting, generation expansion planning to meet load, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning to transmit power from generators to loads, and reactive power planning. Both static planning looking at single time periods and dynamic planning considering multiple time periods simultaneously are used. Transmission planning is interconnected with generation planning, as transmission systems deliver power from generators to loads.
This document discusses symmetrical components and their application to analyzing unbalanced three-phase systems. It introduces symmetrical components as a method to represent an unbalanced system using balanced components. Specifically, it describes:
1. Representing an unbalanced three-phase system using positive, negative, and zero sequence components, which transforms the system into balanced phasors that rotate in different directions.
2. Calculating symmetrical components of voltage and current by applying transformation matrices to the phase quantities.
3. Relating line and phase quantities of voltage and current using symmetrical components. Line quantities are determined from the phase quantities.
4. Expressing complex power in an unbalanced system using symmetrical components, allowing power calculations to be
Modelado y simulación del transformador eléctrico.Orlando Ramirez
El documento analiza el modelado del trasformador con carga y en vacío en su parte lineal, también se analiza su comportamiento debido a la saturación.
Transient voltages, also called surges or spikes, are momentary changes in voltage or current that occur over a short period of time, usually less than 1/60th of a second. They are generated by both external sources like lightning and utility switching and internal sources like motor starts and static discharge. Transients can travel through a facility's electrical system and affect electronic equipment, causing erratic operation, lock ups, premature failure or decreased efficiency. Effective transient voltage suppression equipment can significantly increase the life of electrical and electronic systems and provide a strong return on investment.
This document outlines the course plan for EE 1004 - Power System Transients. The course is divided into 5 units that cover various types of power system transients including switching transients, load switching transients, lightning transients, travelling waves on transmission lines, and transients in integrated power systems. It provides example topics that will be discussed in each unit such as the effect of transients, resistance switching, capacitance switching, lightning phenomena, and travelling wave concepts. The document also lists potential assignment topics and seminar topics for students. It is taught by Professor R. Hariharan of the Electrical Engineering department.
Este documento proporciona información sobre motores de fase partida, incluyendo sus partes principales, funcionamiento, conexiones y procedimientos para identificar averías. Explica que estos motores constan de un rotor, estator, escudos y un interruptor centrífugo, y funcionan conectados a una red monofásica. También describe los pasos para verificar un motor, como inspeccionarlo visualmente, probar los cojinetes y realizar pruebas eléctricas.
El documento define varios términos relacionados con interruptores automáticos y selectividad. Explica que la selectividad busca desconectar solo la derivación defectuosa manteniendo el resto de la instalación en servicio. Se logra mediante la coordinación de los dispositivos de protección teniendo en cuenta el tipo de defecto, como sobrecargas, cortocircuitos o corrientes de fuga a tierra. Existen diferentes técnicas para lograr selectividad frente a cortocircuitos, incluyendo ajustes de umbrales, retardo cronom
Este documento presenta información sobre la coordinación de protecciones eléctricas. Explica el uso de relevadores de tiempo inverso para coordinar protecciones en sistemas donde la corriente de falla varía según la ubicación de la falla. Proporciona un ejemplo numérico de cómo calcular los ajustes de tiempo y corriente de relevadores en diferentes puntos de un sistema para lograr selectividad. Finalmente, grafica las curvas de coordinación de los relevadores para verificar que se cumple con los márgenes de graduación requeridos.
Este documento describe dos algoritmos heurísticos de optimización basados en el comportamiento de enjambres: el algoritmo de optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO) y el algoritmo de optimización por colonia de hormigas (ACO). Explica cómo imitan el comportamiento de enjambres de animales y colonias de hormigas respectivamente. También describe los parámetros clave de cada algoritmo y provee ejemplos numéricos de su aplicación para minimizar funciones.
Rosenberg Cuestionario 1 Motores de Fase PartidaAlee Tr
Este documento trata sobre los motores de fase partida. Describe sus características principales, como que constan de cuatro partes y se usan para accionar aparatos como lavadoras. Enumera las partes del motor como el rotor, el estator, los escudos y el interruptor centrífugo, describiendo brevemente cada una. Explica conceptos como el arrollamiento de jaula de ardilla y cómo funciona el interruptor centrífugo.
Cuestionario del capitulo 7, edison guaman, felipe quevedo, leonardo sarmientoLuis Felipe Quevedo Avila
1) El documento habla sobre preguntas relacionadas con motores de inducción, incluyendo la definición de deslizamiento y velocidad de deslizamiento, cómo se desarrolla el par en un motor de inducción, y por qué es imposible que un motor de inducción opere a velocidad sincrónica.
2) También describe diferentes tipos de rotores para motores de inducción, incluyendo rotores de jaula de ardilla de barra profunda y de doble jaula, y cómo estas afectan las características del motor.
3) Finalmente
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
Este documento describe los componentes y funcionamiento de un motor de fase partida monofásico. Explica que tiene dos arrollamientos estatóricos desfasados magnéticamente que permiten el arranque y giro del motor. También detalla los pasos para identificar averías, rebobinarlo correctamente y asegurar su funcionamiento.
Este documento proporciona información sobre máquinas eléctricas. Explica los diferentes tipos de máquinas de corriente continua y alterna, como motores, generadores, dinamos y máquinas síncronas y asíncronas. La principal diferencia entre una máquina síncrona y asíncrona es que en la síncrona el rotor gira a la misma velocidad que el campo magnético, mientras que en la asíncrona gira ligeramente más lento.
El documento describe los componentes y funcionamiento de un motor de fase partida. Explica que tiene dos arrollamientos, uno principal y uno auxiliar, que están desfasados 90 grados eléctricos para generar el campo magnético giratorio necesario para el arranque. Una vez alcanzada la velocidad nominal, el arrollamiento auxiliar se desconecta automáticamente mediante un interruptor centrífugo.
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. The paper study demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
This document provides instructions on running a short circuit analysis in ETAP:
1) Select the short circuit analysis mode and choose a study case to define the calculation criteria and faulted buses.
2) Run the 3-phase device duty short circuit calculation and view the results on the one-line diagram, including breakers exceeding ratings.
3) Modify the alert view settings to flag marginal devices over 70% rating and automatically display the alert view with the new results.
This document describes the recommended flow for performing IR drop and electromigration (EM) analysis using Cadence Virtuoso tools. The key steps are:
1. Create schematic and layout, run LVS and extract parasitics with QRC.
2. Set up a simulation using the extracted views and run Spectre or UltraSim, saving all voltages.
3. Launch VAVO or VAEO tools from the Virtuoso menu, then perform IR drop or EM analysis by selecting the simulation results and desired analysis type. Plots of the analysis results will be displayed.
This document describes modeling a cantilever beam with multiple load cases using ABAQUS. The beam is subjected to unit forces and moments applied at its free end. These loads are modeled using either a single analysis with six load cases, or six separate analyses with one load case each. The results are identical but the multiple load case approach is faster.
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Simulation may be defined as a technique that imitates the
operation of a real-world system as it evolves over time. This is normally
done by developing a simulation model.
A simulation model take the form of a set of assumptions about
the operation of the system, expressed as mathematical or logical
relations between the objects of interest in the system.
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Dr. P. Ghahri
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loaded by the application.
Click on new project icon directly from toolbar.
This opens in succession two dialogs:
Ecrin Saphir Tutorial
This dialog allows you to choose the test type, reference fluid type, the available fluid rates, net drained
thickness, well radius and average porosity. Set the reference time to Dec 4, 1999 at 00:06:45 hours. Keep
all other parameters as the suggested default.
Click
You input the PVT characteristics; formation volumes factor, the fluid viscosity and the system
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Ecrin Saphir Tutorial
The main screen is opened with the 'Interpretation' page active. This page (or panel) contains six icons
and by clicking consecutively on the icons from top to bottom, executing the dialogs and instructions, you
will follow exactly the default path of the basic workflow used in pressure transient analysis.
Loading Data
Click . This will initialize the load sequence which is normally a sequence of two dialogs. Specify
an ASCII file in the 'Define Data Source' dialog and click on to browse to the file SapGS01.rat in the
tutorial directory. A preview of the file will be shown in the dialog as illustrated in Figure below.
Ecrin Saphir Tutorial
Click to go to the Data Format dialog. Saphir has recognized the file as valid and has
automatically assigned the first column as 'Decimal Time' and the second as 'Oil Rate'. This is known as
'free format'. The units are correct so no need to change the formatting proposed by Saphir. See Figure
Below.
Ecrin Saphir Tutorial
Click on to load the flow rate file. A history plot with the loaded flowrate file in steps is
displayed. Double click in the title bar of the plot to maximize it and display the scales.
A click on the time button in the time scale will change the scale to real time (ToD) as
defined with the reference date and time at startup. Minimize the plot.
Ecrin Saphir Tutorial
Loading Pressure Data
Click on the icon . This will initialize the load process. Specify an ASCII file in the 'Define Data
Source' dialog and click on to browse to the file SapGS01.pre in the tutorial directory. A preview of the file
will be shown in th.
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1. Quick Start for Using PowerWorld Simulator with Transient Stability Thomas J. Overbye Fox Family Professor of Electrical and Computer Eng University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign overbye@illinois.edu Jamie WeberPowerWorld Corporation weber@powerworld.com
2.
3. The slides are designed for people who already know how to use PowerWorld Simulator for power flow studies, and also have at least some familiarity with transient stability
4. To get users up to speed on PowerWorld Simulator's basic, non-transient stability functions, we have made free on-line training videos and slides available athttp://www.powerworld.com/services/webtraining.asp 2
7. The slides do not provide a comprehensive description of all the PowerWorld Simulator transient stability capabilities, nor do they provide comprehensive coverage of the transient stability problem.
13. Default values are provided for most models allowing easy experimentation
14. Creating a new transient stability case from a power flow case would usually only be done for training/academic purposes; for commercial studies the dynamic models from existing datasets would be used. Use the application button and select “Load Transient Stability Data” to load in an existing dataset.4
15.
16. Add a dynamic generator model to an existing “no model” power flow case by:
17. In run mode, right-click on the generator symbol for bus 4, then select “Generator Information Dialog” from the local menu
18. This displays the Generator Information Dialog, select the “Stability” tab to view the transient stability models; none are initially defined.
19. Select the “Machine models” tab to enter a dynamic machine model for the generator at bus 4. Click “Insert” to enter a machine model. From the Model Type list select GENCLS, which represents a simple “Classical” machine model. Use the default values. Values are per unit using the generator MVA base.5
20. Adding a Machine Model The GENCLS model representsthe machinedynamics as afixed voltagemagnitude behinda transient impedanceRa + jXdp. Hit “Ok” when done to save the data and close the dialog 6
21.
22. Key pages of form for quick start examples (listed under “Select Step”)
23. Simulation page: Used for specifying the starting and ending time for the simulation, the time step, defining the transient stability fault (contingency) events, and running the simulation
30. In real systems infinite buses obviously do not exist, but they can be a useful concept when learning about transient stability.
31. By default PowerWorld Simulator does NOT treat the slack bus as an infinite bus, but does provide this as an option.
32. For this first example we will use the option to treat the slack bus as an infinite bus. To do this select “Options” from the “Select Step” list. This displays the option page. Select the “Power System Model” tab, and then set Infinite Bus Modeling to “Model the power flow slack bus(es) as infinite buses” if it is not already set to do so. 9
33. Transient Stability Analysis Options Page PowerSystemModel Page InfiniteBusModeling This page is also used to specify the nominal system frequency 10
34.
35. The event for this example will be a self-clearing, balanced 3-phase, solid (no impedance) fault at bus 1, starting at time = 1.00 seconds, and clearing at time = 1.05 seconds.
36. For the first action just choose all the defaults and select “Insert.” Insert will add the action but not close the dialog.
37. For the second action simply change the Time to 1.05 seconds, and change the Type to “Clear Fault.” Select “OK,” which saves the action and closes the dialog. 11
38. Inserting Transient Stability Contingency Elements Click toinsertnew elements Summaryof allelementsin contingencyand time of action Right click here And select “show dialog” To reopen this Dialog box Available element type will vary with different objects 12
39.
40. For this example we’ll save the generator 4 rotor angle, speed, MW terminal power and Mvar terminal power.
41. From the “Result Storage” page, select the generator tab and double click on the specified fields to set their values to “Yes”. 13
42. Result Storage Page ResultStoragePage GeneratorTab Double Click on Fields (which sets them to yes) to Store Their Values 14
43.
44. Go to the “Simulation” page, verify that the end time is 5.0 seconds, and that the Time Step is 0.5 cycles
45. PowerWorld Simulator allows the time step to be specified in either seconds or cycles, with 0.5 cycles recommended.
46. Before doing your first simulation, save all the changes made so far by using the main PowerWorld Simulator Ribbon, select “Save Case As” with a name of “Example_13_4_WithCLSModel_ReadyToRun”
48. Running the Transient Stability Simulation Clickto runthe specifiedcontingency Once the contingency runs the “Results” page may be opened 16
49.
50. The Time Values and Minimum/Maximum Values tabs display standard PowerWorld Simulator case information displays, so the results can easily be transferred to other programs (such as Excel) by right-clicking on a field and selecting “Copy/Paste/Send” 17
52. Time Value Results Lots ofoptionsareavailablefor showingand filteringthe results. By default the results are shown for each time step. Results can be savedsaved every “n” timesteps using an option on the Options, General page 19
58. More comprehensive plotting capability is provided using the Transient Stability “Plots” page; this will be discussed later. 20
59. Generator 4 Rotor Angle Column Plot Change line color here And re-plot by clicking here Starting the event at t = 1.0 seconds allows for verification of an initially stable operating point. The small angle oscillation indicates the system is stable, although undamped. 21
60.
61. Back on the one-line, right-click on the generator and use the Stability/Machine models page to change the Xdp field from 0.2 to 0.3 per unit.
62. On the Transient Stability Simulation page, change the contingency to be a solid three phase fault at Bus 3, cleared by opening both the line between buses 1 and 3 and the line between buses 2 and 3 at time = 1.34 seconds. 22
63. Changing the Case: Setting up Contingency Elements Change object type to AC Line/Transformer, select the right line,and change the element type to “Open”.
64. Changing the Case: Setting up Contingency Elements Contingency Elements displays should eventually look like this. Note fault is at bus 3, not at bus 1. 24
65. Glover/Sarma Example 13.4 Case: Generator 4 Rotor Angle Plot - On the Verge of Instability Resulting plot should look like this. 25
68. A detailed explanation of these models is beyond the scope of these slides with many books discussing the details
69. To replace the classical model with a detailed solid rotor, subtransient level model, go to the generator dialog Machine Models page, click “Delete” to delete the existing model, select “Insert” to display the Model Type dialog and select the GENROU model; accept the defaults.26
70. GENROU Model The GENROU modelprovides a very good approximation for thebehavior of a synchronousgenerator over the dynamicsof interest during a transient stability study (up to about 10 Hz). It is used to represent a solid rotor machine withthree damper windings. More than 2/3 of the machines in the 2006 North American Eastern Interconnect case (MMWG) are represented by GENROU models. 27
71. Repeat of Glover/Sarma Example 13.4 This plot repeats the previous example with the bus 3 fault. The generator response is now damped due to the damper windings included in the GENROU model. Case is saved in examples as Example_13_4_GENROU. 28
72.
73. At the top of the “Result Storage” page, change the “Save Results Every n Timesteps” to 6.
74. PowerWorld Simulator allows you to store as many fields as desired. On large cases one way to save on memory is to save the field values only every n timesteps with 6 a typical value (i.e., with a ½ cycle time step 6 saves 20 values per second)29
75.
76.
77. PowerWorld Simulator includes many different types of exciter models. One simple exciter is the IEEET1. To add this exciter to the generator at bus 4 go to the generator dialog, “Stability” tab, “Exciters” page. Click Insert and then select IEEET1 from the list. Use the default values.
78. The IEEET1 is by far the most common exciter used in the 2006 MMWG case; the next most common is its close relative, the IEEEX1. 31
79.
80.
81.
82. Plot definitions are saved with the case, and can be set to automatically display at the end of a transient stability run.
83. To define some plots on the Transient Stability Analysis form select the “Plots” page. Initially we’ll setup a plot to show the bus voltage.
84. Use the Plot Designer to choose a Device Type (Bus), Field, (Vpu), and an Object (Bus 4). Then click the “Add” button. Next click on the Plot Series tab (far right) to customize the plot’s appearance; set Color to black and Thickness to 2. 34
85. Defining Plots Plot Designer tab Plot Series tab Plots Page Customizethe plotline. DeviceType Field Object; note multiple objects and/or fields can be simultaneouslyselected. 35
86.
87. In order to compare the time behavior of various fields an important feature is the ability to show different values using different y-axes on the same plot.
88. To add a new Vertical Axis to the plot, close the plot, go back to the “Plots” page, select the Vertical Axis tab (immediately to the left of the Plot Series tab). Then click “Add Axis Group”. Next, change the Device Type to Generator, the Field to Rotor Angle, and choose the Bus 4 generator as the Object. Click the “Add” button. Customize as desired. There are now two axis groups. 36
89.
90.
91. An infinite bus has a fixed frequency (e.g. 60 Hz), providing a convenient reference frame for the display of bus angles.
92. Without an infinite bus the overall system frequency is allowed to deviate from the base frequency
93. With a varying frequency we need to define a reference frame
95. Go to the “Options”, “Power System Model” page. Change Infinite Bus Model to “No Infinite Buses”; Under “Options, Result Options”, set the Angle Reference to “Average of Generator Angles.”38
96.
97. Accept all the defaults, except set the H field for the GENROU model to 30to simulate a large machine.
98. Go to the Plot Designer, click on PlotVertAxisGroup2 and use the “Add” button to show the rotor angle for Generator 2. Note that the object may be grayed out but you can still add it to the plot.
99. Without an infinite bus the case is no longer stable with a 0.34 second fault; on the main Simulation page change the event time for the opening on the lines to be 1.10 seconds (you can directly overwrite the seconds field on the display).
101. No Infinite Bus Case Results Plot shows therotor angles for the generatorsat buses 2 and 4, along with the voltage at bus 1.Notice the twogenerators are swinging against each other. Note: All fields specified to plot will automatically be stored in RAM. So if you select what to plot first, and that is all you want to do, you do not have to pre-specify what to store in RAM. 40
102.
103. This case is described in several locations including EPRI Report EL-484 (1977), the Anderson/Fouad book (1977). Here we use the case as presented in the Sauer/Pai “Power System Dynamics and Stability” book (1997) except the generators are modeled using the subtransient GENROU model, and data is in per unit on generator MVA base (see next slide).
104. The Sauer/Pai book contains a derivation of the system models, and a fully worked initial solution for this case.
107. The generator MVA base can be modified in the “Edit Mode” (upper left portion of the ribbon), using the Generator Information Dialog. You will see the MVA Base in “Run Mode” but not be able to modify it.42
108. WSCC_9Bus Case The left figure shows the initial power flow solution for the WSCC 9 bus case. The right figure shows the generator angles for a fault on the line between buses 5 and 7 near the bus 7 terminal, which is cleared after 0.77 seconds by opening the bus 5 to 7 line. Change the fault clearing time to verify that system loses stability for a clearing time between 0.078 and 0.079 seconds. This fault and the associated plots are already set up in the case, starting with a clearing at 0.077 seconds. 43
109. Automatic Generator Tripping Because this case has no governors and no infinite bus, the bus frequency keeps rising throughout the simulation, even though the rotor angles are stable. Users may set the generators to automatically trip in “Options”, “Generic Limit Monitors”. All generators that do not have relays may be set to have under- and over-frequency tripping if they exceed those amounts for greater than the pickup time. In this example, setting automatic tripping as above causes Generator 2 and 3 to trip out between 7 and 8 seconds (with a 0.077 seconds clearing). If all generators trip out (which would happen eventually in this simulation), the simulation aborts as there are no longer any viable islands.
112. Add TGOV1 models for all three generators using the default values.
113. Use the “Add Plot” button on the plot designer to insert new plots to show 1) the generator speeds, and 2) the generator mechanical input power.
114. Change contingency to be the opening of the bus 3 generator at time t=1 second. There is no “fault” to be cleared in this example, the only event is opening the generator. Run case for 20 seconds.
115. Case with governors included and plots designed is named WSCC_9Bus_WithGovernors. 46
116. Plot Designer with New Plots Added Note that when new plots are added using “Add Plot”, new Folders appear in the plot list. This will result in separate plots for each group (unlike putting different values on the same plot as with AxisGroups).
117. Gen 3 Open Contingency Results Note: You can switch between the plots by clicking on the plot name at the top of the window The left figure shows the generator speed, while the right figure shows the generator mechanical power inputs for the loss of generator 3. This is a severe contingency since more than 25% of the system generation is lost, resulting in a frequency dip of almost one Hz. Notice frequency does not return to 60 Hz. 48
119. Gen 3 Open Contingency with Hydro Models The slower hydro governors now result in a much more severefrequency dip of more than 1.5 Hz. Of course in actual operation thisfrequency decline may have been interrupted by the action ofunder-frequency relays (which can be modeled in Simulator but thisexample does not meet the specified criteria of 58.2 Hz). 50
120.
121. By default PowerWorld uses constant impedance models but makes it very easy to add more complex loads.
122. The default (global) models are specified on the Options, Power System Model page. These models are used onlywhen no other models arespecified. [1] J.A. Diaz de Leon II, B. Kehrli, “The Modeling Requirements for Short-Term Voltage Stability Studies,” Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE), Atlanta, GA, October, 2006, pp. 582-588. 51
123.
124. Models can be specified for the entire case (system), or individual areas, zones, owners, buses or loads.
125. To insert a load model click right click and select insert to display the Load Characteristic Information dialog.Right clickhere to getlocal menu andselect insert. 52
126. Load Characteristic Information Dialog 1. Start with the original WSCC_9Bus case 2. Add a TGOV1 to “Generator 3” 3. In the Load Characteristic Dialog, click “System” in theElement Type box to apply the load model to all buses in the system. 4. Click Insert toselect the model type. For this example we’ll usethe CLOD, which is thecomplex load model described in [1] that modelsthe load as a combinationof large and small inductionmotors, constant power and discharge lighting loads. 4. Then click “Close” Case and plots are saved as WSCC_9Bus_Load 53
127. WSCC Case Without/With Complex Loads Bus Voltages: Impedance Load Bus Voltages: Complex Load The impact of the complex load on the solution is demonstrated above in which the figures show the bus voltages for the line 7 to 5 contingency case with a clearing time of just 0.033 seconds. The left figure uses a constant impedance load while the right is with the CLOD model. The reason for the voltage decrease is during the fault the smaller induction motors start to slow down, getting close to stalling. The critical clearing time for the case has decreased from 0.078 to about 0.040. 54
128.
129. Vi = voltage at which trip will occur (default = 0.75 pu)
130. Ti (cycles) = length of time voltage needs to be below Vi before trip will occur (default = 60 cycles, or 1 second)
131. In this example as you move the clearing time from 0.033 up to 0.040, you will see the motors tripping out on buses 5, 6, and 8 (the load buses) – this is especially visible on the bus voltages plot. These trips allow the clearing time to be a bit longer than would otherwise be the case.
132. Set Vi = 0 in this model to turn off under-voltage motor tripping. 55
138. More detailed GE models are also provided based on the data provided in http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/utility_software/en/downloads/09100_Modeling_of_GE_Wind_Turbine-Generators_for_Grid_Studies.pdf56
139.
140. Add a CLOD load model to the system, as on slide 53
142. Replace the machine model with a GEWTG machine, which models a 85 MW aggregation of GE 1.5 MW doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs); accept all the default values.
143. Replace the exciter model with a EXWTGE, which models the reactive power control of the wind turbines; accept the defaults.
144. Replace the governor model with a WNTDGE, which models the inertia of the wind turbine and its pitch control; accept the defaults.
147. A new contingency event has been used for this case. Example contingency is a fault at t = 1 second on the line between buses 6 and 9, near bus 9, cleared by opening the line at 1.12 seconds. The line is then closed back in at t = 3 seconds.
148. Wind turbine DFIG is modeled as a voltage-source converter. During the fault the wind turbine terminal bus voltage will be quite low. This will cause the turbine’s Low Voltage Power Logic (LVPL) to reduce the real power current to zero. This will cause the wind turbine pitch control system to begin to pitch the blades to reduce the mechanical power into the rotor to present an over speed condition. 58
149. WSCC 9 Bus Wind Results The left shows the real power output (MW) and the mechanical power input at Generator 3. During the fault the LVPL sets the real power current at zero. Once the fault is cleared this current is ramped back up, subject to a rate limit. The mechanical power output is slowly decreased by the pitch control, which cannot respond quickly. The right figure shows the voltage magnitudes at the terminal and high buses. 59
150.
151. Transient Stability Case and Model Summary Displays Right click on a lineand select “Show Dialog” for moreinformation. 61
152. BLT 69 Generator Outage Contingency Results This graph showsthe variation inthe frequency for all the generatorsin the case for acontingency inwhich the BLT69generator isopened 1.0 sec.Note the frequencydoes not recover to because of the governor droop characteristics. 62
153.
154.
155.
156. The package is currently being validated with industry on large utility systems.
157. Speed for large cases is comparable to other commercial packages. Benchmarks between TS packages must be taken with a grain of salt (e.g, some packages require large amounts of setup time not required by Simulator)
158. Solves a 20 second simulation of a 2000 bus, 4000 state system using a ¼ cycle time step in 26 seconds
159. Solves a 5 second simulation of the 16386 bus, 96000 state WECC system using a ½ cycle time step in 95 seconds. 65